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Examples
1)
2) For a regular cellular structure with equal size hexagonal cells, show that D/R= (21)½,
Where D is the minimum distance between the centers of adjacent cells and R is the
radius of each cell. Assume 7-cell reuse pattern. Determine the Signal-to-Interference
(Co-channel) ratio for the system in dB, assuming path loss exponent n=4. For the same
system, if, each cell is sectored in 120° sectors, what will be the improvement in Signal-
to-interference ratio compared to non-sectored system, in dB? Also, determine adjacent
channel interference for the same system.
3)
4) Define: Coherence Bandwidth (BW), Coherence time, Doppler Spread and Coherence
Time. Determine Coherence BW (90%) and Coherence BW (50%) for an RMS
delaySpread of 8.47 ns.
5)
6) If a baseband binary message with a bit rate of 100 kbps is modulated by an RF carrier
using BPSK, answer the following:
a. Find the range of values required for the rms delay spread of the channel such that
thereceived signal is a flat-fading signal
b. If the carrier frequency is 5.8 GHz, what is the coherence time of the channel,
assuming avehicle speed of 30 miles/hr.
c. For your answer in part b, is the channel “fast” or “slow” fading?
7) Approximately how large can the rms delay spread be in order for a binary
modulatedsignal with a bit rate of 25 kbps to operate without an equalizer? What about
an 8-PSKsystem with a bit rate of 75 kbps?
8) Suppose that a mobile station is moving along a straight smooth surface between base
stations BS1 and BS2. The distance between BS1 and BS2 is 2000 m. Assume that the
received power in dBm at Base station is given by Pr=P0- 10*n*log (d/d0), where d is the
distance between mobile station and base station in meters. P0 is the power at distance d0
from the mobile. Assume that P0=0 dBm and d0=1 m. Let n denote path loss exponent
which is 2.9. Given that the minimum usable level of signal is -88dBm and the mobile is
currently connected to BS1, determine the hand-off margin if hand-off time is 4.5 second
and the mobile speed is 100 km/hr.
9) Consider two different cellular systems that share the following characteristics. The
frequency bands are 825-845 MHz for uplink and 870-890 MHz for the downlink. A
duplex circuit consists of one 30 kHz channel in each direction. The systems are
distinguished by the reuse factor, which are 4 and 19 respectively. For these systems, (i)
Find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by a single cell
in each system. (ii) Suppose that in each systems the cluster of cells (4,19) is duplicated
16 times, find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by each
system. (iii)Suppose the average user makes 6 calls per 24 hours and mean call duration
is 6 minutes, estimate the total number of users that can be supported by each system.
10) For the Knife-edge geometry of FIG.1 show that ʋ=α(2 d1 d2/(λ(d1+d2)))1/2 ,
approximately. Assume d1,d2>>h
11) Determine the Signal-to-Interference (Co-channel) ratio for the system inQ.2 (a) in dB,
assuming path loss exponent n=4.For the same system, if, each cell is sectored in
120sectors, what will bethe improvement in Signal-to-interference ratio compared to
non-sectoredsystem, in dB?Also, determine adjacent channel interference for the same system.
12) Find median path loss using Okumura’s model for d=50 km hte=100 m,hre=10 m. If EIRP from
base station is 1kW at 900 MHz, find receivedpower. Take Amu(900 Mhz(50 km))=43 dB and
GAREA=9 dB.
13) A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a
signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find the optimal value of N for
a. omni directional
o
b. 120 sectoring
o o o)
c. 60 sectoring. Should sectoring be used? If so, which sectoring (120 or 60 will be
better? Assume a path loss exponent n=4.
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23 (a) If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of eight time slots, and each
time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel, find
a. The duration of a bit
b. The time duration of a slot
c. The time duration of a frame
d. How long must a user occupying a single time slot wait between two successive
transmissions.
(b) If a normal GSM time slot consists of six trailing bits, 8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits,
and two traffic bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
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28 (a) If a US AMPS cellular operator is allocated 12.5 MHz for each simplex band, and if Bt is
12.5 MHz, Bgaurd is 10 kHz, and Bc is 30 kHz, find the number of channels available in an
FDMA system.
(b)Consider Global System of Mobile, which is a TDMA/FDD system that uses 25 MHz for the
forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200 kHz. If 8 speech channels are supported
on a single radio channel, and if no guard band is assumed, find the number of simultaneous
users that can be accommodated in GSM.
29
30) An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of 400MHz and an individual bandwidth of
100Hz. What is the min number of PN bits required for each frequency hop?
31) A DSSS system has a 10 Mcps code rate and a 4.8kbps information data rate. If the
spreading code generation rate is increased to 50 Mcps, how much improvement in the
processing gain of this DSSS system will be achieved? Is there any advantage in increasing the
spreading code generation rate with a 4.8kbps information data rate? Comment on the results
obtained.
32) Given that the IS-95 CDMA digital cellular systems require 3dB<Sr < 9dB which employs
QPSK modulation scheme and convolutional coding technique. The bandwidth of the channel is
1.25MHz and the transmission data rate is Rb = 9600 bps. Determine the capacity of a single IS-
95 cell.
33) In an IS-95 system, calculate the processing gain in dB if the baseband data rate is 9.6 kbps,
4.8 kbps, 2.4 kbps and 1.2kbps. if the data rate is increased to 19.2 kbps, recalculate the
processing gain. What is the effect on the value of processing gain, when the baseband data rate
is increased?
34) A CDMA mobile phone measures the received signal level from its serving cell site as -
85dBm.What should the mobile transmitter power be set as a first approximation?Once the
mobile transmitter power is set as computed in part a its serving cell site needs the mobile user to
change its transmitter power level to +5dBm. How long will it take to make this change?
35)