Secondary Sources

Book(s)
Nwankwo, Arthur A., and Samuel U. Ifejika. Biafra: The Making of a Nation. London, England:
Praeger Publishers, 1969.
Arthur A. Nwankwo and partner Samuel U. Ifejika are the writers this book, not much is
known about them as they prefer to live in privacy. From this book, we gained knowledge on the
basis of the conflict and the effects of the tragedies. It helped us understand the whole war and
exactly why Biafra wants or wanted to separate.

Michael Mok. Biafra Journal. Canada: Time Life Books, 1969.

Not much is known about Michael Mok because he prefers to live a conservative
lifestyle. From this book, we acquired bountiful amounts of pictures, as well as the majority of
the timeline’s contents.

Website(s)
Adegun, Aanu. "Pictures of Nigerian Civil War - From Starving Biafran Children to Execution of
Nigerian Soldiers." Legit.ng - Nigeria News. July 29, 2017. Accessed February 13, 2019.
https://www.legit.ng/1106987-pictures-nigerian-civil-war-from-starving-children-execution-
nigerian-soldie.html.
Legit.ng is a blog-post website concerning Nigeria. It gave us images of child soldiers
and starving civilians, along with informative captions.

Adler, Renata. "LETTER FROM BIAFRA." The New Yorker. June 20, 2017. Accessed January
16, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1969/10/04/letter-from-biafra.
The New Yorker is a blog posting website that has been going on for since the Biafran
War. This was a secondary source but it did include a couple of primary sources; it had a letter
from Biafra for which the receiver is unknown. The post also had a passage from an old article
back in 1969.
"Albert Camus Quotes." BrainyQuote. 2019. Accessed February 7, 2019.
https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/albert_camus_588225?src=t_innocent_people.
BrainyQuote is a website focused on provided quotes said by different people on various
topics. From the site, we got a quote said by Albert Camus about the deaths of innocent people.
We used it in our "Tragedy" section and it helps express the losses of some many peoples lives
during this time.
 Secondary Sources

"AFRICA | Biafra: Thirty Years on." BBC News. January 13, 2000. Accessed February 2, 2019.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/596712.stm.
BBC News is a famous news center for all things worldwide. From this article, we got
reports and quotes about the aftermath of the war from Late Chief Ojukwu. It helped our
"Moving Forward" page.

"African Proverbs & Sayings on War & Peace (18 Proverbs)." Yadier Molina Quotes & Sayings |
Famous Inspirational Quotes & Sayings. 2019. Accessed February 18, 2019.
https://www.inspirationalstories.com/proverbs/t/african-on-war-peace/.
Inspirationalstories.com provides the origins of many famous proverbs and popular
proverb topics. From this passage, we attained a few African quotes about the war to insert into
our website.

"Biafra." Pinterest. August 17, 2018. Accessed February 14, 2019.

https://www.pinterest.com/goziemoses/biafra/.
Pinterest in a well-known social media platform where people can share inspiration and
picture. From this post, we obtained pictures that were used all over our project. These pictures
do very well to have the viewer sympathize with Biafra.

"Biafra." Wikipedia. February 19, 2019. Accessed February 21, 2019.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra.
Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia that provides information on a variety of topics.
From the page, we got very basic knowledge about Biafra, for instance, its capital, government
type, and population. The helped build the group's basic knowledge of the former country.

“Biafra Charter”. Aka-ikenga. Published November 5, 2014. Accessed February 21, 2019.
http://www.aka-ikenga.com/2014/11/biafra-charter.html
Aka-ikenga is a website dedicated to inform the historical events, facts, crafts and more. This
“Biafra Charter” shows the establishment of for the functions for Biafrans. This source gave us
information as to the whereabouts and showed us clarity of the republic's foundation.

"Biafra Zionist Movement Archives." Champion Newspapers Limited. April 07, 2016. Accessed
February 9, 2019. http://www.championnews.com.ng/tag/biafra-zionist-movement/.
 Secondary Sources

Champion Newspaper is an online newspaper company concerning news from Nigeria.

We didn't use any of the words from the article but we did use the first image shown on the
webpage. It is an image of the BZM protesting outside an international conference.

"Biafran Children Appear on the Cover of Life Magazine with Headline "Starving Children of
Biafra War"." Remembering Biafra. 2019. Accessed February 12, 2019.
https://rememberingbiafra.com/timeline/biafran-children-appear-on-the-cover-of-life-magazine.
Rememberingbiafra.com is a website dedicated to all this Biafra and the legacy it left
behind. The article had a photo of the cover of a "LIFE" magazine that was published in 1968. It
also gave information about the magazine and what it stated about the war. We used the photo in
our slideshow on one of the "Tragedy" pages.

"Biafran Leader Nnamdi Kanu: The Man behind Nigeria's Separatists." BBC News. May 05,
2017. Accessed February 11, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39793185.
BBC News is a news center for all events worldwide. From this specific article, we got
information on a secessionist called Nnamdi Kanu, the leader of many BZM protests. It helped
with our website as a whole.

"Biafrans Still Dream of Independence from Nigeria." BBC News. December 21, 2012.
Accessed February 14, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-20808106/biafrans-
still-dream-of-independence-from-nigeria.
BBC News is a central news portal for events that occur all over the globe. From this site,
we watch a video about the Biafra Zionist Movement and how they meet. We also took a quote
from one of their interviews and input it into our "Moving Forward" page.

“Biafran veterans remember the conflict 50 years on.” BBC news. Published July 6, 2017.
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-40520075/biafran-war-veterans-remember-the-
conflict-50-years-on
Being a news website, BBC news has put an entry on the Biafran veterans who remember
the war still till this day, explaining their stories in a video. This was used as an informational
secondary source in our website.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Biafra." Encyclopædia Britannica. March 04, 2015.
Accessed February 11, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Biafra.
 Secondary Sources

Encyclopædia Britannica is similar to Wikipedia but a much more reliable source. From
this page, we obtained information about the nation of Biafra for our "Historical Context" pages.

Buari, Jasmine. "Biafra War Anniversary: 12 Unforgettable Quotes Of Late Ojukwu." Legit.ng -
Nigeria News. January 15, 2016. Accessed February 17, 2019. https://www.legit.ng/697327-
biafra-war-anniversary-12-unforgettable-quotes-late-ojukwu.html.
Legit.ng is a blog website that posts content concerning all things Nigeria. In this post
were quotes said by the Late Chief Ojukwu. We used these sayings all over our website to
express different ideas.

“Dike Chukwumerijie's Blog: The Road To Jubilee.” April 14, 2013. Accessed Februrary.
http://dikechukwumerije.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-road-to-jubilee-short-account-of.html
The Road to Jubilee is a poem from Dike Chukwumerijie's Blog, explaining a short
version of the rise of the Republic of Biafra and it's downfall. It shows how Ironsi was
assassinated and how a war was fought, giving us information of it's reign, incorporated into
“The Nation of Biafra” page.

Eleojo, Godday. "#Nigeria@56: See Nostalgic Throwback Pictures of Post-independence 1960s

Era." Legit.ng - Nigeria News. February 02, 2018. Accessed February 11, 2019.
https://www.legit.ng/990407-nigeria56-amazing-post-independence-pictures-1960.html.
Legit.ng is another Nigerian lifestyle website with a number of different topics. From this
site, we obtained images concerning Nigeria's independence in 1960.

"Flag of Biafra." Wikipedia. August 25, 2018. Accessed February 11, 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra.
Wikipedia is a notorious online encyclopedia, that know for not being very reliable as one
can just edit a page. Despite this, the group agreed that we could trust Wikipedia for basic data
like this. From this page, we obtained information on the Flag of Biafra and the meaning of its
colors.

History.com Editors. "Civil War in Nigeria." History.com. October 22, 2009. Accessed February
08, 2019. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/civil-war-in-nigeria.
History.com is a well-known historical website and a television channel that provides
information on events and actions that occurred on different dates. The channel has been aired
since January 1, 1995. Similar to what our interviewee had said about the war, the site stated
 Secondary Sources

things about how the Northerners were slaughtering the Christian Igbos. This data and statements
helped us to build our "tragedy" section of our entry.

"How First Coup Still Haunts Nigeria 50 Years on." BBC News. January 15, 2016. Accessed
February 5, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35312370.
BBC News is a news center that provides information on events that are happening all
around the world. This article was about how the war affects Nigeria even 50 years after. Our
"Moving Forward" page was created with the help of this webpage.

Hurst, Ryan. "Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) • BlackPast." Redlining (1937- ) | The Black Past:
Remembered and Reclaimed. January 29, 2019. Accessed February 6, 2019.
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/nigerian-civil-war-1967-1970/.
Blackpast.org is a reference center and encyclopedia on African American history made
available online. They aim to be the “Google” of African American history. From the webpage,
we attained a photograph used in our “Humanitarian Effect” page.

“Introducing the Republic of Biafra.” Biafra Land. Published on 1967. Accessed on February 18,
2019
http://www.biafraland.com/biafra history.htm
Biafra Land, as a website, shows an electronic replica of the contents of Biafra written by the
Government of the Republic of Biafra. This was an important source used for “The Nation of
Biafra” page, allowing all our information to be valid.

Kelly, Aoife. "How Irish Missionaries Fought Fake News and Risked Their Lives to save
Millions from Starvation during Biafran War." Independent.ie. May 21, 2018. Accessed February
21, 2019. https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/how-irish-missionaries-
fought-fake-news-and-risked-their-lives-to-save-millions-from-starvation-during-biafran-war-
36929802.html.
Independent.ie is an entertainment news website with posts discussing all different topics.
From this article, we got a report about the Irish missionaries in Biafra. It helped us to build our
"Humanitarian Conflict" page, also images were used.

Kwekudee. "TRIP DOWN MEMORY LANE." SAN (BUSHMEN) PEOPLE: THE WORLD
MOST ANCIENT RACE/PEOPLE. November 08, 2013. Accessed January 16, 2019.
https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/11/sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-
gentle-black.html.
 Secondary Sources

This site provided us with quotes and passages concerning the quotes. It also had images
of the leaders during the time with very helpful captions.

Levenson, Eric. "Was Nixon a Humanitarian? Declassified Material from the Nigeria-Biafra
War." Atlantic Media. April 19, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2018.
http://ericlevensonatlantic.blogspot.com/2013/04/was-nixon-humanitarian-declassified.html.
Eric Levenson (author of the article) post blogs on his website consisting of all different
topics, but this one was about former President Richard Nixon and his involvement in the
Biafran War. From this article, we got information on America’s side of the war, whether they
helped Nigeria or not. Our conflict section really benefited from this.

Mbanaja, M. M. "Nigeria/Biafran Civil War Most Famous Quotes!!" News Ghana. July 11, 2012.
Accessed February 16, 2019. https://www.newsghana.com.gh/nigeriabiafran-civil-war-most-
famous-quotes/.
News Ghana is another lifestyle website we used for our project. This article consisted of
quotes said about the Nigerian Civil War. We used many of these quotes in our entry. It was very
important to use these quotes as they helped back up some of our research.

New World Encyclopedia. "Nigerian Civil War." Nigerian Civil War - New World Encyclopedia.
December 4, 2018. Accessed February 06, 2019.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Nigerian_Civil_War.
The New World Encyclopedia provides information on a variety of topics and is written
by a team of certified experts. From this article, we got research from the dates of the war, the
causes of conflict, the result of the war, and the legacy it left behind on Nigeria's people as a
whole.

"Nigeria." Wikipedia. February 14, 2019. Accessed February 15, 2019.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria.
Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia that provides data on a variety of topics. From this
page, we got very basic information on Nigeria. This helped our group build fundamental
knowledge of Nigeria.

Published. "The Nigerian Civil War in Pictures." Punch Newspapers. May 28, 2017. Accessed
February 21, 2019. https://punchng.com/the-nigerian-civil-war-in-pictures/.
 Secondary Sources

Punchng.com is a Nigerian lifestyle website featuring special like this one about events
that occurred in history. This source was cited as secondary even though it had several primary
sources in the passage because they were not just images, they added captions to them too. We
used the images all through our website because it captured the war perfectly.

“Remembering Oba Daniel Aladesanmi II.” The Nation. Published January 7, 2014.
https://www.google.com/urlsa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwitxL6
XyMvgAhVhhOAKHXhKAeAQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://thenationonlineng.net/rememberin
g-oba-danielaladesanmiii/&psig=AOvVaw1qGhK8LcoVoAy8zipasGfc&ust=1550795092334362
“The Nation” is a blog created by Ayo Fajana describing the important life of a late Oba,
which is explained in the website, of how he rose to his legacy and lifetime achievements.

Restore Igbo Culture and Tradition. "How Have You Experience Post Biafran War in Your
Village ,Mr Nwokedi,." Igbo Culture and Tradition. July 30, 2015. Accessed February 10, 2019.
https://olivernwokedi.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/how-have-you-experience-post-biafran-war-in-
your-village-mr-nwokedi/.
The website focuses specifically on Igbo traditions and culture. We didn't necessarily use
any information from the site but some of the images provided we used across our website. The
images helped spread the experience of hardship the victims went through, chiefly the children.

Shapiro, T. Rees. "Odumegwu Ojukwu, 78: Rebel Leader Who Broke Republic of Biafra Away
from Nigeria." The Washington Post. November 29, 2011. Accessed February 10, 2019.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/odumegwu-ojukwu-78-rebel-leader-who-
broke-republic-of-biafra-away-from-nigeria/2011/11/28/gIQAdVcHAO_story.html?
noredirect=on&utm_term=.c624d32ce453.
The Washington Post is a news/blog-post website that gives out reports on events
happening in the world. From the site, we received information about the Late Chief Ojukwu, his
death, and his involvement in the war. We used this data to describe who the leaders of the war
were in our entry.

"The Amazing Biafran Airlift - Heroics in the Sky and on the Ground." Concern. Accessed
February 21, 2019. https://www.concernusa.org/story/amazing-biafran-airlift-heroics-sky-
ground/.
Concern USA is an aid program with a website was founded during the Biafran war to
help those in need. From this site, we got information and images about the Biafran Airlift.
 Secondary Sources

"The Biafra Zionist Movement." The Nation Nigeria. November 05, 2012. Accessed February
17, 2019. http://thenationonlineng.net/the-biafra-zionist-movement/.
The Nation Nigeria is a Nigerian news website that has information on Nigerian events
that have occurred. From this site, we got information on the Biafra Zionist Movement for our
"Moving Forward" page.

“The Republic of Biafra - Historical Flag” CRW Flags. Modified on July 5, 2014. Accessed on
February 20, 2019.
https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ng-biaf.html
CRW Flags is a website showing a Flags’ origin and it's background from it's country.
This was used as background information, as well as the use of the Biafran flag used in our
website.

The Republic of Biafra. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2019, from

https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-
learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-
world/the-republic-of-biafra
The “Historian” website explains the history of certain events that have affected Earth
today. This cite was used as a secondary source for a more reasonable outlook of Biafra,
incorporated into “The Nation of Biafra” page.

"U.S. Blames Ojukwu, Gowon for Biafra's Starvation Deaths." Premium Times Nigeria. October
16, 2012. Accessed February 4, 2019. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/103624-u-s-
blames-ojukwu-gowon-for-biafras-starvation-deaths.html.
Premium Times is a news website for Nigeria. From this site, we read and used an
interview with Late Chief Ojukwu relating to the Biafran War. The quotes really help add to the
ideas already stated in our project.

Verity. "Biafran War: 12 Important Facts You Must Know About It." INFORMATION
NIGERIA. January 15, 2016. Accessed February 06, 2019.
http://www.informationng.com/2016/01/biafran-war-12-important-facts-you-must-know-about-
it.html.
Information Nigeria is a website organization that provides passages and blog posts on
this all concerning the country of Nigeria and in this post, the author under the name of Verity
listed 12 facts based on the Biafran War. The facts gave a quick overview of the war for those
 Secondary Sources

who wish for common knowledge on the matter. Even though we already had some of the same
reports from other sources we still decided to use parts of their data, such as the names and dates.

“Who was the real owner of the Rolls-Royce used by Queen Elizabeth II during her first visit to
Nigeria”. Naijauto. Published April 9, 2018. Accessed on February 12, 2019
https://naijauto.com/market-news/who-was-the-real-owner-of-the-rolls-royce-used-by-queen-
elizabeth-ii-during-her-first-visit-to-nigeria-526
The Naijauto website is used for cars and it's history. This shows Queen arriving in
Nigeria and what car she used to appear. This wasn't used as much but was informational.

“Young Nigerians making a living through hard work…” Tonero Photo Agency. Published
August 12, 2010. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiK-
tTAw8vgAhWiY98KHToBClYQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://tonerophotoagency.blogspot.com/2
010/08/young-nigerians-making-living-
through.html&psig=AOvVaw09Ye5xBC3IlZ4Ip89L6wFG&ust=1550793856068630
This blog entry shows images of Nigerians working hard and making a living in the
Tonero Photo Agency website. This was incorporated into the “Tribal Conflict” page in the
website, symbolizing hard work after independence from Britain.

Video(s)
Movietone, British. YouTube. January 14, 2018. Accessed February 11, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLqi_tBr7oI.
British Movietone is a YouTube channel that we used to watch one of its videos on Biafra
surrendering to Nigeria, thus ending the Biafran War. This video helped us to better understand
exactly how and why Biafra surrendered.

News, BBC. YouTube. July 05, 2017. Accessed February 13, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9cSA1gLizE.
Not only it being a news website, but BBC News also has a YouTube channel where they
post videos of news worldwide. From this video, we obtained information about the war
explained in a nutshell. In addition, a clip of this video was used in our "Humanitarian Conflict"
page of the website. We decided to use that clip to better help the viewers understand the world's
perspective of the war and violence in the 1960s.
Secondary Sources