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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Most of the multistoried buildings using today are made up of reinforced


concrete framed buildings. A reinforced concrete building should be designed to have a
capacity to carry combined loads (dead, live and seismic loads) at certain safety level
and at certain degree of reliability. Proper account of loads, material properties,
structural system, and method of analysis are fundamental factors in the design of
structure. When this design is finally executed in the construction process, the expected
performance of the structural building should come into satisfaction. However, this
ideal condition is not always realized.
Performance of structural building could be below the expected criteria in term
of safety level and service life due to a variety of causes. The main problem faced by
these buildings is the effect of lateral displacements. It can result in both structural and
non-structural damages during earthquake ground motions. The important factor in the
design of multistoried building is the structure to have sufficient stability against lateral
forces.
There are several techniques to improve the strength and lateral stability of
buildings. Use of steel bracing systems is one of such method which is highly efficient
and economical. A viable solution for enhancing earthquake resistance is to use steel
bracing systems for strengthening and retrofitting seismically inadequate reinforced
concrete frames. The earthquake can manifest great damages due to unpredicted
seismic motion. This can cause irrepairable damages to buildings. So strengthening
against such seismic motion is the better option by considering economy.

Fig.1.1:Different Types of Bracings

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

By the addition of bracing systems, load will be transferred out of the frame and
passes on to the braces, by passing weak columns while increasing strength. The
potential advantages of using steel bracing are their high strength, stiffness,
economical, occupies less space and adds much less weight to the existing structure. By
expanding its stiffness and stability steel bracings can enhance the resistance of
structure against lateral forces. There are different types of bracings used for this
purpose. They are X bracing, V bracing, Inverted V bracing, diagonal bracing and K
bracing. This project is to find out which bracing is more effective in resisting lateral
deformation by considering an 12 storied irregular (H-shaped) RC building. Bracing
members are simple to set up and takes less space. These members can be provided in
different arrangements to improve the lateral stiffness. And response spectrum analysis
is carrying out. It is a linear-dynamic statistical analysis method to indicate the likely
maximum seismic response of an elastic structure.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

A number studies have been conducted on behaviour of RC buildings provided


with steel bracings. Some of them are summarized below:

Massumi et al. (2008), presented a paper on strengthening of low ductile


reinforced concrete frames using steel x-bracings with different details. In this paper,
the use of steel bracings in concrete framed structures is experimentally presented. A
series of tests conducted on eight, one bay-one story, with 1:2.5 scale RC model
frames. The braces connections in model frames were selected to represent most easy,
quick and economical techniques to strengthen RC frames by steel cross bracing
system. Hence, two frames were not strengthened (un-braced) and were used as control
specimens and six others were strengthened by X-bracings, and with five details of
connection between frames and bracings. The details were: (i) using bolts and nuts (in
two ways for two frames); (ii) using steel jackets around the columns (in two ways for
three frames); (iii) using embedded plates (for welding gusset plates) in frame corners
before placing the concrete (for studying possible use of steel bracing system in new
concrete frames). Model frames were tested under constant vertical and cyclic lateral
loadings. The tests results indicate considerable increase in the lateral strength and/or
displacement ductility of strengthened frames upon bracing details.
Viswanath K G et al. (2010), conducted seismic analysis of steel braced
reinforced concrete frames. In their study, the seismic performance of reinforced
concrete building rehabilitated using concentric steel bracing is investigated. The
bracing is provided for peripheral columns. A four- storey building is analyzed for
seismic zone IV as per IS 1893:2002 using STAAD Pro software. The effectiveness of
various types of steel bracing in rehabilitating a four-storey building is evaluated. The
effect of the distribution of the steel bracing along the height of the RC frame on the
seismic performance of the rehabilitated building is studied. The performance of the
building is evaluated in terms of global and story drifts. The study is extended to eight
storied, 12 storied and sixteen storied building. The percentage reduction in lateral
displacement is found out. It is found that the X type of steel bracing significantly

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum inter storey drift of the
frames.
Prof. Sarita Singla and et al.(2012), studied behaviour of framed building with
different lateral bracing systems. In the present study eighteen storeyed building is
analyzed with three different types of bracings and each bracing has been provided at
three different locations. The types of bracing studied are X-brace, V-brace and K-
brace. In the first location, bracings are provided in the exterior frame at corners. In the
second location, bracings are again provided in the exterior frame, but in the middle
bays. Finally, in the third location, bracings are provided in the middle bays in exterior
and interior frames both. In all nine different cases of braced RC frames are analyzed
and compared with unbraced RC frame, using STAAD Pro-2007 with Response
Spectrum method. It has been seen that X bracing shows the best performance.
Vani Prasad et al. (2014), presented paper on effectiveness of inclusion of
steel bracing in existing RC framed structure. In the present study multi-storey
building, of ten storey with varying length to breadth ratio have been modelled using
SAP 2000. SAP 2000 is used to perform linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis. In this
study R.C.C. building is modeled and analyzed in three Parts model without bracing
and shear wall, model with shear wall system and model with different bracing system.
It was found that steel bracing significantly reduces the lateral drift.
Krishnaraj R. Chavan et al. (2014), studied the seismic response of R C
Building with different arrangement of Steel Bracing Systems. In this study, the
seismic analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with different types of bracing
(Diagonal, V type, inverted V type, X type) is studied. The bracing is provided for
peripheral columns. A seven-storey (G+6) building is situated at seismic zone III. The
building models are analyze by equivalent static analysis as per IS 1893:2002 using
STAAD Pro V8i software. The main parameters consider in this paper to compare the
seismic analysis of buildings are lateral displacement, storey drift, axial force, base
shear. It is found that the X type of steel bracing significantly contributes to the
structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstorey drift of R.C.C building than
other bracing system.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Shachindra Kumar Chadhar et al.(2015), studied the seismic behaviour of


RC building frame with steel bracing system using various arrangements. In this study
V type and inverted V type bracings were used. Seismic coefficient method (linear
static analysis) has been conducted to evaluate the effect of different arrangements of
bracing members in the building frame and influence of the different steel cross-
section. For this study, a fifteen story building assumed to be situated at seismic zone
IV as per the seismic zone map of India. Three steel profiles ISA, ISMC and ISMB
were utilized as bracing members by considering same cross-sectional area. For
modeling and analysis work computer software StaadproV8i was used. Result of this
study revealed that inverted V bracing reduces the bending moment, shear force, storey
drift and node displacement significantly. It was also found that the various
arrangements of bracing systems has great influence on seismic performance of the
building frame and double angle section give better result as compared to ISMB and
ISMC section.
Prof. Milind V. Mohod (2015), studied the pushover analysis of structures
with plan irregularities. Here 9 models are developed in ETAB software having
different plan. The geometrical loading data, support reactions adopted for 9 models
are kept same to achieve a behavior pattern. These 9 models are shaped by considering
Plan irregularities i.e. the plan area for each structure is same only there is difference of
geometry. From this study it has been observed that, Plus-shape, L-shape, C-shape H-
shape, E-shape and T-shape building have displaced more in both direction (X and Y)
in comparison to other remaining simple shaped building (Core-rectangle, Core-
square, Regular building).

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 3

NEED FOR THE STUDY


All of the above journals had done their study by finding out lateral
displacement, storey drift, base shear, axial force etc. And their study revealed that
effectiveness of bracing systems varies with type of bracing, arrangements of bracing
systems and section properties. Most of them shows that X bracing is more effective
than other types. Till now, all of the studies are carried out on regular RC buildings. So
the need of this study is to find out the effect of bracings in an irregular RC building
frame.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

4.1 OBJECTIVES

 To conduct dynamic analysis of an H- shaped reinforced concrete building located in


seismic zone III, which is modeled in ETABS.
 To find out the bracings which are most effective to resist lateral deformation by
performing Response spectrum analysis.
 To find out storey drift, storey displacement of RC irregular building

4.2 SCOPE

 Lateral bracing systems can increase the life of a reinforced concrete framed
building.
 It can be a better alternative in the field of retrofit of structures.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY

5.1 GENERAL

The steps used for this study is represented by using this flow chart given below:

SELECTION OF GEOMETRY

MODELLING

LOAD APPLICATION

ANALYSIS

RESULT

5.2 SELECTION OF GEOMETRY

Here the study is carried out for the behaviour of G+11 storied R.C frame
buildings with H shaped plan. Floor height provided as 3.4m. And also properties are
defined for the frame structure.

5.3 MODELLING OF RC FRAME

5 models are created in ETABS software with 5 different types of bracings.


They are X type, V type, inverted V type, diagonal bracing and K bracing.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

5.4 LOAD FORMULATION

Various types of load considered are discussed in succeeding sections.


 Dead load on each floor is calculated as per ( IS :875 (Part 1) – 1987).
 The live load had been taken as 4 kN/m2 for intermediate floors and 2 KN/m2 for
roof (IS : 875 (Part 2) – 1987).
 Seismic loads are calculated as per IS: 1893 (Part 1)-2002.

5.5 ANALYSIS

The three dimensional reinforced concrete structures with G+11 stories were
analysed by Response spectrum analysis using ETABS software. The analysis results
will show effectiveness of different types of bracings in terms of storey displacements,
storey drift.

5.6 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

The response spectrum represents an envelope of upper bound responses, based


on several different ground motion records. For the purpose of seismic analysis, the
design spectrum given in figure 1 of IS:1893 (Part 1): 2002 is used. This spectrum is
based on strong motion records of eight Indian earthquakes. This method is an elastic
dynamic analysis approach that relies on the assumption that dynamic response of the
structure may be found by considering the independent response of each natural mode
of vibration and then combining the response of each in same way. This is
advantageous in the fact that generally only few of the lowest modes of vibration have
significance while calculating moments, shear and deflections at different levels of the
building.

5.7 RESULTS

After analysis the results obtained are evaluated to find out which type of bracing is
most effective in resisting lateral loads.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 6

MODELLING IN ETABS

6.1 GENERAL

The general software ETABS has been used for the modelling. It is more user
friendly and versatile program that offers a wide scope of features like static and
dynamic analysis, non-linear dynamic analysis and non-linear static pushover analysis
etc.

6.2 ETABS

ETABS is a programme for linear, nonlinear, static and dynamic analysis, and the
design of building systems. From an analytical standpoint, multistoried buildings
constitute a very special class of structures and therefore deserve special treatment. The
concept of special programs for building type structures was introduced over 40 years
ago and resulted in the development of the TABS series of computer programme. The
input, output and numerical solution techniques of ETABS are specifically designed to
take advantage of the unique physical and numerical characteristics associated with
building type structures. As a result, this analysis and design tool expedites data
preparation, output interpretation and execution throughput. The need for special
purpose programmes has never been more evident as Structural Engineers put non-
linear dynamic analysis into practice and use the greater computer power available
today to create larger analytical models. Over the past two decades, ETABS has
numerous mega-projects to its credit and has established itself as the standard of the
industry. ETABS software is clearly recognised as the most practical and efficient tool
for the static and dynamic analysis of multistoried frame and shear wall buildings.

6.3 BUILDING PLAN AND DIMENSION DETAILS

The Following are the specification of G+11 storied irregular building located
in seismic zone III. The complete detail of the structure including modelling concepts is
given below:

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Table 6.1: Details and Dimension of the Building Models

Earthquake zone III

Damping ratio 5%

Importance factor 1

Type of soil Medium soil

Type of structure All general RC frame

Response reduction factor 5(SMRF)

Poisson’s ratio 0.15

Density of RCC 25kN/m3

Thickness of slab 160mm

Depth of beam 380mm

Width of beam 300mm

Dimension of column 300mm X 450mm

Height of each floor 3.4m

Bracing used ISA 110 x 110 x 10

` Fig 6.1: Plan of H Shaped Building

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Three dimensional RC building of 12 stories with different bracing systems are


modelled.

6.4 ASSIGNING SUPPORTS

Fixed support is provided for all the models.

Fig 6.2: Elevation of Building Provided with Fixed Supports

6.5 PROVIDING BRACINGS

Each model is provided with different bracings such as X brace, V brace, K


brace, Diagonal brace and Inverted V brace in an alternate fashion.

Figure 6.2 shows the irregular RC frame with X type bracing provided in a
specified arrangements. Similarly figure 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6 shows the 3D models of
frames with X bracings, V type, inverted V type, diagonal and K type bracings
respectively.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 6.3: X Braced Building Model

Fig 6.4: V Braced Building Model

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 6.5: Inverted V Braced Building Model

Fig 6.6: Diagonal Braced Building Model

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 6.7: K Braced Building Model

6.6 ASSIGNING LOADS

Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define
the nature and magnitudes of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to
provide a reasonable performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the
structure’s useful life. The load considered are dead load, live load and imposed load.

6.6.1 Dead Load

All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors
and the other permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be
calculated from the dimensions of various members and their unit weights. the unit
weights of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed
natural stone aggregate may be taken as 24 kN/m2 and 25 kN/m2 respectively.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

6.6.2 Live Load

Imposed load is produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building including


the weight of movable partitions, distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact
and vibration and dust loads. Imposed loads do not include loads due to wind, seismic
activity, snow, and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure
will be subjected to, creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to
which the structure may undergo.

6.6.3 Seismic load

Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which


means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at
contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or
with gravity waves from tsunami.

Seismic loading depends primarily on:

 Anticipated earthquake's parameters at the site - known as seismic hazard


 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure's parameters
 Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Slab Weight Calculation


Thickness of slab =0.160m
Density of concrete = 25kN/m3
Self Weight of slab = Density of concrete x Thickness of slab
= 25x0.160 = 4 kN/m2
Floor Finish load calculation
Floor load = Density of floor material x thickness of floor
= 20 x 0.05 = 1 kN/m2
Plaster finish = 20 x 0.012 = 0.24 kN/m2
Tile load if provided = 0.2 kN/m2
(IS: 875 (Part 1) - 1987)
Floor finish load = 1.5 kN/m2

Wall load calculation:


Height of floor = 3.4m
Wall Weight (inner) = Thickness of wall x Height of wall x Density of brick
wall
= 0.23 x (3.4 – 0.45) x 18
= 12.21 kN/m2
Floor load:
Live Load Intensity specified (Commercial building) = 4kN/m2
(IS: 875 (Part 2) – 1987)
Live Load at roof level =2 kN/m2

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS
7.1 GENERAL
After assigning the loads to the structure, Response spectrum analysis is carried
out to evaluate the dynamic results in form of storey displacement, storey drift etc.

7.2 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS


In order to perform the seismic analysis and design of a structure to be built at a
particular location, the actual time history record is required. However, it is not
possible to have such records at each and every location. Further, the seismic analysis
of structures cannot be carried out simply based on the peak value of the ground
acceleration as the response of the structure depend upon the frequency content of
ground motion and its own dynamic properties. To overcome the above difficulties,
earthquake response spectrum is the most popular tool in the seismic analysis of
structures. There are computational advantages in using the response spectrum method
of seismic analysis for prediction of displacements and member forces in structural
systems. In this method peak response of structures during earthquake is obtained
directly from earthquake is obtained directly from earthquake response plots. This
method gives an approximate peak response which is quite accurate for structral design
purpose. In this approach the multiple modes of response of a building to an earthquke
are taken in to account. For each mode a response is read from the design spectrum,
based on the modal mass and modal participation mass. The response of different
modes are combined to provide an estimate of total response of the structures using
modal combination method.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 7.1: Response Spectrum Curve

7.3 BUILDING WITH X BRACE

The storey response plots obtained are as follows:

Fig 7.2: Maximum Storey Displacement

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Figure 7.2 shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12
under response spectrum loads in X- Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.

Fig 7.3: Maximum Storey Drift

Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under response
spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level of a
multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift is
maximum in first story after that it is decreasing.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

7.4 BUILDING WITH V BRACE

The storey response plots obtained are as follows:

Fig 7.4: Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 7.5 : Maximum Storey Drift

Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level of a
multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift is
maximum in first storey after that it is decreasing.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

7.5 BUILDING WITH DIAGONAL BRACE

The storey response plots obtained are as follows:

Fig 7.6 : Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12 under
response spectrum loads in X-direction. Here we can see a linear variation
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 7.7 : Maximum Storey Drift

Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey after that it is decreasing.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

7.6 BUILDING WITH K BRACE

The storey response plots obtained are as follows:

Fig 7.8 : Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 11 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.

Fig 7.9 : Maximum Storey Drift

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey then it is decreasing.

7.7 BUILDING WITH INVERTED V BRACE

The storey response plots obtained are as follows:

Fig 7.10 : Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 11 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

Fig 7.11: Maximum Storey Drift

Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey then it is decreasing.

Department Of Civil Engineering, SVNCE 27


Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


8.1 GENERAL

From the output of ETABS, various results are obtained. And these results are
evaluated by preparing various graphs. It is to compare and find which bracing is more
effective against lateral loads.

8.2 MAXIMUM STOREY DISPLACEMENT

The graphs of lateral displacement versus number of storey are plotted in X


direction and Y direction for different bracings.

Table 8.1: Maximum Storey Displacement

STOREY TYPE OF BRACINGS


LEVEL
X brace Inverted V brace Diagonal K brace
v brace

1 0.0007523 0.006654 0.008487 0.01331 0.01523

2 0.001821 0.00832 0.01038 0.01513 0.01725

3 0.002946 0.0963 0.01263 0.01632 0.01821

4 0.004086 0.01235 0.015 0.01762 0.02142

5 0.005214 0.01432 0.01734 0.02014 0.02221

6 0.006306 0.01582 0.01956 0.02145 0.02381

7 0.007339 0.01832 0.02163 0.02345 0.02512

8 0.00829 0.02032 0.0235 0.02542 0.02641

9 0.00914 0.02264 0.02515 0.02612 0.02745

10 0.00987 0.02296 0.02599 0.02712 0.02842

11 0.01047 0.02322 0.02642 0.02812 0.02958

12 0.01092 0.02875 0.002712 0.02875 0.03058

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

storey vs displacement
0.035

0.03
storey displacement

0.025
v bracing
0.02
x bracing
0.015
diagonal bracing
0.01 inverted v bracin
0.005 k bracing

0
0 5 10 15
storey

Fig 8.1: Maximum Storey Displacement (mm) in X Direction

Table 8.2: Maximum Storey Displacement in Y Direction

Storey Type of bracings


level
X brace V brace Inverted V Diagonal K brace
brace brace

1 0.0008582 0.016654 0.00948 0.02331 0.02523

2 0.002821 0.01832 0.01138 0.02513 0.02725

3 0.003946 0.01963 0.01363 0.02632 0.02821

4 0.005086 0.02235 0.016 0.02762 0.03142

5 0.006214 0.02432 0.01834 0.03014 0.03221

6 0.007306 0.02582 0.02056 0.03145 0.03381

7 0.008339 0.02832 0.02263 0.03345 0.03512

8 0.00929 0.03032 0.0245 0.03542 0.03641

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

9 0.01014 0.03264 0.02615 0.03612 0.03745

10 0.01087 0.03296 0.002699 0.03712 0.03842

11 0.01142 0.03322 0.02742 0.03812 0.03958

12 0.001192 0.03341 0.02812 0.03875 0.4058

From the above graphs, it is observed that the lateral displacement are reduced
to largest extent for X type of bracing system, while the displacement is maximum for
the K braces. The displacements are reduced sequentially for K bracing, diagonal, V
bracings, inverted V bracings and X braces. These patterns are observed due to
increased stiffness provided by the respective bracings.

Storey vs Displacement
0.045
0.04
0.035
storey displacement

0.03
inverted v bracing
0.025
x bracing
0.02
diagonal bracing
0.015
v bracing
0.01
0.005 k bracing

0
0 5 10 15
storey

Fig 8.2: Maximum Storey Displacement (mm) in Y Direction

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

8.3 STOREY DRIFT

The maximum storey drift values are plotted against number of storeys in X
direction and Y direction.

Table 8.3: Storey Drift in X Direction

Storey Type of bracings


level
X brace Inverted v V brace Diagonal K brace
brace

1 0.0002753 0.0003042 0.000314 0.0003332 0.0003391

2 0.0002723 0.0003009 0.0003133 0.00033223 0.0003363

3 0.0002663 0.0002934 0.000309 0.0003223 0.0003299

4 0.0002542 0.0002909 0.0002971 0.0003087 0.0003188

5 0.0002446 0.0002752 0.0002817 0.0002932 0.0003041

6 0.0002229 0.0002529 0.0002612 0.0002687 0.000282

7 0.000193 0.000224 0.00024122 0.0002379 0.0002562

8 0.0001812 0.000186 0.0002305 0.0001961 0.0002175

9 0.0001612 0.0001685 0.0001955 0.0001712 0.0002014

10 0.0001571 0.0001457 0.0001477 0.0001652 0.0001789

11 0.0001312 0.00013712 0.0001412 0.0001425 0.0001695

12 0.000131 0.0001243 0.0001215 0.0001312 0.0001456

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Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

storey vs drift
0.0004

0.00035

0.0003
storey drift

0.00025 x bracing bracing


0.0002 v bracing
0.00015 diagonal bracing

0.0001 k bracing
inverted v bracing
0.00005

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
storey

Fig 8.3: Maximum Storey drifts in Y Direction

Table 8.4: Storey Drift in Y Direction

Storey Type of bracings


level
X brace V Diagonal K bracing Inverted V
Bracing bracing brace

1 0.0002874 0.0003313 0.0003489 0.0003491 0.000313

2 0.0002862 0.000336 0.0003446 0.0003463 0.000312

3 0.000279 0.00032 0.0003382 0.0003399 0.00031

4 0.0002647 0.0003193 0.0003167 0.0003292 0.00031

5 0.0002556 0.0003031 0.0003078 0.000317 0.000302

6 0.0002379 0.0002815 0.0002782 0.0002645 0.000289

7 0.00020 0.0002638 0.0002448 0.0002541 0.000274

8 0.00019 0.0002305 0.0002089 0.0002412 0.000253

Department Of Civil Engineering, SVNCE 32


Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

9 0.0001727 0.0002105 0.000189 0.0002252 0.000225

10 0.0001671 0.0001652 0.000174 0.0001879 0.00019

11 0.0001498 0.0001622 0.000157 0.0001685 0.00018

12 0.0001408 0.0001432 0.000149 0.0001542 0.00017

Fig 8.4: Maximum Storey Drift in Y Direction

From the graph it is clear that Storey drift is minimum for X braced buildings
compared to others. The maximum storey drift occurs for K bracings. Also the value of
drift is maximum in first storey after that drift is decreasing.

Department Of Civil Engineering, SVNCE 33


Dynamic Analysis Of An Irregular RC Building With Different Bracing System

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSIONS

9.1 GENERAL

In the present study, an attempt is made to find which type of bracing is effective to
resist lateral deformation in a multistoried RC framed building by Response Spectrum
Analysis. The seismic analysis is carried out taking into consideration that all the
buildings are located in zone III i.e. Thiruvananthapuram region as per code. The
storey displacement at each storey along with the storey drift are plotted and compared
for each model. The following conclusions are drawn based on the analysis:

 The maximum storey displacement of the building is reduced by the use of X


type bracing system. Displacement value decreases from top storey to base. The
minimum value for X brace at the base is 0.007523mm in X direction and
0.008582mm in Y direction.
 Storey drift is maximum at intermediate storey levels and minimum the top
storey. The minimum value for X braced building is 0.0002753mm in X
direction and 0.0002874mm in y direction.
 Building with X type of bracing is found to be most effective.

9.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Further studies can be carried out using different sections and arrangements of
bracings.

Department Of Civil Engineering, SVNCE 34

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