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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
By the addition of bracing systems, load will be transferred out of the frame and
passes on to the braces, by passing weak columns while increasing strength. The
potential advantages of using steel bracing are their high strength, stiffness,
economical, occupies less space and adds much less weight to the existing structure. By
expanding its stiffness and stability steel bracings can enhance the resistance of
structure against lateral forces. There are different types of bracings used for this
purpose. They are X bracing, V bracing, Inverted V bracing, diagonal bracing and K
bracing. This project is to find out which bracing is more effective in resisting lateral
deformation by considering an 12 storied irregular (H-shaped) RC building. Bracing
members are simple to set up and takes less space. These members can be provided in
different arrangements to improve the lateral stiffness. And response spectrum analysis
is carrying out. It is a linear-dynamic statistical analysis method to indicate the likely
maximum seismic response of an elastic structure.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum inter storey drift of the
frames.
Prof. Sarita Singla and et al.(2012), studied behaviour of framed building with
different lateral bracing systems. In the present study eighteen storeyed building is
analyzed with three different types of bracings and each bracing has been provided at
three different locations. The types of bracing studied are X-brace, V-brace and K-
brace. In the first location, bracings are provided in the exterior frame at corners. In the
second location, bracings are again provided in the exterior frame, but in the middle
bays. Finally, in the third location, bracings are provided in the middle bays in exterior
and interior frames both. In all nine different cases of braced RC frames are analyzed
and compared with unbraced RC frame, using STAAD Pro-2007 with Response
Spectrum method. It has been seen that X bracing shows the best performance.
Vani Prasad et al. (2014), presented paper on effectiveness of inclusion of
steel bracing in existing RC framed structure. In the present study multi-storey
building, of ten storey with varying length to breadth ratio have been modelled using
SAP 2000. SAP 2000 is used to perform linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis. In this
study R.C.C. building is modeled and analyzed in three Parts model without bracing
and shear wall, model with shear wall system and model with different bracing system.
It was found that steel bracing significantly reduces the lateral drift.
Krishnaraj R. Chavan et al. (2014), studied the seismic response of R C
Building with different arrangement of Steel Bracing Systems. In this study, the
seismic analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with different types of bracing
(Diagonal, V type, inverted V type, X type) is studied. The bracing is provided for
peripheral columns. A seven-storey (G+6) building is situated at seismic zone III. The
building models are analyze by equivalent static analysis as per IS 1893:2002 using
STAAD Pro V8i software. The main parameters consider in this paper to compare the
seismic analysis of buildings are lateral displacement, storey drift, axial force, base
shear. It is found that the X type of steel bracing significantly contributes to the
structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstorey drift of R.C.C building than
other bracing system.
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
4.1 OBJECTIVES
4.2 SCOPE
Lateral bracing systems can increase the life of a reinforced concrete framed
building.
It can be a better alternative in the field of retrofit of structures.
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 GENERAL
The steps used for this study is represented by using this flow chart given below:
SELECTION OF GEOMETRY
MODELLING
LOAD APPLICATION
ANALYSIS
RESULT
Here the study is carried out for the behaviour of G+11 storied R.C frame
buildings with H shaped plan. Floor height provided as 3.4m. And also properties are
defined for the frame structure.
5.5 ANALYSIS
The three dimensional reinforced concrete structures with G+11 stories were
analysed by Response spectrum analysis using ETABS software. The analysis results
will show effectiveness of different types of bracings in terms of storey displacements,
storey drift.
5.7 RESULTS
After analysis the results obtained are evaluated to find out which type of bracing is
most effective in resisting lateral loads.
CHAPTER 6
MODELLING IN ETABS
6.1 GENERAL
The general software ETABS has been used for the modelling. It is more user
friendly and versatile program that offers a wide scope of features like static and
dynamic analysis, non-linear dynamic analysis and non-linear static pushover analysis
etc.
6.2 ETABS
ETABS is a programme for linear, nonlinear, static and dynamic analysis, and the
design of building systems. From an analytical standpoint, multistoried buildings
constitute a very special class of structures and therefore deserve special treatment. The
concept of special programs for building type structures was introduced over 40 years
ago and resulted in the development of the TABS series of computer programme. The
input, output and numerical solution techniques of ETABS are specifically designed to
take advantage of the unique physical and numerical characteristics associated with
building type structures. As a result, this analysis and design tool expedites data
preparation, output interpretation and execution throughput. The need for special
purpose programmes has never been more evident as Structural Engineers put non-
linear dynamic analysis into practice and use the greater computer power available
today to create larger analytical models. Over the past two decades, ETABS has
numerous mega-projects to its credit and has established itself as the standard of the
industry. ETABS software is clearly recognised as the most practical and efficient tool
for the static and dynamic analysis of multistoried frame and shear wall buildings.
The Following are the specification of G+11 storied irregular building located
in seismic zone III. The complete detail of the structure including modelling concepts is
given below:
Damping ratio 5%
Importance factor 1
Figure 6.2 shows the irregular RC frame with X type bracing provided in a
specified arrangements. Similarly figure 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6 shows the 3D models of
frames with X bracings, V type, inverted V type, diagonal and K type bracings
respectively.
Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define
the nature and magnitudes of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to
provide a reasonable performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the
structure’s useful life. The load considered are dead load, live load and imposed load.
All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors
and the other permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be
calculated from the dimensions of various members and their unit weights. the unit
weights of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed
natural stone aggregate may be taken as 24 kN/m2 and 25 kN/m2 respectively.
CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS
7.1 GENERAL
After assigning the loads to the structure, Response spectrum analysis is carried
out to evaluate the dynamic results in form of storey displacement, storey drift etc.
Figure 7.2 shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12
under response spectrum loads in X- Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.
Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under response
spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level of a
multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift is
maximum in first story after that it is decreasing.
Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.
Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level of a
multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift is
maximum in first storey after that it is decreasing.
Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 12 under
response spectrum loads in X-direction. Here we can see a linear variation
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.
Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey after that it is decreasing.
Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 11 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.
Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey then it is decreasing.
Figure shows the variation of storey displacement from base to story 11 under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. Here we can see a linear variation of
displacement from base to top storey and maximum value occurs at top storey.
Figure above shows the maximum storey drift values of each storey under
response spectrum loads in X and Y direction. The storey drift is the drift of one level
of a multistoried building relative to the level below. From the curve it is clear that drift
is maximum in first storey then it is decreasing.
CHAPTER 8
From the output of ETABS, various results are obtained. And these results are
evaluated by preparing various graphs. It is to compare and find which bracing is more
effective against lateral loads.
storey vs displacement
0.035
0.03
storey displacement
0.025
v bracing
0.02
x bracing
0.015
diagonal bracing
0.01 inverted v bracin
0.005 k bracing
0
0 5 10 15
storey
From the above graphs, it is observed that the lateral displacement are reduced
to largest extent for X type of bracing system, while the displacement is maximum for
the K braces. The displacements are reduced sequentially for K bracing, diagonal, V
bracings, inverted V bracings and X braces. These patterns are observed due to
increased stiffness provided by the respective bracings.
Storey vs Displacement
0.045
0.04
0.035
storey displacement
0.03
inverted v bracing
0.025
x bracing
0.02
diagonal bracing
0.015
v bracing
0.01
0.005 k bracing
0
0 5 10 15
storey
The maximum storey drift values are plotted against number of storeys in X
direction and Y direction.
storey vs drift
0.0004
0.00035
0.0003
storey drift
0.0001 k bracing
inverted v bracing
0.00005
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
storey
From the graph it is clear that Storey drift is minimum for X braced buildings
compared to others. The maximum storey drift occurs for K bracings. Also the value of
drift is maximum in first storey after that drift is decreasing.
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS
9.1 GENERAL
In the present study, an attempt is made to find which type of bracing is effective to
resist lateral deformation in a multistoried RC framed building by Response Spectrum
Analysis. The seismic analysis is carried out taking into consideration that all the
buildings are located in zone III i.e. Thiruvananthapuram region as per code. The
storey displacement at each storey along with the storey drift are plotted and compared
for each model. The following conclusions are drawn based on the analysis:
Further studies can be carried out using different sections and arrangements of
bracings.