Name: Sirenjeevi Rao A/L Loganathan

Matrix Number : D021710304

Subject Name/Subject Code: Logic Circuit/ DENC1433
Title Of The Experiment: Logic Gates
Course/Section: DEN 1 /1
Title: Logic Gates
Objectives:
1.To introduce tools, facilities and components needed for the experiments in digital
electronics.
2.To relate voltage levels and electrical connections to digital logic levels.
3.To verify truth tables of various basic logic gates.

Equipments:
No. Item Unit
1. NOT gate - 7404 1
2. AND gate - 7408 1
3. OR gate - 7432 1
4. NAND gate -7400 1
5. NOR gate - 7402 1
6. XOR gate -7486 1
7. Logic trainer 1
8. Digital multimeter 1

Theory:
Transistor are being used to create logic gates which acts as analog switches. Transistor can
be acted in both mode which known as ON or OFF. In doing, we can get to know that
electronic signal between a digital circuit as know as 1 for high and 0 for being low. Usually
the digital gate or the logic gate takes one or more input and output as a digital signal as the
result. Usually the output will lead to create a result of Boolean operation. Figure below are
some examples of commonly used logic circuit with its Boolean algebra. When the
commonly used logic gates are combined, new logic gates with new Boolean algebra
expression is create which will lead to first step to create an IC.
Procedure:
Part 1:
1. Refer to data sheet for IC 7404 and draw the pin layout diagram.
2. Mount the IC on the breadboard
3. Connect the input from one gate to a data switch.
4. Connect the output to LED display. Observe the outputs Q and Q .
Record your result in the truth table. (LED on = 1, LED off = 0)
5. Use a multimeter to measure the output voltage.
6. Repeat the same procedure for IC 7408, 7432, 7400, 7402, 7486.

Part 2:

1. Draw a logic diagram and setup the circuit for 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶.

2. Record the output observed by using a truth table.

Result:
Part 1 :
IC 7404-NOT GATE
Pin layout diagram Truth table

Input LED outputs Voltage

A Q Volts

0 1 0.783
1 0 4.098
IC 7408-AND GATE
Pin layout diagram
Truth table Input LED outputs Voltage

A B Q Volts
0 0 0 0.780
0 1 0 0.780
1 0 0 0.780
1 1 1 4.096
IC 7432-OR Gate
Pin layout diagram Truth table
Input LED outputs Voltage

A B Q Volts
0 0 0 0.782
0 1 1 4.089
1 0 1 4.089
1 1 1 4.090

IC 7400-NAND GATE
Pin layout diagram Truth table
Input LED outputs Voltage

A B Q Volts
0 0 1 4.094
0 1 1 4.094
1 0 1 4.094
1 1 0 0.796

IC 7402-NOR Gate
Pin layout diagram Truth table
Input LED outputs Voltage

A B Q Volts
0 0 1 4.093
0 1 0 0.795
1 0 0 0.795
1 1 0 0.795
IC 7486-XOR Gate
Pin layout diagram Truth table

Input LED outputs Voltage

A B Q Volts
0 0 0 0.765
0 1 1 4.097
1 0 1 4.097
1 1 0 0.765

Part 2 LED
Input Voltage
outputs
A B C Q Volts
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶.
0 0 0 0 0.165

A 0 0 1 0 4.083
B 0 1 0 1 4.083

Y 0 1 1 1 4.083

C 1 0 0 1 4.083
1 0 1 0 0.165
1 1 0 1 4.083
1 1 1 0 0.164
LONG REPORT
Input Output
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐶𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
A B C Q
A 0 0 0 0
B
C 0 0 1 0
Y 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

Picture for 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐶𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

 Input Output
𝑍 = 𝐴 (𝐵 ⊕ 𝐶)
A B C Q

A 0 0 0 0
Z
0 0 1 0
B
C 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

Picture for 𝑍 = 𝐴 (𝐵 ⊕ 𝐶)
Discussion:
Most of the electronics things are built using logic gate. Each logic gates has its
own function such as NOT Gate which is know as inverter, the AND gate, the OR gate
and the Exclusive OR which is also well know as EX-OR gate.
The main function of logic circuit is to either to allows a signal to pass through its
gate or not. Logic gate also has the function to change the output voltage. The truth of
Logic Gates is a table which shows all the input and the output for the logic gate
possibly get.George Boole in 1980 has invented a different kind of reading which uses
algebra of the logic which is well know as BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.
NOT gate or is well know as the IC 7404 or inverter has the Boolean algebra
X=A’, which means if the input is 1 it will invert the output as 0 and vice versa.
Secondly, AND gate or it is well known as IC 7408 has the Boolean Algebra X=A.B,
which means the both input has to be 1 to let the output has 1, if either one the input is
1 the output will be 0. OR gate is well known as IC 7432 has the Boolean Algebra
X=A+B which means one the input has to be 1 to let the output 1. NAND gate which
is well known as IC 7400 has the Boolean algebra A’ . B’ which means if the both
input has the same number such as 1 in both input or 0 in both input, the output is
usually 1. NOR gate is well known as IC 7402 has the Boolean algebra A’+B’ which
means it only has the output 1 when the both input is 1 and will not output 1 if the has
other number of input. XOR gate which is well known as IC 7486 has the Boolean
algebra AB’+A’B which tell us that this logic gate if the input is both 0 the output will
be 0 too, if the one of the input is 1, the output is 1, if the both input is 1,the output is
0.

Conclusion:
At the end of this lab session we have gathered the truth table for every commonly
used logic gates has been tested using logic trainer and digital multimer has been
verified through the lab session. Besides that, we also get to know that logic gates is
the most component in any digital electronics. Lastly, the Boolean algebra expression
makes the lab session easier due to its formula.
References
1. http://www.lbpcentral.com/forums/showthread.php?8545-Logic-Gates-
discussion
2. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/logic-gate-AND-OR-XOR-NOT-
NAND-NOR-and-XNOR
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/boolean/bool_7.html
4. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/boolean/bool_6.html
5. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-7/the-exclusive-or-
function-xor/
6. http://www.fiz-ix.com/2012/05/introduction-to-7400-series-digital-logic-
devices/
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNOR_gate
8. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jcsa/1/1/3/
9. https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2480640/boolean-expression-of-
3-input-xor-gate?rq=1
10.http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=11721&chapterid=22900