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CIVL2340 Introduction to

Structural Design

Dr. Dilum Fernando

School of Civil Engineering


The University of Queensland

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Structural Steel: mechanical behaviour

www.tf.uni-kiel.de

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Structural Steel: mechanical behaviour
• Steels are alloys of iron with small
controlled quantities of other elements,
such as carbon (<0.25%), manganese
(<1.5%), copper, etc.
• Higher carbon content gives greater
strength and hardness, but ductility
and fracture toughness are reduced
• The inclusion of copper (expensive)
gives corrosion resistance
• Good weldability for steels with low
carbon equivalent (CE) values (<
0.2%)

slideplayer.com

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Structural Steel: mechanical behaviour

suw.biblos.pk.edu.pl

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Structural Steel: Why Steel?
l Advantages of steel in construction:
– High strength (approximately 10 times that of concrete) and stiffness with
low self-weight
– Good ductility
– More economical than concrete for tall buildings and large span buildings
and bridges
– Allows easy and faster fabrication and erection
– Easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads
– Eco-friendly (easily be dismantled and recycle)
– Factory-made steel members have better quality control when compared to
in-situ concrete members (the property of steel is very consistent with only
very little variation, and therefore, it is reliable.)

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Structural Steel: Stress-strain curves

Bi-linear (i.e. elastic-perfectly plastic) model

Ys
σ = Eε ε≤
E
Ys
=σ Ys ε>
E

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Structural Steel: Stress-strain curves

Tri-linear (i.e. elastic-plastic-hardening) model

Ys
σ = Eε ε≤
E
Ys
σ Ys ε 2 ≥ ε >
E
U s − Ys
σ Ys + ( ε − ε2 ) ε > ε2
εu − ε2
ε2 εu
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Structural Steel: Important properties

l In design, the following properties are considered the same for all
grades of steel:
– Modulus of elasticity: E = 200,000 MPa
– Poisson’s ratio: ν = 0.25
– Shear modulus: G = 80,000 MPa
– Density = 7850 kg/m3
– Coefficient of thermal expansion: αT = 11.7 × 10−6/°C
l Steel properties change significantly at higher temperatures (e.g.,
about 35% reduction in E and 29% increase in thermal expansion
at 500°C)
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Structural Steel: Standard steel sections
l Referring to Structural
sections for the list of
commonly used standard
steel sections. For example
– UB: Universal beams (I
beams)
– UC: Universal columns
(H columns)
– Joists
– Angles
– Channels
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Structural Steel: Standard steel sections
l Hot-rolled Sections: Universal Beams (UB), Universal
Columns (UC), Channels, Equal/Unequal Angles
(EA/UA)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xn
Kmt_gsLs

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Structural Steel: Standard steel sections
l Cold-formed Sections: Square hollow sections (SHS),
Rectangular hollow sections (RHS), Circular hollow
sections (CHS), Channel sections, Angle sections,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0t
Fln8_nIo

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Structural Steel: Standard steel sections
l Properties

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Structural Steel: Standard steel sections
l Properties

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Tension members
l A tension member transmits a direct axial pull between two points
in a structure. For example, truss bridges.

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Tension members
l A rope supporting a load and cables in a suspension bridge or a
cable-stayed bridge are obvious examples

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Tension members
l Braces in Multi-story buildings

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Tension members
l Hangers supporting floor beams

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Tension members
l Braces in portal frames

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Tension members

P
T=
cos θ

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Tension members: Stress flow

Fully fixed
Load- boundary
Uniformly conditions
distributed

Effects of
boundary
conditions

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Tension members: Stress flow

Difference in
stress<0.1MPa
(261.5MPa-
262MPa)

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Tension members: Stress flow
Difference in
stress<0.1MPa
(261.5MPa-
262MPa)

N= ∫ σdA
A

σ ∫ dA =
N= σA
A

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Tension members
l Load deformation behavior
is similar to the stress-strain
behavior of structural steel
obtained from tensile tests σ
Us
l Large spread of yielding and
deformation → Failure gives Ys

sufficient warning

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Tension members

The nominal tension capacity Nt (due to gross yielding of a


tension member) is given in
N t = Ag f y

where:
fy is the design yield stress (depends on the steel grade and
thickness)
Ag is the gross area of the cross-section

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Tension members
l Design axial tension force N * shall satisfy:

N = φ Nt

φ the capacity factor, value???

Nt the nominal section capacity in tension

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Class example
Determine the tension capacity of the following sections:

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Tension members
Theoretically the tension member is the most efficient
structural element, but its efficiency may be seriously affected
by:
• The end connections (bolt holes)
• The member may be subjected to reversal of load
• The moment due to eccentricity at the end connections

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes
l The nominal tension capacity Nt :

N t = Ag f y
Minimum of
N t = 0.85kt An fu
where:
fy is the design yield stress (depends on the steel grade and thickness)
fu is the design strength (depends on the steel grade and thickness)
Ag is the gross area of the cross-section
An is the net area of the cross-section
kt is the correction factor for distribution of forces

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Tension members
Members with holes
kt -correction factor for distribution of forces

kt = 1.0 for end connections providing uniform force


distribution
= 0.85 for I-sections or channels connected by both
flanges only
= for eccentrically-connected angles, channels
and tees

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes

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Tension members
Members with holes
l The net area depends on the fracture path
l For holes arranged in parallel rows (holes not
staggered) at right angles to the force direction
 Nh

An t  b − ∑ Di 
=
 i =1 
where t is the member thickness; b is the width
of the member; Di is the diameter of the i-th
hole; and Nh is the number of holes

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Tension members
Members with holes
l For staggered holes, for a longer fracture path,
more energy is required to break the section.

 Nh Ns
S 2j 
An =t  b − ∑ Di + 0.25∑ 
 i 1 =j 1 g j 
 S
= 
where Ns is the total number of zig-zag lines; S g
(measured along the force direction) and g is
called gauge (measured perpendicular to the
force direction) are show in the figure
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Tension members
l Tension member is liable to buckle especially if the
member may be subject to reversal load from the
action of wind
l AS4100 limits the maximum slenderness ratio (l/r) to
address this problem. Referring to Section 7.4 on pp.
95-96, the maximum slenderness ratio for tension
member is 300, where l is the length; and r is the
radius of gyration about the weak axis
l We will come back to this slenderness ratio when we
talk about compression members
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Tension members
l Class example
l Determine the tension capacity of the single lapped connection
made of two steel plates (each with thickness 25 mm) of Grade
300 steel. All bolts are M20 with 2mm clearance. All units in
mm.
50
10
0
50

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90
Thank you!

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