Us10080200 PDF

|HAI LAMA HATA KAMA ANTARA LAIN ATTATA TAIMITH
US010080200B2
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 10 ,080,200 B2

Mar et al. (45) Date of Patent: Sep . 18 , 2018
(54 ) INTELLIGENT DEPLOYMENT CASCADE (56 ) References Cited
CONTROL DEVICE BASED ON AN
FDD -OFDMA INDOOR SMALL CELL IN U .S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
MULTI-USER AND INTERFERENCE
ENVIRONMENTS 2008/ 0132281 Al * 6/2008 Kim ... ............... H04B 7 /063
455 /562 . 1
2008/0165873 A1 * 7 /2008 Ghosh ................. H04L 1/0068
(71 ) Applicant: YUAN ZE UNIVERSITY, Taoyuan 375 / 261
( TW )
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
(72 ) Inventors : Jeich Mar , Taoyuan ( TW ); Guan - Yi WO WO 2009085872 A1 * 7 / 2009 ........... H04L 1/0026
Liu , Taoyuan ( TW )
( 73 ) Assignee : YUAN ZE UNIVERSITY , Taoyuan OTHER PUBLICATIONS
(TW ) Çalhan et al ., An Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff
Decision Algorithm for Wireless Heterogeneous Networks, IEEE ,
( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
pp. 2271 -2276 , ( 2010 ).*
(Continued )
U .S .C . 154 (b ) by 12 days. Primary Examiner — Brook Kebede
(21) Appl. No.: 15 /336 , 117
(74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — WPAT, PC
(57) ABSTRACT
(22 ) Filed : Oct. 27, 2016 The invention presents an intelligent deployment cascade
control ( IDCC ) device for frequency division duplexing
(FDD ) -orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access
(65) Prior Publication Data (OFDMA ) indoor small cell to enable easy installation ,
US 2018 /0124713 A1 May 3 , 2018 multi-user (MU ) service reliability , optimum throughput,
power saving , minimum interference and good cell cover
(51 ) Int. Ci. age . The proposed IDCC device is designed with a cascade
H04W 52 /24 ( 2009.01) architecture , which mainly contains five units including a
H04W 72 /08 ( 2009.01) resource allocator, a minimum throughput/ cell edge CQI
converter, an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (AN
(Continued ) FIS ) based initial transmit power setting controller (ITPSC )
(52) U .S . CI. in the first cascade unit , an ANFIS based channel quality
CPC . . .... H04W(2013
52 /243 (2013.01); G06N 3/0436
. 01 ); G06N 5/ 048 ( 2013. 01 );
index (CRI) decision controller (CQIDC ) in the second
cascade unit and an ANFIS based self-optimization power
(Continued ) controller (SOPC ) in the third cascade unit . The SOPC
(58) Field of Classification Search consists of three parts , namely the transmit power adjust
CPC ............... H04W 52/ 243 ; H04W 24/02; H04W ment estimator ( TPAE ), transmission power assignment and
28 /0268; H04W 52 /50 ; HO4W 72 /087 ; self -optimization power controller protection mechanism .
(Continued ) 10 Claims, 42 Drawing Sheets
The ih UE inputs the required i Path loss ! Average path
parameters ! & SINR i loss & SINR
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coverage raclius ) by VE TTIS
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Setting Controller Controller estiinator protection
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(ANFIS 1 ) (ANFIS 2 ) ( ANFIS 3 )
Adjusled Tx. power
Initial Tx . power
Besi CQI Power allocator + Start
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US 10 ,Page
080,2200 B2
(51) Int. CI.

H04W 28 /02 (2009.01)
H04W 52 /50 ( 2009.01)
H04W 24 /02 (2009.01)
GO6N 3 /04 ( 2006 .01 )
GOON 5 /04 (2006 .01)
H04W 16 /00 ( 2009.01 )
H04L 5 / 00 ( 2006 .01)
H04W 84/04 (2009.01)
(52 ) U . S . CI.
CPC ........... H04L 5/ 0058 ( 2013 . 01) ; H04W 16 / 00
(2013.01) ; H04W 24 /02 (2013 . 01 ) ; H04W
28 / 0268 (2013 .01); H04W 52/50 (2013 .01);
H04W 72 / 087 ( 2013 .01) ; H046 84 /045
( 2013.01)
(58) Field of Classification Search
CPC ... HO4L 1 /0068 ; H04L 1/ 0075; H04L 1/ 1607;
HO4L 5 /0007 ; H04L 5 /0053 ; H04L
27/ 2636; G06N 3 / 0436 ; G06N 5/ 048
USPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..... 706 / 2
See application file for complete search history .
(56 ) References Cited
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Necmi et al., Channel estimation using an adaptive neuro fuzzy
inference system in the OFDM - IDMA system , Turkish Journal of
Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, pp . 352- 364 , Dec . 20 ,
2015 .*
* cited by examiner
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INTELLIGENT DEPLOYMENT CASCADE global traffic distribution and interference levels. The algo
CONTROL DEVICE BASED ON AN rithm in a decentralized femtocell deployment has not been
FDD -OFDMA INDOOR SMALL CELL IN considered . A research report has proposed an adaptive
MULTI- USER AND INTERFERENCE neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS )-assisted power con
ENVIRONMENTS 5 trol scheme for a multi- rate multimedia direct -sequence
code - division multiple -access (DS -CDMA ) system to pre
TECHNICAL FIELD cisely predict the channel variations and thus compensate for
the effect of signal fading in advance . The author in the
The invention presents an adaptive neural fuzzy inference above study also provides a procedure for determining the
system (ANFIS ) based intelligent deployment cascade con - 10 transmission rate based upon the output of the signal- to
trol ( IDCC ) device for frequency division duplexing ( FDD ) - interference - plus -noise ratio (SINR ) increment of the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access ANFIS power controlmechanisms at the sample period. The
(OFDMA) indoor small cell operated in the multi-user (MU ) fuzzy membership functions of ANFIS power control
and interference environments to self- optimize the MU mechanisms use seven Gaussian functions , so that there are
service reliability (SR ), throughput, minimum transmit 15 49 fuzzy inference rules. The ANFIS power controlmecha
power and interference for multimedia call services . The nisms use two input variables, including SINR error e (n ) and
proposed IDCC device is designed with a cascade architec SINR error change Ae(n ), to track the set point of target
ture , which mainly contains five units including a resource SINR . In the present technique , the target SINR value is set
allocator, a minimum throughput/ cell edge CQI converter , to a fix value of 1. 5 dB , let the power control process is not
an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS ) based 20 flexible enough . The input parameters of ANFIS power
initial transmit power setting controller (ITPSC ) in the first control mechanism totally depend on SINR control effi
cascade unit , an ANFIS based channel quality index (CRI) ciency . The power cannot be controlled by channel envi
decision controller (CQIDC ) in the second cascade unit and ronment. The technology has not considered the perfor
an ANFIS based self -optimization power controller (SOPC ) mance of multi -user (MU ) service reliability (SR ).
in the third cascade unit . The SOPC consists of three parts, 25
namely the transmit power adjustment estimator ( TPAE ), SUMMARY
transmission power assignment and self-optimization power
controller protection mechanism . In view of the disadvantages of prior art , the primary
object of the present invention is to present an adaptive
BACKGROUND 30 neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS ) based intelligent
deployment cascade control (IDCC ) device for frequency
Currently, the macrocells are deployed by operators . division duplexing (FDD )-orthogonal frequency division
Since the deployment of femtocells can be in orders of multiplexing access (OFDMA ) indoor small cell operated in
magnitude more numerous than traditional cellular deploy - the multi- user (MU ) and interference environments . The
ments and a network operator may not be able to control the 35 proposed IDCC device is designed with a cascade architec
femtocells directly . The femtocells are self-deployed by ture , which mainly contains five units including a resource
users rather than operators. Therefore , the femtocell base allocator, a minimum throughput/ cell edge CQI converter,
station ' s (BS ) self-optimization deployment control soft- an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS ) based
ware must have the characteristics of easy operation to make initial transmit power setting controller (ITPSC ) in the first
the BS with the least human action to satisfy the required 40 cascade unit, an ANFIS based channel quality index (CRI)
performance , which are stated hereinafter. The user just decision controller (CQIDC ) in the second cascade unit and
needs to plug - and- play and the BS of the femtocell can an ANFIS based self -optimization power controller ( SOPC )
automatically configure the system parameters in the MU in the third cascade unit. The SOPC consists of three parts ,
and interference indoor environments. In addition , the self- namely the transmit power adjustment estimator (TPAE ),
optimization control software deployed the eNode B ( NB ) 45 transmission power assignment and self - optimization power
of femtocell in an interference environment can self- opti- controller protection mechanism . In the experimental
mization control the transmit power of the BS to save example , it assumes that the number of indoor users is three ,
energy , reduce co - channel interference for the adjacent cell, the system bandwidth of the femtocell is set as 20 MHz and
and meet the requirement of service reliability . User input the required minimum throughputs for each of users are 2 . 76
settings include service reliability , the cell edge throughput 50 Mbps, 7 .44 Mbps, and 14 . 13 Mbps, respectively .
corresponding to the cell edge CQI and cell radius to match The principal object of the present invention is that it can
the size of the room coverage . A research report forecasts the autonomously control the assignments of the resource block ,
global small cell market to grow from $ 690 .0 million in initial power, the best channel quality index (CRI) and the
2014 to $ 4 . 8 billion by 2019 , at a Compound Annual Growth minimum transmit power, so that the indoor small cell can
Rate of 41. 7 % . Thus, the short distance femtocell technol- 55 produce the optimum throughput, minimum transmit power
ogy in the future development of next- generation wireless and interference for multimedia services . The resource allo
communication networks and applications will play a very cator sets the average number of resource blocks for each
important role. indoor user according to the number of users and system
A previous study has proposed a coverage adaptation bandwidth in the small cell. The minimum throughput/cell
approach for femtocell deployment in order to minimize the 60 edge CQI converter sets the minimum (cell edge ) CQI for
increase of core network mobility signaling. The informa- each indoor user in accordance with the minimum ( cell
tion on mobility events of passing and indoor users are used edge ) throughput requirement. Here the cell edge CQI
to optimize the femtocell coverage . An approach based on corresponds to the SINR threshold for the BLER of the
genetic algorithm was presented in to automatically opti- transceiver equal to 10 - 1 . The present invention uses cas
mize the coverage of a group of femtocells in an enterprise 65 cade ANFIS architecture to adapt the initial transmit power
environment. The algorithm is able to dynamically update setting to the requested throughput at the cell edge , coverage
the pilot powers of the femtocells as per the time varying radius and the allocated number of resource blocks ; to adapt
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
the best CQI to the initial transmit power setting and average FIG . 14 (b ) shows the initial transmit power initialization
path loss (PL ) measured by user equipment (UE ) and the (Pini ) membership functions of CQIDC unit .
allocated number of resource blocks; to adapt the transmit FIG . 14 ( c ) shows the initial number of resource block
power adjustment estimator ( TPAE ) in SOPC unit to the (nRB ) membership functions of CQIDC unit .
requested CQI at the cell edge , the best CQI and measured 5 FIG . 15 (a ) shows the learned average path loss (PL )
average SINR . The present IDCC device is design to self- membership functions of COIDC unit.
optimize the signal- to - interference -plus -noise (SINR ) and FIG . 15 (b ) showsthe learned transmit power initialization
throughput service reliabilities of the indoor small cell in the (P . .) membership functions of COIDC unit .
multi- user (MU) and interference environments , while FIG . 15 ( c ) shows the learned number of resource block
maintaining the blocking error rate (BLER ) less than 10 - 1 10 (nRBR ) membership functions of CQIDC unit.
and minimizing the transmit power and interference power FIG . 16 shows the rootmean square error of CQIDC unit.
to achieve the aims of energy saving and interference FIG . 17 shows a set of training data for the ANFIS based
reducing TPAE in the SOPC unit: The optimum power adjustment
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will
ntion 15
become apparent from the following detailed description , 15 ent corresponding to CQImin = 6 , the best CQI= 7 , 10 , and differ
con average measured
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings , SINR .
illustrating by way of example the principles of the present FIG . 18 (a ) shows the initial cell edge CQI (CQImin )
invention . membership functions of the ANFIS based TPAE in the
SOPC unit .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 20 FIG . 18 (b ) shows the initial best CQI (CQIbest ) member
ship functions of the ANFIS based TPAE in the SOPC unit .
The present disclosure willbecomemore fully understood FIG . 18 ( c ) shows the initial measured average SINR
from the detailed description given herein below and the (SINR ) membership functions of the ANFIS based TPAE in
accompanying drawings which are given by way of illus - the SOPC unit.
tration only, and thus are not limitative of the present 25 FIG . 19 (a ) shows the learned cell edge CQI (CQImin )
disclosure and wherein : membership functions of the ANFIS based TPAE in the
FIG . 1 is a block diagram of intelligent deployment SOPC unit
cascade control (IDCC ) device for FDD -OFDMA indoor FIG . 19(b ) shows the learned best CQI (CQIbest) mem
small cell.
FIG . 2 shows the architecture of an ANFIS based initial 30 FIG . functions
bership
19 ( c )
of power increment estimator unit.
shows the learned measured average SINR
transmit power setting controller (ITPSC ) unit. (SINR ) membership functions of the ANFIS based TPAE in
FIG . 3 shows the architecture of an ANFIS based channel the SOPC unit.
quality index (CRI) decision controller (CQIDC ) unit. FIG . 20 illustrates the root mean square error of the
FIG . 4 shows the architecture of an ANFIS based transmit
power adjustment estimator in SOPC unit. ANFIS based TPAE in the SOPC unit.
FIG . 5 illustrates the BLER performance of DL OFDM FIG . 21 shows the flow chart of power allocation algo
transceiver in IOA channel for CQI= 1 , 2 . . . , 15 . rithm .
FIG . 6 illustrates average throughput and system capacity FIG . 22 shows the simulation flow chart of IDCC .
of DL OFDM transceiver in IOA channel for CQI= 1 , FIG . 23 (a ) shows the CCDF of SINR measurement for
2 . . . , 15 . 40 different UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interfer
FIG . 7 shows the scenario of laboratory with femtocell e nce free environment.
eNB and measurement points . FIG . 23 (b ) shows the CCDF of SINR measurement for
FIG . 8 shows the modified path loss model obtained from different UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interfer
the field trial in the laboratory . ence power = - 90 dbm environment.
FIG . 9 shows a set of training data for ITPSC unit : The 45 FIG . 23 (c ) shows the CCDF of SINR measurement for
minimum transmit power corresponding to coverage different UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interfer
radius = 5 m , the cell edge CQI= 3 , 7, 10 and number of ence power= - 80 dbm environment.
resource block = 1 to 100 . FIG . 24 (a ) shows the CCDF of throughput for different
FIG . 10 ( a ) shows the initial coverage radius ( R ) mem - UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interference free
bership functions of ITPSC unit . 50 environment.
FIG . 10 (b ) shows the initial number of resource block FIG . 24 (b ) shows the CCDF of throughput for different
(nRB ) membership functions of ITPSC unit. UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interference
FIG . 10 (c ) shows the initial cell edge CQI (CQImin ) power = - 90 dbm environment.
membership functions of ITPSC unit . FIG . 24 ( c ) shows the CCDF of throughput for different
FIG . 11 (a ) shows the learned coverage radius (R ) mem - 55 UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in interference
bership functions of ITPSC unit . power= - 80 dbm environment.
FIG . 11 (b ) shows the learned number of resource block FIG . 25 shows the average throughput of DL transceiver
(nRB ) membership functions of ITPSC unit . for different UEs using fixed power and the IDCC in the MU
FIG . 11 ( c ) shows the learned cell edge CQI (CQImin ) interference environment.
membership functions of ITPSC unit. 60 FIG . 26 shows the average transmit power of DL OFDM
FIG . 12 shows the rootmean square error of ITPSC unit . transceiver for different UEs using the IDCC in the MU
FIG . 13 shows a set of training data for CQIDC unit: The interference environment.
best CQI corresponding to the initial transmit power of
ITPSC = - 40 dBm , - 20 dBm , 0 dBm , average path loss = 30 DETAILED DESCRIPTION
dB to 70 dB and number of resource block = 1 to 100 . 65
FIG . 14 ( a ) shows the initial average path loss (PL ) For your esteemed members of reviewing committee to
membership functions of CQIDC unit. further understand and recognize the fulfilled functions and
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
structural characteristics of the invention , several preferable number of resource blocks (NRBW), the output parameter for
embodiments cooperating with detailed description are pre the uth user is the best CQI (CQIbestu ). Under interference
sented as the follows. free environments, the CQIDC unit adapts the best CQI to
The invention presents an adaptive neural fuzzy inference the changing PL , , Pini , and nRB , The Gaussian shape
system (ANFIS ) based intelligent deployment cascade con - 5 membership function of each input parameter is divided into
trol (IDCC ) device for FDD -OFDMA indoor small cell three levels . There are 27 fuzzy inference rules. The CQIDC
operated in the multi-user (MU ) and interference environ unit defines the average path loss ( PL , ) in 30 dB ~ 40 dB for
ments to self-optimize the MU service reliability (SR ), L , it defines average path loss (PLU) in 41 dB ~ 60 dB for M ,
average throughput, transmit power and interference for it defines average path loss (PLU ) in 61 dB ~ 70 dB for H ; it
multimedia call services .
The principal structure of the present invention is an 10 51defines initial transmit power setting (Pi ) in - 75 dBm ~
dBm for L , it defines initial transmit power setting ( Pi )
ANFIS based IDCC device as shown in FIG . 1 ; which in –50 dBm - - 4 dBm for M , it defines the initial transmit
ini,
mainly contains five units including a resource allocator, a

minimum throughput/ cell edge CQI converter, an adaptive power setting (Piwi , ) in - 3 dBm - 20 dBm for H ; it defines
neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS ) based initial trans - 15 the nRB ,, of 1 RB - 25 RBs as low (L ), it defines 26 RBs ~ 74
mit power setting controller (ITPSC ) in the first cascade RBs as medium (M ), it defines 75 RBs~ 100 RBs as high (H ).
unit, an ANFIS based channel quality index (CRI) decision The output for the uth user is the best CQI (CQIbest,u ) under
controller (CQIDC ) in the second cascade unit and an interference free environments .
ANFIS based self- optimization power controller (SOPC ) in The SOPC consists of three parts , namely the transmit
the third cascade unit . The SOPC consists of three parts, 20 power adjustment estimator ( TPAE ), transmission power
namely the transmit power adjustment estimator ( TPAE ), assignment and self-optimization power controller protec
transmission power assignment and self-optimization power tion mechanism . The power adjustment estimator in the
controller protection mechanism . interference environment primarily estimates the amount of
In order to complete the intelligent deployment of small minimum transmit power adjustment needs for each user ;
cells , the present invention is to use adaptive network 25 the transmission power for each user is adjusted when the
architecture established by Jjh Shing Roger Jang in 1993 , sum doesn ' t exceed the maximum transmit power limit . The
known as ANFIS , which is a fuzzy inference system . By protection mechanism of the SOPC is used to prevent the
using a hybrid learning method , the weights of ANFIS co -channel interference from the moving users of adjacent
controller are adjusted to the appropriate value . The user cells.
inputs the parameters including the service reliability , cov - 30 The architecture diagram of ANFIS based TPAE in the
erage radius and the throughput at the cell edge . The user SOPC unit is shown in FIG . 4 , which contains five tiers, a
equipment (UE ) measures the reference signal received total of three inputs for the usn user including cell edge CQI
power (RSRP ) and sends back the estimated average path (CQI, inw ), best CQI (CQIest . U ) and averagemeasured SINR
loss (PL ) and signal-to -interference -plus-noise ratio (SINR ) (SINR ), the output parameter for the uth user is a power
to the IDCC device . The proposed IDCC device is design to 35 adjustment (AP ). In the interference environment, the
self- optimize the minimum transmit power of the indoor ANFIS based TPAE in the SOPC unit adapts output power
small cell in the multi -user (MU ) and interference environ - adjustment AP , to the changing CQIminu CQIbestu and
ments, while maintaining the blocking error rate (BLER ) of SINR , . The SOPC unit will be coordinated with CQIDC unit
the transceiver less than 10 - 1 , and satisfying the require - to set the minimum transmit power for the transceiver, which
ments of average throughput and service reliability for the 40 switches to the corresponding modulation mode and coding
UE . rate . The SOPC unit accepts three inputs and generates the
The architecture diagram of ANFIS based ITPSC unit is optimizing minimum transmit power. The SOPC unit will
shown in FIG . 2 , which contains five layers , a total of three continue to estimate the average SINR value in the MU
inputs and one output. Three input parameters for the uin user interference environments . The transmit power of OFDM
are the coverage radius of indoor office (R ), the number of 45 transceiver will be adjusted with the changing interference
resource blocks (nRB ) and the cell edge CQI that is defined power to maintain the BLER less than 10 - and to satisfy the
as CQI innu " the output parameter for the u . user is an initial requirement of SR for the us user; The generalized bell
minimum transmit power ( Piniw ) . The ITPSC unit adapts the shape membership function of each input parameter is
initial power setting to the changing R ,,, nRB , and CQIminin , u divided into three levels . There are 27 fuzzy inference rules .
The generalized bell shape membership function of each 50 The ANFIS based TPAE in the SOPC unit defines the
input parameter for the ujn user is divided into three levels . CQImin . , in 1 – 5 for L , it defines CRIM , in 6 ~ 10 for M , it
C ' mzn .
There are 27 fuzzy inference rules . The ITPSC unit defines defines CQImin , in 11 - 15 for H ; it defines the CQIhesty, in
the Ry of less than 5 meters as low (L ), it defines 5 1 ~ 5 for L , it defines CQIbestu in 6 - 10 for M , it defines the
meters ~ 10 meters as medium (M ), it defines 11 meters - 15 COIbest ,, in 11 - 15 for H ; it defines the SINR , less than - 25
DESTU
meters as high (H ); it defines the nRB , of 1 RB - 25 RBs as 55 dB ~ - 5 dB for L , it defines the SINR ,, in - 4 dB - 25 dB for
low (L ), it defines 26 RBs~ 74 RBsasmedium (M ), it defines M , it defines the SINR , in 26 dB ~ 45 dB for H . The
75 RBs~ 100 RBs as high (H ); it defines CQImin ., in 1 - 5 for
7717 7 . signal- to - interference -plus-noise ratio (SINR ) is estimated
L , it defines CQImin117 , „0, in 6 - 10 for M , it defines CQImin
min ., U, in through the reference signal received power (RSRP ) mea
11 ~ 15 for H ; the output for the uch user is the initial transmit sured from the user equipment (UE ) and sends back to the
power setting (Piniu ), which satisfies the uth user requests 60 IDCC device in e Node B ( NB ). The estimated path loss
under interference free environments . (PL ) is obtained by subtracting RSRP from the transmit
The architecture diagram of ANFIS based COIDC unit is reference signal.
shown in FIG . 3 , which contains five layers , a total of three ( A ) The Architecture of the ANFIS Controller:
inputs and one output. There are three input parameters for The ANFIS based TPAE in the SOPC unit is used as an
the uc user including average path loss (PL ) between 65 example to describe the framework of the ANFIS controller :
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM ) trans - Layer 1 : The generalized bell shape membership func
mitter and receiver, initial transmit power setting (Piniu ) and tions are defined as:
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
the BLER and throughput of the LTE downlink (DL ) trans
Ajin (Xj,m ) = 2 (1) ceiver for indoor small cell are simulated to generate the
1+1time@j,n simplesite
xj,m - Cin |2bj,n training data for the ANFIS ITPSC . The system parameters
are shown in Table 1 and fundamental parameters of the
for n = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2 , 3 5 transceiver are shown in Table 2 . In the simulation of the
present embodiment, for the different channel quality index
(COI), the BLER of 1x1 SISO - OFDM transceiver is simu
where x ; m is the m , input and the premise parameters aina lated where the system bandwidth is 20 MHz, the indoor
bin , C ; n pertaining to the node outputs are updated according office A ( IOA ) channel is selected as channelmodel, the least
to given training data and the gradient descent approach . 10 square (LS ) channel estimation and minimum mean square
Layer 2 : The output of node i, denoted by 02.i, is the error (MMSE ) equalizer are used , and the user speed is
product of all the incoming signals for the ish rule. It is given assumed to be 10 km /hr. The 1000 sub frames are applied for
by : the simulations. The results are shown in FIG . 5 , which is
Wi,m = 02,;= 41,p(* 1.m )XA2,4(x2,m )x43, (X3.m ) 15 used as a training data to define the SINR threshold for
BLER = 10 - 1 under different CQI, as shown in Table 3 . In
for i= 1,2,27;p = 1,2,3;q = 1,2,3;r= 1,2,3 (2) each COI (corresponding to each pair of modulation and
Layer 3 : The output of node i, denoted by 03.1, is called code rate mode ), the difference between the SINR measure
3 . 77
the normalized firing strength and calculated as: ment value and the SINR threshold value is used to control
the size of the transmit power adjustment AP , which must
compliance with the provisions of Table 3 , where the inter
Wi.m (3) ference power is not considered . The physical resource
03,i = Wim = = - , for i = 1 ~ 27 blocks ( PRBs) of Table 3 is generated according to the
Wi.m system bandwidth of 20 MHz and three indoor users . When
the system bandwidth is 20 MHz, the corresponding total
number of physical resource blocks (PRBs ) is 100 PRBs .
Layer 4 : Every node in the fourth layer is an adaptive The resource assignmentmethod of this invention is the
node with a node function : orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access
04.1= wimfim = winx ( x1 mn + BMX2,m +Y43,m +W ;); (OFDMA ) for the frequency division duplexing (FDD )
mode of indoor small cell operated in the multi- user (MU )
for i= 1 ~ 27 (4) 30 environments. The eNB of the indoor office will perform the
resource allocation for each UE with 33 RBs at each time
where 04.j is the node output, fim is a crisp output in the instant
consequence , and the dig Big Yie W ; are the consequent system . capacity
For practical implementation considerations, the
of the downlink (DL ) OFDM transceiver
parameters ofnode i. The 27 fuzzy inference rules of fim are os formula is modified as [ 10 ]:
constructed as follows:
R1: if (* 1,m is Au ) and (x2.m is A21) and (X3,m is A31)
then (output is fim ); nRBH
C (bps ) = BW
BW ..BW
BW __ eff
eff..nRBtotal
* . n .log ( 1 + SINR /SINR _ eff)
R2: if (* 1,m is Au1) and (x2.m is A21) and (X3,m is A32)
then (output is f2,m ); 40
R3: if (* 1,m is A11) and (x2.mn is 421) and (x3.mn is 433 ) where nRBjotai is the total number ofRBs and nRB , is the
then (output is f3 ,m ); number of RBs assigned for the uin user; BW and BW _ eff
are system bandwidth and effective system bandwidth ,
R26: if (* 1.m is A13) and (x2.mn is A23) and (x3,m is respectively . The parametery is a correction factor. SINR
A32) then (output is f26,m ); 45 and SINR _ eff are signal to interference plus noise power
ratio and effective signal to interference plus noise power
ratio , respectively . In this invention , the simulation param
R2 : if (x1.7 is A13) and (x2m is A23) and (x3.,m is eters of DL SISO OFDM transceiver is given in Table 1 ,
433) then (output is f27 ,m ) (5) where BW = 20 MHz, BW _ eff= 0 . 83 , n = 0 .43 and SIN
The above 27 fuzzy inference rules are used for deter - 50 R _ eff = 2.51199 (4 dB ). The average throughput of DL trans
mining the assigned data rate to achieve optimization objec ceiver in IOA channel for CQI = 1 , 2 . . . , 15 is shown in FIG .
tive . 6 , where the system capacity is denoted by dotted curve and
Layer 5 : The single node in the fifth layer is a fixed node the simulated average throughput for CQI= 1, 2 . . . , 15 are
labeled 2 , which computes the overall output Og as the denoted by solid curve. It is observed that the simulated
summation of all incoming signals . 55 average throughput approximates to the Shannon capacity
bound for LTE specifications. Thus , the throughputs corre
sponding to SINR threshold for the different COIs are
27
calculated with (7) and listed in Table 3 . As can be seen from
Cm=0;= Šmiem kfiem table , the input throughput requirement settings for the uth
60 user in the range of 1.99 – 2 .76 Mbps , 6 . 76 ~ 7 . 44 Mbps,
12 . 99 – 14 . 13 Mbps correspond to the cell edge CQI
(B ) The Minimum Throughput/ Cell Edge CQI Conver- (CQImin,w ) in 3 , 7 , and 10 , respectively .
sion Unit: (C ) Initial Transmit Power Setting Controller (ITPSC )
In order to satisfy the user requirements of indoor small Unit :
cell in throughput and blocking error rate (BLER ) of less 65 In order to control the initial transmit power of small cell
than 10 -1, the relationship between the throughput and SINR eNB for satisfying the requirements of the uth user, the
threshold for the different CQImust be obtained . Therefore , BLER performance of the LTE downlink (DL ) transceiver is
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
10
simulated to generate the training data for the ITPSC . This the ITU - R indoor path loss model [ 12 ], the path loss
invention considers multi - user system reliability (SR ) between a femtocell eNB and an UE separated by a distance
requirements of indoor small cell in fading environments . d (m ) in a given cell is
The received signal strength P , at the UE is log-normally
distributed . The coverage probability of P , greater than the 5 PL (d)= 20 log100 )+ 10N log10(d )+ LAn) -28 (dB ) ( 15 )
receiver sensitivity Pr.min from the femtocell to a UE at the where the carrier frequency f (MHz) is set as 2350 MHz
distance d is:
with 20 MHzbandwidth in the experiment. N is the path loss
exponent, where the nominal value in the indoor office is set
roo
Pw , (d ) = p [ P , > Pr,min ] = I1WO p (Pr)dP , (8 ) 10 asasfloors
33 [[ 12
12 ].: Ln
L & n )) ((dB
AB )) isis the penetration loss between the
the pen
, where n is the number of floors . The penetration loss
is not considered in the simulations.
1 Pr.min – K + 10Nlog - In addition , the standard deviation Ow of the received
= 3 - NIzerf| shadow fading signal power in the indoor office environment
Vzow 15 is set as 10 dB .
Experiment Measurements in the Laboratory :
where R is the coverage radius, K is the average signal For the purpose of determining the path loss exponent N
strength (dBm ) at the cell edge, K -Pr.min (dB ) is the fade and the standard deviation Ow of the received shadow fading
margin (FM ) at the cell edge ( d = R ) which is used to signal in the indoor office environments , the power mea
guarantee the reliability at the cell edge . O is the standard 20 surement of small cell eNB (ITRI- SC -CUT3 ) is performed
deviation of received signal strength (dB ) and N is the path inFIG the. 7 ,laboratory
where the
. The scenario of laboratory is shown in
femtocell eNB andmeasurement positions
loss exponent.
The percentage of the UE in a cell of radius R for P , are illustrated . The length and width of the laboratory are
greater than the receiver sensitivity Pr.min is defined as the os 20located
.98 meter and 7 . 30 meter , respectively . The black stars
in the laboratory represent 38 measurement posi
service reliability (SR ), which is given as : tions, which are distributed at distance of 1 - 19 meters from
the eNB . 1000 RSRPs are measured at each measurement
position .
SR= }{1+ erflp)+exgf 200 +1)1-eri 194 )} UE (Samsung Galaxy Note Edge SM -N915G ) used with
drive test tool report RSRPs for different distances between
where transmitter and receiver in the laboratory and calculate their
FM 10Nlogio e standard deviation . Then the path loss model of the labora
p = 50, 9 = 20w tory can be obtained by modifying the ITU -R indoor office
path loss model. FIG . 8 shows the modified path loss model
obtained from the field trial in the laboratory, where circle
The minimum transmit power of the ITPSC is evaluated solid curve is the ITU -R indoor office path loss model ; the
by link budget formula for the different SR , coverage radius triangular dotted curve is the measured path loss model; the
(R ) of indoor office, and the cell edge CQI (CQIminu ) square solid curve is the modified path loss model of the
requested by the u , user. The minimum transmit power in laboratory . Therefore , the formula of the ITU path loss
dBm of the ITPSC is given by : w40 model
m is modified as
Pini uG= Prmin
,+L ,
,u(CQImin,u)+L;-G ,+PL (R .)+FM (SR ) (11) PL (d = 20 log100 + 28 log10 (d )- 36 (dB ) ( 16 )
where Prmin, (CQIminu) is the receiver sensitivity of the where the standard deviation Ow of the received shadow
cell edge CQI (CQIming) for the uth user. Lydenotes the cable 45 fading
2 . 8 ,
signal and the path loss exponent N are 4 .27 dB and
respectively . Finally , by substituting O and N into
loss in dB . G , and G , are the antenna gains in dBi of the ( 9 )( 10 ), the fade margin FM for 90 % service reliability is
femtocell and the UE , respectively . PL (RM) denotes the calculated as 2 . 14 dB .
maximum path loss between a femtocell and the uth user at The training data of the ITPSC is generated from the
the cell edge . L , in dB is the body loss of the UE . FM (SR ) simulation results of the transceiver BLER , as shown in
denotes fade margin in dB corresponding to the SR se set by
by 505 Table
Tah 3 . Integrating Table 3 with equations ( 11), ( 12 ), ( 13 ),
the uth user. The receiver sensitivity of the given cell edge ( 14 ) and ( 16 ), the minimum transmit power is calculated for
CQI (CQIminu ) for the uth user is obtained by: the service reliability of 90 % , different coverage radius ( 2 .5 ,
Prmin,u(CQImin,u)= PN. +SNR (CQ!minu) (12 ) 5 , 7 .5 , 10 , 12. 5 and 15 meters ), different number of resource
block ( 1 – 100 ) and cell edge CQI (1 - 15 ) . FIG . 9 shows a set
where SNR .1 (CQImin
min , „ ) denotes the SNR threshold of the 55 of training data of the ITPSC for coverage radius of 5 meter.
receiver for different CQImin ., , which is generated from the cell edge CQI (3 , 7, 10 ) and different number of resource
performance simulations using the transceiver specification block ( 1 - 100 ). For example , when the number of resource
listed in Table 2 . The receiver noise power Py , in dBm for block is 50 , the minimum transmit power corresponding to
the uth user is given as: different cell edge CQI ( 3 , 7 , 10 ) is ( - 35 . 33 dBm , - 27 . 33
PN, = NF (dB )+ (- 174)+ 10 log10 (BWr. )(dBm ) 60 dBm , - 18 . 33 dBm ).
The function of the ITPSC is to set the initial minimum
where NF is the noise FIG . of the UE receiver and BWr. transmit power of the femtocell eNB , which satisfies the
is the receiver bandwidth . requirements of the different RBs (nRB ), coverage radius
( R ) of indoor office , and the cell edge COI ( COImin
min , u )
BW , , = 15 kHzx12xnRB ,
Y 21
(14 ) 65 requested by the u , user in the interference free environ
where nRB , is the allocated RBs of the uch user. The SNR ments. Each input uses three generalized bell shape mem
thresholds for BLER = 0 . 1 are summarized in Table 3 . Using bership functions (MFs ), which are defined as:
US 10 ,080 , 200 B2
11
(17) CO' best,4 = (21)
ajn umplacing
Ajin (Xj,m ) = 2 xj,m - Cin |2bj,n '
1 +( Pom
for n = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2 , 3 5
( CQIi, if SNR:n ( CQL_ i) < SNR , < SNR:n (CQI i + 1), i = 1 ~ 14
{ CQL_ 15 , if SNR« > SNR:h (CQI_ 15 )
(CQI_ 1, if SNR, < SNR:h(CQI_ 1)
where xj,m is the min input and the premise parameters aj,ne The training data of the CQIDC is generated from the
bin , Cin pertaining to the node outputs are updated according 10 simulation results of the transceiver BLER . as shown in
to given training data and the steepest descent approach . The Table 3 . Integrating Table 3 with equations ( 19 ), (20 ) and
27 fuzzy inference rules are constructed in Table 4 . A (21), the best CQI is calculated for different measured
minimum transmit power optimization problem of the average path loss (30 dB ~ 70 dB ) , resource block ( 1 - 100 )
ANFIS -ITPSC for the uth user is formally formulated as and initial minimum transmit power (- 75 dBm ~ 20 dBm ).
follows: 15 FIG . 13 shows a set of CQIDC training data of the best CQI
corresponding to different average path loss (30 dB ~ 70 dB ),
when the resource block is 50 , the minimum transmit power
Optimize Pini = f (x ), f « ) is the objective function ; (18 ) is ( - 40 dBm , - 20 dBm , 0 dBm ). It is observed that the best
subject to : CQI will decrease as the path loss becomes larger, and at the
20 same average path loss, the best CQI increases as the initial
TE {Ry ,nRBy, CQImin,u) transmit power becomes larger.
Om < Ry < 15 m The function of the CQIDC is to determine the best COI
of the femtocell at the ucn user 's location of indoor office ,
1 SnRB, 5 100 which satisfies the receiver performance of BLERs0. 1 in the
15 CQlmin,u = 15 25 interference free environments . Each input uses three Gauss
ian MFs, which are defined as
nUE
Pinige €{ s 20 dBm }
30
30 Ain (Xim ) = e
tiim203,bojama
n , for n = 1, 2 , 3 and j = 1, 2, 3
( 22 )
The premise parameters of three MFs before and after

training are shown in FIG . 10 and FIG . 11, respectively . The
rootmean square error (RMSE ) curve of the ITPSC is shown binwhere x ; m is the min input and thepremise parameters a ;n ,
in FIG . 12 , which demonstrates that the RMSE converges to 35 given training todatatheand
pertaining node outputs are updated according to
the steepest descent approach . The
0 .9 dBm after 300 epochs. 27 fuzzy inference rules are constructed in Table 5. The
(D ) Channel Quality Index Decision Controller (CQIDC ) output of CQIDC is the best CQIof the femtocell at the uth
Unit: user' s location of indoor office. An optimization problem of
In the real radio channel environment, indoor small cell the best CQI of the ANFIS -CQIDC is formally formulated
base station deployment will face co -channel interference of 40 Inq. the interference free environments , BLER 0 .1,
macro cell base station or neighboring small cell , resulting
in performance degradation of indoor small cell base station . optimize CQIbestu = ) (x ) at the un user,
Therefore , the CQIDC unit in the IDCC device determines fois the objective function ;
f (x ) is the
the best CQI in interference- free environment to meet the
receiver performance of BLERs0 . 1. Further, in interference 45
environments , self- optimizing power system control unit xe{ PLa, Pmi, RB }
(SOPC ) keeps track of the measured SINR to self -optimize 30dBsPL,570dB
the transmit power, enabling the UE to meet the objective
needs of the service 's reliability and minimum transmit - 75dBm sPinize < 20dBm
power . 50
In the interference free environment, in order to determine 1snRB, 5100
the best CQI (CQIbestu ) at the Uth user 's location of the CQlbest,ue E {1- 15 }(23 )
indoor office , the following formula is used to estimate The premise parameters of three MFs before and after
signal-to -noise-power ratio (SNR ). It can be expressed
ressed as
as 55 training are shown in FIG . 14 and FIG . 15 , respectively . The
SNR, = Pr., (W )/PN, (W ) (19 ) root mean square error (RMSE) curve of the CQIDC is
shown in FIG . 16 , which demonstrates that the RMSE
where the average received power Pr., at the utn user in the converges to 0 .46 after 300 epochs.
interference free environment is given as ( E ) Self -Optimizing Power Control (SOPC ) Unit:
60 The SOPC consists of three parts , namely the transmit
Proue = P ini,u -L,+ G ,-PL , +G ,-L , 00 ) power adjustment estimator ( TPAE ), transmission power
assignment and self-optimization power controller protec
where PL , denotes the measured average path loss tion mechanism . The TPAE in the interference environment
between a femtocell and an UE in the given cell. The noise primarily estimates the amount of minimum transmit power
power PN , can be calculated by ( 13 ). Then , the best CQI in 65 adjustment needs for each user ; the transmission power for
the interference free environment is determined by the each user is adjusted when the sum of total transmission
following rules: power to all indoor users doesn 't exceed the maximum
US 10 ,080 , 200 B2
13 14
transmit power limit of the eNB . The protection mechanism
of the SOPC is used to prevent the co - channel interference In the interference environment BLER < 0 . 1 , (26)
from the moving users of adjacent cells . optimize AP, = f ( ) at the uth user,
The ANFIS based TPAE of the SOPC unit adapts output
power adjustment value AP , at the uth user's location to the 5 fa) is the objective function
changing cell edge CQI (CQIminu) set by user demand, the ñ € {CQImin, , CQlbest, and SINRx }
best CQI (CQIbestu ) and measured average SINR ( SINR ) ,
so that the femtocell in the interference environment not 1 < CQlmin,u = 15
only can still meet the demands set by the UE and commu 1s Colbest,u = 15
nication quality, but also self-optimizing theminimum trans - 11 – 25 dB < SINR, < 45 dB
mit power of eNB , thereby reducing the co -channel inter NUE
ference to the neighboring cells . PE+ AP, E { s 20 dBm },
For the purpose of satisfying the requirements of
BLERs10 % and the SR of 90 % , the threshold of the signal 15 Pu is the last transmit power (dBm )
to interference plus noise ratio (SINR thu) at the ) uth user is
defined as
SINR 11 ,4 =max (SNR:n (CQImin ,u )+ FM (SR ),SNR in The premise parameters of three MFs before and after
(CQIbest,u)} (dB ) (24 ) training are shown in FIG . 18 and FIG . 19 , respectively . The
The output power adjustment (AP ) at the utn user is given rootmean square error (RMSE ) curve of the TPAE is shown
as
in FIG . 20 , which demonstrates that the RMSE converges to
0 .86 dB after 300 epochs.
AP , =SINR 1, - SINR ,( dB ) (25) Power Assignment Algorithm
25 EFor the purpose of controlling the sum of individual
where SINR , is the measured average SINR at the uth 25 transmission power to all indoor users less than the maxi
user.
The training data of ANFIS based TPAE of the SOPC unit ut mum transmit power limit of the indoor small cell eNB , a
is generated from the simulation results of the single input power assignment algorithm is proposed in FIG . 21. First ,
the previous transmit power P , (m - 1 ) of the uth user is
single output (SISO ) transceiver BLER , as shown in Table 30 compensated with the amount AP , estimated by TPAE , and
3 . The fundamental specification of the SISO transceiver is the sum of individual transmission power to all indoor users
listed in Table 2 . Integrating Table 2 , Table 3 with equations is calculated . Then the total transmitting power Protai(m ) at
(24 ) and (25), the adjustment value of theminimum transmit the my time instant is compared with the maximum trans tal
power is calculated for service reliability ( 90 % ), cell edge 35 transmitting power Prota (m ) at the mth time instant is less
CQI (1 - 15 ), measured average SINR (- 25 dB ~ 45 dB ) and than Pmax , the power Pu (m ) of the uth user is assigned for
the best CQI (1 - 15 ). FIG . 17 shows a set of SOPC training each user at the m , time instant.
data for the transmit power adjustment estimator corre If the total transmitting power Prota (m ) at the mth time
sponding to the different measured average SINR when the 40 instant is greater than Pmar, then the feedback loop of the
service reliability is 90 % , cell edge CQI (CQImin,u ) is 6 for step power adjustment is performed , wherein the previous
two different best CQI (CQIbest,u)(7, 10 ). It is observed that transmit power Pum - 1) of the u ,, user at the (m - 1 ) th time
instant is temporarily stored in Pimp (i) for u = 1 , 2 . . . NUE .
the transmit power adjustment will decreases as the mea In the feedback loop of the step power adjustment, Pumpuli)
sured average SINR increases in order to achieve the aim of 45 will be decreased by A when AP , > 0 ; Pimp.z (i) will be
minimum transmit power . For example , the SNR threshold increased by A when AP , <0 and A is assumed to be + 0 .1 dB .
for CQIbestu = 7 is 13 dB . According to (20 ), the SINR After each step power adjustment loop , the sum of Pimp,u
(i + 1 ) at the (i + 1 ) th loop for all users is compared the
threshold ( SINR nu is equal to 14 .14 dB , which is the sum maximum transmission power Pmax of the indoor small cell
of SNR threshold ( 12 dB ) corresponding to CQImin ,u = 6 and 30 eNB . If the total transmitting power Pota (i+ 1 ) at the (i+ 1 ) th
FM (SRJ)( 2 .14 dB ) corresponding to SR , = 90 % . The SNR loop is greater than Pmax, the transmit power P , (m ) is equal
threshold for COIbes , , u 10 is 22 dB . which is greater than to Ptmp,u (1) at the lth loop and assigned to the uth user at the
14 .14 dB . Thus, the SINR threshold ( SINR sh .w ) is equal to 22 the (time
min instant. If the total transmitting power Ptotal (i+ 1 ) at
i+ 1 ) th loop is less than Pmar, i is increased by one and
dB for CQlhest
best , u = 10 . FIG . 13 shows AP , = 0 dB when the 3 feedback to the loop of the step power adjustment.
measured average SINR is 14 . 14 dB and 22 dB correspond ( F ) Protection Mechanism of the SOPC :
ing to CQIbest,u = 7 and 10, respectively. The protection mechanism of the SOPC is included in the
The function of ANFIS based TPAE of the SOPC unit is IDCC device to prevent the co -channel interference from the
to determine the minimum transmit power of the femtocell 60 moving users of adjacent cells . The SODCC device inputs
eNB , which satisfies the receiver performance of BLER < 0 . 1 the average path lossmeasured from the UE , and then by the
in the interference environments. Each input uses three indoor path loss model of ( 16 ) to estimate the distance ( d )
generalized bell shape MFs, which are defined in ( 1 ) . The 27 between the UE and the eNB (base station ). If the moving
fuzzy inference rules are constructed in Table 6 . Optimiza - UE is inside the coverage range of the radius ( R ), then the
tion problem of the minimum transmit power of the ANFIS 65 SOPC unit is initiated to transmit the minimum power to the
based TPAE in the SOPC unit is formally formulated as moving UE of the adjacent cells . Otherwise , he SOPC unit
follows: is disabled to the moving UE of the adjacent cells.
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
15 16
(G ) Experimental Results : ments set by the user, but using the SOPC is still able to
FIG . 22 shows the simulation procedure to verify the maintain the requested service reliability .
service reliability . In the experiment, the SINR are measured FIG . 25 and FIG . 26 show average throughput and
at uniformly distributed UE positions in an indoor office average transmit power, respectively , for comparing the
with coverage radius R . The SINR are measured 1000 times 5 IDCC with fixed transmit power in the different interference
at each UE position . The total number of measurements is environments . FIG . 25 shows using the fixed transmit power
defined as: the average throughputs of UE1, UE2 , UE3 and total aver
age throughput for - 100 dBm interference power are 10 .86
Mbps, 17 .38 Mbps, 24 .08 Mbps and 52 .45 Mbps, respec
' 7rx 1000
( 27) 10 tively . When the interference power increases to -80 dBm ,
mr = the average throughputs ofUE1, UE2 UE3 and total average
throughput reduce to 2 .97 Mbps, 6 . 93 Mbps, 12 .41 and
22. 32 Mbps, respectively. Using the present IDCC , the
On the circumference of radius r= 1 meter , the SINRs are average throughputs of UE1, UE2, UE3 and total average
measured at 7 uniformly distributed positions; on the cir - 15 throughput for - 100 dBm interference power are 10 . 48
cumference of the radius r = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 meters , the correspond - Mbps, 17 . 38 Mbps , 24 .59 Mbps and 52 .45 Mbps , respec
ing uniformly distributed positions are 14, 21 , 28 , 35 , tively . When the interference power increases to - 80 dBm ,
respectively . When the coverage range of indoor office is set the average throughputs of UE1,UE2 UE3 and total average
as 5 meters , the total number of positions to measure the throughput reduce to 11. 48 Mbps , 17 .31 Mbps , 22 .97 Mbps
SINR in an indoor office is 105 . The total number of 20 and 51 .75 Mbps, respectively . The average throughputs of
measurement positions increases with the coverage range of UE1,UE2 , UE3 and total average throughput almost remain
femtocell in the indoor office . the same values when the IDCC is used . FIG . 26 shows
The complementary cumulative distribution function using the present IDCC , the average transmit power
(CCDF ) of the measured SINR can be expressed as increases as the interference power increases. Using the
25 present IDCC , the average transmit power of UE1, UE2,
F (SINR?n )= P (measured SINR > SINR n ) ( 28 ) UE3 and total average transmit power for - 100 dBm inter
The CCDF has the same meaning with the system reli- ference power are -39.88 dBm , - 29 . 85 dBm , - 22 . 36 dBm
ability , which is defined as the percentage of the UE loca - and - 21 .58 dBm , respectively. When the interference power
tions within a eNB coverage area of radius R for which the increases to - 80 dBm , the average transmit power ofUE1,
measured SINR exceeds a given SINRch. FIG . 18 shows the 30 UE2 UE3 and total average transmit power increase to
CCDF of the measured SINR for coverage radius of 5 meter, - 24 .06 dBm , - 13 .56 dBm , - 5 .896 dBm and - 5 .154 dBm ,
( 90 % ) and three different cell edge CQIs 3, 7 and 10 respectively . The average transmit power ofUE1, UE2, UE3
corresponding to the minimum throughput requirements of and total average transmit power adjust with the interference
three users UE1, UE2 and UE3 , 2 .76 Mbps, 7 .44 Mbps and environments adaptively to satisfy the requirements of the
7 .44 Mbps, respectively , in the interference free environ - 35 service reliability when the IDCC is used .
ments . Thus the simulation results show that the present FFD
The SINR service reliabilities of the SOPC for coverage OFDMA based IDCC device for indoor small cell operated
radius of 5 meter, service reliability 90 % and different cell in the MU and interference environments to self -optimize
edge CQI CQImin = 3 , 7 , 10 in the interference environments the service reliability, throughput at the cell edge, minimum
are also verified with FIG . 23 ( a ), (b ), ( c ) for interference 40 transmit power and interference for multimedia call ser
power - 100 dBm , - 90 dBm and - 80 dBm , respectively, vices . Thus the IDCC device can achieve the goals of saving
where the solid curves denote for combining ITPSC and power consumption and reducing co -channel interference .
SOPC and the dot curves denote for using the ITSPC only . In this embodiment of the simulation , the basic OFDM
By means of Table 3 , it can be found that the SINR , values transceiver parameters listed in Table 2 is a single antenna
corresponding to cell edge CQI 3 , 7 , and 10 are 5 dB , 13 dB , 45 mode (SISO ), the present invention is also applicable to
and 22 dB , respectively. The throughput service reliabilities multi - antenna mode (MIMO ) and other different channel
for coverage radius of 5 meter and different cell edge CQI environments
CQIin = 3 , 7 , 10 in the interference environments are also While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been
verified with FIG . 24 ( a ), (b ) , ( c ) for interference power - 100 set forth for the purpose of disclosure , modifications of the
dBm , - 90 dBm and - 80 dBm , respectively, where the solid 50 disclosed embodiment of the invention as well as other
curves denote for combining ITPSC and SOPC and the dot embodiments thereof may occur to those skilled in the art.
curves denote for using the ITSPC only . Then (7 ) is used to Accordingly , the appended claims are intended to cover all
calculate the throughputs ofUE1, UE2 and UE3, which are embodiments which do not depart from the spirit and scope
2 .76 Mbps , 7 .44 Mbps and 14 .13 Mbps corresponding to of the invention.
cell edge CQI 3, 7 , and 10 , respectively . For example , as 55
shown in FIGS. 23(a ), ( c ) and 24 (a ), (c ), both the CCDF of What is claimed is:
the measured SINR in 22 dB and the CCDF of the through - 1 . A frequency division duplexing -orthogonal frequency
put in 21.4 Mbps are about 91 % when the interference division multiplexing access (FDD -OFDMA ) based adap
power is small ( - 100 dBm ) for both cases of combining tive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS ) intelligent
ITPSC and SOPC method and using the ITPSC only. 60 deployment cascade control ( IDCC ) device for indoor small
Increasing the interference power to - 80 dBm , for example, cell operated in the multi-user (MU ) and interference envi
when using the ITPSC only , the CCDF of the measured ronments to self - optimize the service reliability , throughput,
SINR value in 22 dB and the CCDF of the throughput in minimum transmit power and interference for multimedia
14 . 13 Mbps for UE3 is dropped to about 15 % , while the call services , comprising :
SOPC is still able to maintain about 89 % . With the increase 65 an indoor small cell base station, wherein resources of the
of interference power, it is observed that using the ITPSC indoor small cell base station are allocated to multiple
only is unable to maintain the service reliability require user equipments (UEs);
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
17 18
a resource allocator, configured to assigns the average -continued
resource blocks (RBS) of small cell for each indoor user 0 m < R < 15 m
according to the total number of indoor users and the 1 SnRBy < 100
setting system bandwidth ;
a minimum throughput/cell edge channel quality index 5 1s Colminu 15
(CRI) converter, configured to set the cell edge (mini nUE
mum ) channel quality index for each indoor user in Pinige E { < 20 dBm ).
accordance with theminimum throughput requirement ;
an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based initial
transmit power setting controller (ITPSC ) in the first 3. The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre
cascade unit , configured to adapt the initial power quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural
setting for the uth user to the coverage radius of indoor fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con
office , the number of the resource blocks and the cell trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi -user
edge channel quality index ; 15 and interference environments of claim 2 , wherein , for the
an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based channel adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based initial transmit
quality index decision controller (CQIDC ) in the sec power setting controller in the multi -user environments of
ond cascade unit, configured to adapt the best channel claim 2 , wherein the training data is generated from the
quality index to the initial power setting , number of the simulation results of the transceiver blocking error rate to
resource blocks and average path loss (PL ) measured 3 train the premise and consequent parameters of the initial
by the user equipment ; and transmit power setting controller ; the minimum transmit
an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based self power (dBm ) training data of the initial transmit power
optimizing power controller ( SOPC ) in the third cas setting controller for the ugh user is given by:
cade unit consists of three parts, namely the transmit
power adjustment estimator (TPAE ), transmission - - Pini,uLy= P; min,u (C /min,u)+ L,- G ,+ PL(R.)+ FM (SR )- G ,+
power assignment and self-optimization power control Lri
ler protection mechanism ; wherein Prmina (CQImin. Jis the receiver sensitivity of the
wherein , it can autonomously cascade control the assign cell edge channel quality index (CQImin ,u ) for the uth
ments of initial power, the best channel quality index user; L , denotes the cable loss in dB ; G , and G , are the
and the minimum transmit power to the transceiver 30 antenna gains in dBi of the femtocell and the user
according to the user input parameters including the equipment, respectively ; PL (RJ) denotes the maximum
service reliability , coverage radius and the throughput path loss between a femtocell and the user at the cell
at the cell edge ; the measured average path loss and edge, L , in dB is the body loss of the user equipment;
average signal- to -interference- plus -noise ratio (SINR ), FM (SR ) denotes fade margin in dB corresponding to
so that the present intelligent deployment cascade con the SRset by the U?n user;
trol device can self -optimize the service reliabilityV of 35 the receiver sensitivity of the given cell edge channel
the indoor small cell in the multi -user and interference quality index (CQIminu) for the uth user is obtained by
environments, while maintaining the blocking error
rate ( BLER ) less than 10 -1 and minimizing the transmit Prmin,u(CQ/min,u)= PN.74+ SNR (CQ[minu);
power and interference power to achieve the design 40 wherein SNR , (COL . denotes the SNR threshold of
aims of energy saving and interference reducing. the receiver for different CQImin , which is generated
2 . The frequency division duplexing- orthogonal fre from the performance simulations using the trans
quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural ceiver;
fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con the training data for minimum transmit power is generated
trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi -user 45 for the service reliability of 90 % , different coverage
and interference environments of claim 1, wherein the radius ( 2 .5 , 5 , 7 .5 , 10 , 12 .5 and 15 meters ), different
architecture of adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based resource block ( 1- 100 ) and cell edge channel quality
initial transmit power setting controller unit contains five index ( 1 - 15 ).
tiers , a total of three inputs and one output; three input 4 . The frequency division duplexing - orthogonal fre
parameters for the uch user are the coverage radius of indoor 50 quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural
office (R .,), the number of resource blocks ( nRB , ) and the fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con
cell edge channel quality index that is defined as CQIminu minu ? trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi-user
the output parameter for the uth user is an initial minimum and interference environments of claim 1, wherein the
transmit power (Piniu) ; each input uses three generalized bell architecture of the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system
shape membership functions (MFs) ; each MF contains three
levels; the 27 fuzzy inference rules are constructed ; a 55 based channel quality index decision controller unit contains
five tiers, a total of three inputs and one output for the uth
minimum transmit power optimization problem of the adap user; there are three input parameters for the un user
tive neural fuzzy inference system including path loss (PL? ) between orthogonal frequency
initial transmit power setting controller is formally for division multiplexing (OFDM transmitter and receiver,
mulated as follows: 60 initial power setting ( Piniw ) and number of the resource
blocks ; in the interference free environments, the channel
quality index decision controller unit adapts thebest channel
optimize Pini = f « ), f « ) is the objective function ; quality index (CQIbest,u ) to the changing initial power set
subject to : ting, number of the resource blocks and the measured
še {Ry, NRBW , CQ1 min u} 65 average path loss ; the Gaussian shape membership function
of each input parameter is divided into three levels ; there are
27 fuzzy inference rules ; an optimization problem of chan
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
19 20
nel quality index the best channel quality index of the the cell edge channel quality index ), the best channel
adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based channel qual quality index and measured average signal- to -interfer
ity index decision controller is formally formulated as ence -plus-noise ratio and estimates the amount of mini
follows: mum transmit power adjustment needs for each user ;
in the interference free environments , BLERs0 .1 ; wherein the transmission power assignment adjusts the
optimize CQIbeste = f (x ) at the u, user, f (x ) is the objec power for each indoor user when the sum of total
tive function : transmission power to all indoor users doesn 't exceed
subject to : the maximum transmit power limit of the eNB ;
wherein a protection mechanism for self-optimizing
XE {PLw, Pini,u nRB.} 10
power controller is used to prevent the co -channel
30dB SPL , 570dB interference from the moving users of adjacent cells .
7 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre
- 75dBm sPiniu < 20dBm quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural
fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con
1snRB , 5100 trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi-user
CQIbest,se E {1~ 15 }. and interference environments of claim 6 , wherein the
adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based transmit
5 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre power adjustment estimator in the self -optimizing power
quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural 20 controller unit contains five tiers ;
fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con wherein the transmit power adjustment estimator unit
trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi -user accepts three inputs and generates the optimizing mini
and interference environments of claim 4 , wherein , for the mum transmit power;
adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based channel qual wherein three inputs for the uth user including cell edge
ity index decision controller, the training data is used to train 25 channel quality index (CQIminu), best channel quality
the premise and consequent parameters of the channel
quality index decision controller ; the training data of thebest index (CQI bestu ) and average measured signal-to - inter
channel quality index (CQIbestu ) at the U?n user's location of ference-plus -noise ratio (SINR , and one power adjust
the indoor office in the interference free environment is ment output for the uth user; the generalized bell shape
determined by the following rules : 30
membership function of each input parameter is
divided into three levels; there are 27 fuzzy inference
rules ; an optimization problem of transmit power
CQlbest,u = adjustment estimator the minimum transmit power of
the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based trans
( CQI i, if SNR: ( CQI i) S SNR , < SNR:n (CQI i + 1), i = 1 ~ 14 35
mit power adjustment estimator in the self-optimizing
CQI_ 15 , if SNR, > SNR:h (CQI_ 15 ) power controller unit is formally formulated as follows:
( CQI_ 1, if SNR , < SNR: (CQI_ 1)
in the interference environment BLER $ 0 .1 ,
tedby
the signal-to -noise - power ratio (SNR ) is estimated by: 40 optimize AP, = f (x ) at the uth user,
SNR, = Pr, (W )/PN,u(W ); f & ) is the objective function
wherein the average received power Pr. at the Un user in
the interference free environment is given as: ñ € {CQ1 min, , CQ1 best, and SINRx}
Proue= P ini,u- L,+G ,- PL, +G ,- L ; 45 1sCQlmin,u = 15
wherein PL , denotes the measured average path loss 1 < CQIbest u < 15
between a femtocell eNB and an UE in the given cell ; – 25 dB < SINR ,, < 45 dB
PN , is the noise power for the u , user;
the training data of the channel quality index decision NUE
controller is generated from the simulation results of 50 Pu +AP, E { 20 dBm },
the transceiver blocking error rate for different mea
sured average path loss (30 dB ~ 70 dB ), the resource Py is the transmit power (dBm )
block (1 - 100 ) and initial minimum transmit power at the last instant
( - 75 dBm ~ 20 dBm ).
6 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre- 55
quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural 8 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre
fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural
trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi-user fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con
and interference environments of claim 1 , wherein the trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi- user
self -optimizing power controller unit consists of three parts, 60 and interference environments of claim 7 , wherein , for the
namely a transmit power adjustment estimator, a transmis - transmit power adjustment estimator, the training data is
sion power assignment and an self - optimization power con generated to train the premise and consequent parameters of
troller protection mechanism ; the transmit power adjustment estimator;
wherein the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system based for the purpose of satisfying the requirements of blocking
transmit power adjustment estimator in the interference 65 error rate s10 % and the SR , ,the target threshold of the
environment primarily adapts the transmit power to the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR thu ) at the
requested throughput at the cell edge (corresponding to u user is defined as ;
US 10 ,080 ,200 B2
21 22
SINR,h = max{ SNR ( CQIain, + FM( SR ),SNRh 10 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre
(COIbest,u)} (dB ); quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural
The output power adjustment (AP ) at the uin user is given fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con
by subtracting the SINRthufrom the measured average trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi- user
signal -to -interference -plus -noise ratio at the Ugn user ; 5 and interference environments of claim 1. wherein the
using the defined SINR , the training data of the transmit device is based on the frequency division duplexing -or
power adjustment value AP ,, is generated for service thogonal frequency division multiplexing access method,
reliability ( 90 % ), cell edge channel quality index
( 1 - 15 ) , measured average signal- to -interference - plus and uses the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system archi
noise ratio ( - 25 dB ~ 45 dB ) and the best channel quality 10 tecture to adapt the initial power setting to the requested
index (1 - 15 ) . resource block , throughput at the cell edge and coverage
9 . The frequency division duplexing -orthogonal fre- radius in the interference free environment; to adapt the best
quency division multiplexing access based adaptive neural channel quality index to the initial setting power, number of
fuzzy inference system intelligent deployment cascade con the resource blocks and average path loss measured by user
trol device for indoor small cell operated in the multi-user 16 equipment in the interference free environment; to adapt the
and interference environments of claim 7 , wherein , for the transmit power assignment to the requested throughput at
protection mechanism of the self-optimizing power control the cell edge, the best channel quality index and measured
ler , the intelligent deployment cascade control device inputsaverage signal-to - interference -plus-noise ratio in the inter
the average path loss measured from the user equipment, and ference environment; the present intelligent deployment
then by the indoor path loss model to estimate the distance
(d ) between the user equipment and the eNB ; if the moving signal - to -control
20 cascade device is designed to self -optimize the
interference -plus-noise ratio and throughput ser
user equipment is inside the coverage range of the radius,
then the transmission power assignment of the self-optimiz vice reliability of the indoor small cell in the multi-user and
ing power controller unit is initiated to transmit the mini interference environments, while maintaining the blocking
mum power to the moving user equipment of the adjacent error rate less than 10 - and minimizing the transmit power
cells ; otherwise , the transmission power assignment of the 25 and
and interference power to achieve the aims of energy saving
interference reducing.
self-optimizing power controller unit is disabled to the
moving user equipment of the adjacent cells. * * * * *

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|HAI LAMA HATA KAMA ANTARA LAIN ATTATA TAIMITH

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 10 ,080,200 B2

(51) Int. CI.

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