CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter includes the related literature, studies, articles and journals that

will help the researchers gather the information related to the topic The Effectiveness

of Durian Husk as Mosquito Insecticide. It provides an overview of ideas, summary

of findings of the research, generalizations and conclusions.

Related Literature

Insecticides

Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by killing them or

preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive behaviors. They are

classified based on their structure and mode of action. Insecticides are commonly

used in agricultural, public health and industrial applications, as well as household

and commercial uses like for the control of roaches and termites (US Environmental

Protection Agency).

The variety of insecticides available today is much greater than it was 20

years ago. It includes some made from bacteria, insect-killing fungi or viruses;

products such as insecticidal soaps that kill by physical processes; and products like

some clay-based that don’t directly kill insects, but protect plants.

Most of the insecticides in common use today are toxic to people as well as

insects, although the degree of toxicity to people depends on the dose of the material

and the mechanism of action, among other factors.

 Some toxicants affect the nervous system. Others affect water balance,

oxygen metabolism, an insect’s molting or maturation process, or other aspects of

physiology. Some of the newer insecticides have toxicity mechanisms that scientists

don’t fully understand. New materials are being synthesized and tested constantly.

(Dr. Eaton, 2002)

Mosquito

Mosquitoes are important single-group of insect because of its public health,

since they act as the vector for many tropical and subtropical disease such as Dengue

Fever, Yellow Fever, Malaria, Filariasis and Encephalitis of different types including

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quingefasciatus that are major urban

vector of Malaria, Dengue, and Lymphatic Filariasis, particularly (Katrizky, Wang,

Slavov, Tsikolia, Dobchev, Akhmedor, 2008).

The control of mosquito-borne diseases approaches for interruption of diseases

by preventing mosquitoes from biting human beings. There are a lot of products that

can play the role of insecticide in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-

borne disease in the individuals.

Mosquitoes are pesky insects that can bite and leave your skin with red, itchy

bumps. The majority of mosquito bites only cause minor skin irritation. However,

mosquitoes can spread serious viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The most

effective way to prevent infections spread by mosquitoes is to prevent mosquito bites.

(Poison Control, 2015)

Durian
 Durian, Durio zibethinus, is a tropical fruit popular among Southeast Asian

countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines. It is referred to as the

"King of Fruits" and is known for its large size, strong odor and formidable thorn-

covered husk. Durian is made up of forty percent of flesh and sixty percent husk.

Usually, the durian husk is discarded and ends up in garbage dumps, or worse,

leaving it along the side of the street to rot. One of the reasons why the researchers

came up with this study, so that instead of discarding it why not transform it into

something more useful.

Durian also as an anti-inflamatory properties, antioxidant activity and it has

potential that its husk can be used as mosquito repellent (Kevat, 2014)

There are articles that state that Durian husks can be used as a mosquito

repellent. According to an article named Unique Facts and Benefits of Durian

(Agusfanani, 2014) from the Hub Pages, the durian husk can be used as repellent.

The same goes with the article that was posted in the website named The Worldwide

Fruits and was written and edited by Ho Dinh Hai from Vietnam. It was mentioned

that due to the pungent smell of Durian, its husk can be used as a mosquito repellent.

And since durian husks can be used as mosquito repellent, the researchers think that

it might be also effective if it is used as an insecticide for mosquitoes.

Related Studies

A study by Senerpida, Suralta, Dungog, Aying, Durano, Sabanal, Arellano,

Labayan, Tatud and Reusora (2013) entitled Natural Insecticides, was about using an

insecticide made from natural things. The researchers researched about other natural

remedies to substitute the synthetic insecticides that are sold in the markets. This
study added more information to the research topic, since using durian husk as an

alternative insecticide means making an insecticide out of things that are naturally

made.

Another study by Rabczenko, Gliniewicz, Kluge and Piekarski (2011) named

An Universal Tool for the Analysis of Insecticides was about the information and

background of insecticides. It is important in this study since it gave more knowledge

and more information to the researchers regarding insecticides.

Research made by Bodino, Belgado, Moya, Butial, Velasco, Bellen and

Arevalo (2012) entitled Chili and Orange Peel Extracts as Effective Organic

Insecticide was about making an alternative insecticide by using Chili and Orange

peels. The extracts of the both the chili and orange peel was used to kill insects.

Instead of using the extract of Chili and Orange peels, the researchers used durian

husk as an alternative insecticide

The study Amarillo and Ginger Extract as Mosquito-Killer by Hernandez ()

was about the effectiveness of amarillo and ginger extract in killing mosquitoes. The

extract was applied to the mosquitoes, and they wanted to determine the number

mosquitoes that would be killed by using it. Since in this paper amarillo and ginger

extract were used, the researchers used durian husk in killing mosquitoes

A study presented by Ferran, Diano and Mariano () entitled Oregano and

Garlic Extract as Mosquito Spray Repellent talks about making a spray repellent by

getting the extract of the oregano and garlic. Like this study, the researchers made an

insecticide in spray form by using the durian husk.

These studies gave the researchers more knowledge and understanding since

they are correlated to the main topic.