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Adjective
A word which describes something or Cohesion
someone, eg beautiful, happy, long. Joining sentences together using words like
and, but and because so our language flows
Adverb more easily.
A word which describes or gives more
information about a verb or an adjective, eg he Collocation
walked quickly, she danced well. Learners need to know which words go with
the word they are learning. For example, we
Auditory learner make beds but do housework.
Prefers to learn through listening.
Conjunction
Authentic material – things written for A word which connects words and phrases in a
people in the English-speaking world sentence, eg but, and, although.
Newspapers, magazines, leaflets, brochures,
menus from restaurants, YouTube videos, Connected speech
songs. Spoken language in which the words join to
form a connected stream of sounds. In
connected speech some sounds in words may
CELTA (Certificate in Teaching English to
be left out or some sounds may be
Speakers of Other Languages)
pronounced in a weak way or some words
An initial teaching qualification from might join together, eg Is he busy? /ɪzibɪzi/.
Cambridge English Language Assessment. It’s
frequently taken as a four-week intensive Connotation
course, with input on methodology and Learners need to know if the word has a
assessed teaching practice. positive or a negative sense to it. For example,
the words ‘slim’ and ‘skinny’ both mean thin but
Coherence one has a positive connotation (slim) and the
Organising ideas in a logical way when other (skinny) doesn’t.
speaking or writing so that the listener or
reader can follow our ideas.
Consonant writing, note-taking, reading skills and
1. A sound in which the air is partly blocked by academic vocabulary.
the lips, tongue, teeth etc., eg /θ/ in ‘thing’,
/b/ in ‘boy’.
2. Any letter of the English alphabet which EFL (English as a foreign language)
represents consonant sounds, eg d = /d/, c This is the subject of English when it is taught
= /k/. for work, study or pleasure. Learners may be
studying in their own country or studying for a
Determiner while in an English-speaking country before
A word which is used before a noun to show returning home. They do not intend to live
which particular example of the noun you are permanently in an English-speaking country.
referring to, eg this pencil, your shoes. EFL is the term used in European contexts.
Differentiation Eliciting
This is when teachers identify and address the When the teacher asks learners questions, or
different needs, interests or abilities of their prompts them, to come up with ideas or
learners by providing a range of activity types language. It can be used to activate their
and using a range of approaches. existing knowledge of a language point in order
to base new knowledge on what they already
Digital resources – resources available know.
online
Online games, Cambridge English website ESL (English as a second Language)
(materials for exam and non-exam classes, This is the term used in the US and Canada to
lesson plans, visual aids, texts, YouTube clips), talk about the subject of English when it is not
Teacher’s and learners’ mobile phones. the learner’s first language. Learners may be in
the US or Canada or they may be in their own
Diphthong countries.
Diphthongs are vowel sounds. They are a
combination of two single vowel sounds said
one after the other to produce a new sound; eg ESP (English for specific purposes)
/aɪ/ as in ‘my’ is pronounced by saying /æ/ and English for people who need a very specialised
/ɪ/ together. There are eight diphthongs in type of English often for their jobs. Big sectors
English: /iə/(eg ear), /eɪ/(eg play), /ʊə/(eg
within this are Business English, English for
tourist), /ɔɪ/(eg boy), /əʊ/ (eg go), /eə/(eg air),
Tourism and English for Medicine.
/aɪ/(eg life), /aʊ/ (eg now).
Fluency Interpersonal
Speaking without a lot of hesitation and too Prefers to work in pairs or groups.
many long pauses.
Intonation
General English The way the level of a speaker’s voice changes
Classes which aim to improve learners’ overall to show meaning such as how they feel about
ability to communicate in English by studying something; eg the level of your voice when you
the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of are angry is different from the level of your
English and developing the skills of speaking, voice when you are pleased. Intonation can be
listening, writing and reading. rising or falling or both.
Visual learner
Prefers to learn through images and
pictures.
Vowels
1. A sound in which the air is not blocked
by the tongue, lips, teeth etc., eg /i:/ (eat),
/ə/ (about), /e/ (egg), /ʌ/ (fun). Movement
or vibration is felt in the throat because
the voice is used.
2. In the alphabet, the letters a, e, i, o, u are
vowels.
Word families
Learners need to know other words that are
formed from the same word, for example,
kind, unkind, kindness, kindly.
Word stress
Word stress is about which syllable of a
word is pronounced louder and longer – eg
umBRELLa /ʌmˈbrelə/.