Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Blast Mitigation Design
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Windows
Window Glass
Glass is produced from soda, lime and silica sand by the float
process. The materials are heated to 1500oC and floated
in a tin bath and cooled
Annealed glass – controlled temperature and uniform
cooling;
low tensile strength,
breaks into sharp pieces
Tempered glass – heat treated or toughened. Annealed
glass is heated to about 680oC and rapidly cooled.
temperature gradient across thickness creates compression
state of stress
high tensile strength
increased impact and thermal resistance
breaks into small cubical fragments 6
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Window Glass
Chemically strengthened glass – annealed glass is
submerged in a chemical solution (molten salts)
increased mechanical resistance,
similar properties to tempered glass
rarely used for window (usually made into thin glass)
Laminated glass – is a composite glass product
manufactured by bonding two or more sheets of glass
with layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or other resin
under high temperature and pressure
PVB or resin holds glass fragments together upon
breakage.
Strength, toughness, impact and heat resistance depends
on type of glass in composite
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Window Glass
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Window Retrofit
Objective
Protect building occupants from glass
shards
Methods
Anti-shatter film
Blast curtain systems
Catch cable/bar systems
Window Retrofit
Anti-shatter film (Polyester)
ASF consists of polymer films with high tensile strength and
deformation capacity.
When adhered to glass they bind glass shards and mitigates
against glass shard injury.
ASF can be used to increase window performance with
respect to total solar transmittance, reflectance or absorption.
They can also provide protection against UV light
Application Methods
Daylight film application
Wet-Glaze application
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Mechanical anchorage
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Anti-shatter film
Daylight Application
Frame
Advantages
Mitigates glass shard injury
IGU
Disadvantages
Potential to injure occupants
Does not prevent blast
pressure infiltration into ASF
occupied spaces
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Anti-shatter film
Wet Glaze
Advantages
Mitigates glass shard injury
Mitigate against trauma injury Structural
Disadvantages Silicone
Transfers load to façade backup
structure
Might require window frame
upgrade
More expensive than daylight
application
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Anti-shatter film
Mechanical anchorage
Advantages
Mitigates against glass shard
injury
Mitigates against blunt trauma Anchor
Disadvantages (Screw)
Might require window frame
and façade backup structure
upgrade
More expensive upgrade than
daylight film and wet-glaze
application
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Catch Systems
Catch Cables
Catch bars are rigid bars
anchored to the window
frame or façade backup
structure Catch Bars
Catch cable are flexible cords
or bars attached to the
window frame or façade
backup structure
Energy absorbing catch bars
and cables are also being
marketed.
Catch systems are used in conjunction with ASF.
They are designed to catch filmed glazing during
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explosion
Experimental Tests
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Experimental Tests
Heavy Laminated Glass
Glass Properties
41.3 mm thick
Blast Load
Pr = 200 psi (1.4 GPa)
Ir = 350 psi-ms (2.41
GPa-ms)
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Experimental Tests
After Test
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Experimental Tests
Tempered ? Glass
Glass Properties
Blast Load
Pr = 10 psi (69 kPa)
Ir = 50 psi-ms (345 kPa-ms)
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Windows: P–I Diagrams
Pressure
Failure
I1 P1 and I1 causes failure
No Failure
P2 P1 Impulse
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1,2 5
4
3a 3b 600 mm
1000 m
3000 m 22
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GSA Protection Level for Glazing
Performance Protection Hazard Description of Glazing Response
Condition Level Level
1 Safe None Glass does not break. No visible damage
to glazing
2 Very high None Glass cracks but remains in frame.
Dusting of very small fragments near sill
or on floor
3a High Very low Glass cracks. Fragments on floor within 1
m from window
3b High Low Glass cracks. Fragments on floor within 3
m from window
4 Medium Medium Glass cracks. Fragments on floor and
impacts witness panel at 3 m from
window at a height < 600 mm
5 low high Glass cracks. Fragments on floor and
impacts witness panel at 3 m from 23
window at a height > 600 mm
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10
1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Impulse (kPa-ms)
Single pane double glazed double glazed-Tempered
double glazed-Filmed Tempered double glazed - film 24
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Windows: P–I Diagrams
Effect of Glass Aspect Ratio
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Glass Area = 1.44 m2
Pressure (kPa)
10
1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Impulse (kPa-ms)
1.2x1.2 0.9x1.6 0.8x1.8 0.6x2.4 25
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Blast Doors
Hollow metal
Structural steel plate
Built-up structural steel
Reinforced concrete
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Blast Doors
Hollow Metal Blast Doors
Constructed by spot welding a
steel plate (sheet) on to hollow
steel sections (HSS)
Steel sheet thickness < 4.5 mm
to accommodate welds
HSS typically HSS 51x51
Not very effective against
fragment impact
Max. Pr = 130 kPa
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Blast Doors
Structural Steel Plate Blast Doors
Structural steel plate blast doors
are least expensive because of
lower fabrication cost
Structural steel plate door with
aspect ratio >2 are effective in
reducing deflections.
Steel plates thickness of > 200
mm are readily available
Door size is limited by the weight
of steel
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Blast Doors
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Blast Doors
Reinforced Concrete Blast Doors
Consists of a doubly reinforced
concrete panel cast into a
structural steel channel frame
Steel reinforcement bars are
often welded to the structural
steel frame
A steel spall plate is provided at
the interior side of the to prevent
injury from concrete scab
Reinforced concrete blast door
are cheaper to construct and
install but can be very heavy and
difficult to operate and move 31
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Precautions for Blast Door
Door must be operable after an explosion event
Might need gasket seals to increase weather
tightness
Latch bolts must have enough shear strength to
resist blast loads
Door must be easy to operate, door weight vs. ease
of operation must be investigated
Blast door must be looked at as a system consisting
of door, frame, hinges and latching systems. Failure
of anyone component results in failure of the door
Coordination between structural engineer and door
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manufacturer essential
Walls Retrofit
Buildings with masonry infill walls, brick veneer,
or steel stud walls are susceptible to blast
loading
Masonry walls
Are very brittle and fail under low blast loading
Breaks into debris causing injury to occupants and
damage to assets
Steel stud walls
Lack stiffness to resist high pressures
Connections to the structure must be given
special consideration
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Wall Retrofit
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Walls
Adhesive Systems
Elastomeric sprays
Anchor
Polyurea
FRP
CFRP, GFRP, AFRP Elastomeric Spray
sheets FRP Sheet
Epoxy based adhesive Geotextile
Geotextiles
Anchor
Anchorage to structure
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Walls
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Walls
Concrete skin
Concrete skin mitigates
against debris hazard of Anchor
masonry Steel reinforcement
Resist blast load (depending Concrete wall
on connection)
Difficult to construct
Increase in structural loading
Anchor
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Steel Stud Wall
Pr = 33 psi
Ir = 200 psi-ms
Columns
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Questions ?
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