Structural Analysis and Design of View Tower

A REPORT ON
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

OF
VIEW TOWER
CLIENT: …………..
LOCATION: ………….
DESIGNED BY: ………
Date :May 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Tower Description ................................................................................................................................ 2
2 Load Calculation ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Evaluation of seismic loads........................................................................................................... 4
3 Analysis and Design ............................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Inter-storey Drift ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Design of columns ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Design horizontal beams ............................................................................................................. 11
3.4 Design for braces ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.5 Design for Foundation ................................................................................................................ 15
3.6 Design for chequered plates ........................................................................................................ 16
3.7 Design of column splices ............................................................................................................ 17
1
1 TOWERDESCRIPTION
This is a four storied tower designed to be built as a Portal steel frame.
General features:
Project: View Tower
Location:
Floor Area:
Architectural features:
Type of Tower: View Tower
Number of Floors: 4 floor
Height of each Storey: 3m
Total Height of the Tower: 11.6 m
Wall and Partition:
Structural features:
Structural System: Mild Steel Frame System
Foundation Type: Isolated Pad Footings
Geotechnical Features:
Soil Type: Type II (Medium Soil)
Seismic Zone: V (as per IS 1893:2002, Part-1)
Allowable bearing capacity 150 KN/m2
Material
M20 for Tie-beam, pedestal, pad and M15 for floor
Grade of concrete: slab and M10 for PCC below footing base above brick
soling.
Grade of steel for tie beam rebar: Fe 500
Grade of Mild Steel G 250
25 KN/ m3 for Concrete
Unit weight
21 KN/m3 for Brick Masonry Wall
5000 √fck for Concrete
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 2x105MPa for Rebar
1500 MPa for Brick Masonry Wall
0.20 for Concrete
Poisson’s Ratio 0.30 for steel
0.15 for Brick Masonry Wall
False Ceiling …………….....
Roofing ……………….
2
2 LOAD CALCULATION
Height of tower, h = 11.6 m
Width of tower, w = 5 m
Length of tower, l = 5 m
h/w ratio = 2.32
l/w ratio = 1.00
Basic wind speed, Vb = 47 m/s
Probability factor, k1 = 1
Terrain roughness, k2 = 1 Class b, category 2
Topography factor, k3 = 1
Design wind speed, Vz= 47 m/s
Design wind pressure, Pz = 1.325 KN/m^2
Roof Angle =
20
Roof:
Pressure Coefficients
Cpe-Cpi Max of Cpe-Cpi
Wind angle Cpe Cpi
Windward Leeward Windward Leeward Windward Leeward
0 -1 -0.6 0 -1 -0.6
-1.00 -0.60
-1 -0.6 0 -1 -0.6
90 -0.9 -0.7 0 -0.9 -0.7
-0.90 -0.70
-0.9 -0.7 0 -0.9 -0.7
Since, the walls are not cladded wind force will only act on the projected area of the individual members
of the structure. This force is generally small for open structures. However, the wind force is applied on
each members by force coefficient method and at floor levels by pressure coefficient method.
Live load: 4kN/m2
3
2.1 EVALUATION OF SEISMIC LOADS
i. Calculation According to IS 1893:2000
Seismic Zone V
Seismic zone factor, Z 0.36
Structural Type View Tower
Importance Factor, I 1
Moment resisting steel
Lateral Load Resisting System frame
Response Reduction Factor, R 3
Height of the tower, h, m 2.8
Dimension of the tower along X, dx , m 7.8
Dimension of the tower along Y,dy, m 5.6
Time Period of the tower along X, Tx= 0.085h^0.75, Sec 0.184
Time Period of the tower along Y, Ty= 0.085h^0.75 , Sec 0.184
Soil Type Type III (Soft soil)
Average Response Acceleration Coefficients along X, (Sa/g)x 2.5
Average Response Acceleration Coefficients along Y, (Sa/g)y 2.5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient along X,
Ahx=ZISa/(2Rg) 0.15
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient along Y,
Ahy=ZISa/(2Rg) 0.15
Seismic Weight of Tower, kN 175.22
Base Shear along X-direction, kN 26.28
Base Shear along Y-direction, kN 26.28
i. Calculation According to NBC 105-1994

Seismic Zone
Seismic zone factor, Z 1
Structural Type View Tower
Importance Factor, I 1
Moment resisting steel
Lateral Load Resisting System frame
Structural performance factor, K 1.5
Height of the tower, h, m 2.8
Dimension of the tower along X, dx , m 7.8
Dimension of the tower along Y,dy, m 5.6
Time Period of the tower along X, Tx= 0.085h^0.75, Sec 0.184
Time Period of the tower along Y, Ty= 0.085h^0.75 , Sec 0.184
Soil Type Type II (Medium soil)
4
Basic seismic coefficient along X 0.08
Basic seismic coefficient along Y 0.08
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient along X,
Ahx=ZISa/(2Rg) 0.12
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient along Y,
Ahy=ZISa/(2Rg) 0.12
Seismic Weight of Tower, kN 175.22
Base Shear along X-direction, kN 21.03
Base Shear along Y-direction, kN 21.03
The seismic force is could be comparable to the lateral forces due to winds. Hence, design will be carried
out for both seismic and wind loading for the view tower structure.
5
3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The detail analysis and design for view tower has been carried out using numerical modelling from
SAP2000 and verified by manual calculations.
Assigned initial trial section foranalysis
Column: ISNB200
Horizontal Beams: ISNB100
Braces ISNB65
Fig: 3D numerical model of Lattice Portal frame
6
Fig: Elevation of portal frame
3.1 INTER-STOREY DRIFT
Storey Displacement Storey Drift Storey height Drift Ratio

U1 U2 D1 D2
Fourth 2.828515 2.533023 0.541322 0.52097 2600 0.02082 0.020037
Third 2.287193 2.012053 0.77739 0.738886 3000 0.025913 0.02463
Second 1.509803 1.273167 0.77917 0.726078 3000 0.025972 0.024203
First 0.730633 0.547089 0.730633 0.547089 3000 0.024354 0.018236
Ground 0 0 0 0
Hence, the storey drift ratio is within 0.4% of the storey height which is the permissible limit for drift due
to lateral forces.
7
3.2 DESIGN OF COLUMNS
TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Frame Station OutputCase CaseType P V2 M3
Text m Text Text KN KN KN-m
5 0 UDSTL1 Combination -13.367 1.463E-17 7.357E-17
5 1.5 UDSTL1 Combination -12.718 1.463E-17 5.163E-17
5 0 UDSTL2 Combination -37.416 -4.41E-17 1.106E-16
5 1.5 UDSTL2 Combination -36.767 -4.41E-17 1.768E-16
5 0 UDSTL3 Combination -14.907 0.357 0.6096
5 1.5 UDSTL3 Combination -14.387 0.258 0.1482
5 3 UDSTL3 Combination -13.868 0.158 -0.1639
5 0 UDSTL5 Combination -26.334 -0.00002934 0.0004741
5 1.5 UDSTL5 Combination -25.815 -0.00002934 0.0005181
5 0 UDSTL7 Combination 0.119 0.715 1.2192
5 1.5 UDSTL7 Combination 0.639 0.516 0.2963
5 3 UDSTL7 Combination 1.158 0.316 -0.3278
5 0 UDSTL17 Combination 0.977 -0.00007334 0.0012
5 1.5 UDSTL17 Combination 1.366 -0.00007334 0.0013
5 3 UDSTL17 Combination 1.756 -0.00007334 0.0014
5 0 UDSTL20 Combination -64.292 -0.518 -1.185
5 1.5 UDSTL20 Combination -63.772 -0.518 -0.4081
8
5 1.5 UDSTL31 Combination -8.478 9.751E-18 3.442E-17
5 1.5 UDSTL32 Combination -24.511 -2.94E-17 1.179E-16
9
Check for column buckling
Minimum ROG, R 75.6 mm
Unsupported length, L 3000 mm
K 1
KL/R 39.68253968
fy 250 N/mm2
Cross sectional area 3750
Allowable compressive stress 198 N/mm2
Compressive strength of column 742.5 kN
Induced Compression 65 kN
Hence, potal frame column is safe in buckling.
Indian IS 800:2007 STEEL SECTION CHECK (Summary for Combo and Station)
Units : KN, m, C
Frame : 5 X Mid: 0.000 Combo: UDSTL20 Design Type: Column

Length: 3.000 Y Mid: 2.020 Shape: ISNB200M Frame Type: SMF
Loc : 0.000 Z Mid: 1.500 Class: Plastic Rolled : Yes
MultiResponse=Envelopes P-Delta Done? No

Ignore Seismic Code? No Ignore Special EQ Load? No D/P Plug Welded? Yes
GammaM0=1.10 GammaM1=1.25
An/Ag=1.00 RLLF=1.000 PLLF=0.750 D/C Lim=0.950
A=0.004 Izz=2.141E-05 rzz=0.076 Ze,zz=1.954E-04

It=4.282E-05 Iyy=2.141E-05 ryy=0.076 Ze,yy=1.954E-04
Iw=0.000 Iyz=0.000 h=0.219 Zp,zz=1.950E-04 Av,z=0.002
E=210000000.0 fy=250000.000 fu=410000.000 Zp,yy=1.950E-04 Av,y=0.002
STRESS CHECK FORCES & MOMENTS

Location N MzzMyyVyVz To
0.000 -64.292 -1.185 0.230 -0.518 0.130 -0.053
PMM DEMAND/CAPACITY RATIO

Governing Total Axial MMajorMMinor Ratio Status
Equation Ratio RatioRatioRatio Limit Check
9.3.2.2(a) 0.107 = 0.080 + 0.027 + 0.002 0.950 OK
AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

N Td NdPdyPdzPd
Force Capacity CapacityCapacityCapacityCapacity
Axial -64.292 852.273 852.273 803.726 803.726 803.726
TdgTdnNcr,TNcr,TF An/Ag
852.273 1107.000 302884.615 4930.525 1.000
Curve Alpha fcc Lambda Phi Chi fcd

Major (z-z) a 0.210 1314806.766 0.436 0.620 0.943 214326.990
MajorB(z-z) a 0.210 1314806.766 0.436 0.620 0.943 214326.990
Minor (y-y) a 0.210 1314806.766 0.436 0.620 0.943 214326.990
MinorB(y-y) a 0.210 1314806.766 0.436 0.620 0.943 214326.990
Torsional TF a 0.210 1314806.766 0.436 0.620 0.943 214326.990
MOMENT DESIGN
M MspanMd(yield) MdvMndMd(LTB)
Moment Moment Capacity CapacityCapacityCapacity
10
Major (z-z) -1.185 -1.185 44.318 44.318 44.318 44.318
Minor (y-y) 0.230 0.230 44.318 44.318 44.318
Curve AlphaLTLambdaLTPhiLTChiLT C1 Mcr

LTB a 0.210 0.071 0.489 1.000 2.366 9770.345
Factors CmyCmzCmLTKzKy K_LT

0.400 0.476 0.476 1.019 1.019 0.997
SHEAR DESIGN
V Vd Stress Status To
Force Capacity Ratio Check Torsion
Major (y) 0.518 313.255 0.002 OK 0.053
Minor (z) 0.130 313.255 0.000 OK 0.053
3.3 DESIGN HORIZONTAL BEAMS

Frame Station OutputCase StepType P V2 M3
14 0 Envelope Max 0 0.756 0
14 0.46 Envelope Max 0 0.454 1.9167
14 0.92 Envelope Max 0 0.151 2.875
14 1.38 Envelope Max 0 1.042 2.875
14 1.84 Envelope Max 0 3.125 1.9167
14 2.3 Envelope Max 0 5.208 4.682E-16
14 0 Envelope Min 0 -5.208 0
14 0.46 Envelope Min -3.523E-18 -3.125 -0.2783
14 0.92 Envelope Min -7.045E-18 -1.042 -0.4175
14 1.38 Envelope Min -1.057E-17 -0.151 -0.4175
14 1.84 Envelope Min -1.409E-17 -0.454 -0.2783
14 2.3 Envelope Min -1.761E-17 -0.756 -2.964E-16
11
Max axial force in beam 0.8 kN
Max induced bending moment along major axis 2.8 KN-m
Max induced bending moment along minor axis 2.8 KN-m
Bending strength along major axis 9.31 N/mm2
Bending strength along minor axis 9.31 KN-m
Compression capacity 306.52 kN
Hence, ISNB 100 is recommended.
Units : KN, m, C
Frame : 14 X Mid: 2.310 Combo: UDSTL2 Design Type: Beam


A=0.002 Izz=2.343E-06 rzz=0.039 Ze,zz=4.100E-05

It=4.686E-06 Iyy=2.343E-06 ryy=0.039 Ze,yy=4.100E-05
Iw=0.000 Iyz=0.000 h=0.114 Zp,zz=4.100E-05 Av,z=9.868E-04
E=210000000.0 fy=250000.000 fu=410000.000 Zp,yy=4.100E-05 Av,y=9.868E-04

2.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.208 0.000 0.000

9.3.2.2(a) 0.309 = 0.000 + 0.309 + 0.000 0.950 OK
AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

N Td NdPdyPdzPd
Axial 0.000 352.273 352.273 306.521 306.521 306.521
352.273 457.560 125192.308 917.985 1.000

Major (z-z) a 0.210 592248.493 0.650 0.758 0.870 197755.352
MajorB(z-z) a 0.210 592248.493 0.650 0.758 0.870 197755.352
Minor (y-y) a 0.210 592248.493 0.650 0.758 0.870 197755.352
MinorB(y-y) a 0.210 592248.493 0.650 0.758 0.870 197755.352
Torsional TF a 0.210 592248.493 0.650 0.758 0.870 197755.352
MOMENT DESIGN
Major (z-z) 0.000 2.875 9.318 9.318 9.318 9.318
Minor (y-y) 0.000 0.000 9.318 9.318 9.318
12
LTB a 0.210 0.124 0.500 1.000 1.136 669.822

1.000 0.950 0.950 1.000 1.000 1.000
SHEAR DESIGN
Major (y) 5.208 129.479 0.040 OK 0.000
Minor (z) 0.000 129.479 0.000 OK 0.000
CONNECTION SHEAR FORCES FOR BEAMS

VMajorVMajor
Left Right
Major (V2) 5.208 5.208
3.4 DESIGN FOR BRACES

Frame Station OutputCase StepType P V2 M3
62 0 Envelope Max 12.355 0.021 0
62 1.89908 Envelope Max 12.325 1.591E-17 0.1264
62 3.79816 Envelope Max 12.295 0.133 3.693E-17
62 0 Envelope Min -15.013 -0.133 0
62 1.89908 Envelope Min -15.102 -1.054E-17 -0.0199
62 3.79816 Envelope Min -15.19 -0.021 -5.163E-17
Column Bracing Design

Assume trial section ISNB 50
Bracing angle 52.5
Maximum axial force in braces 13
Length of bracing angle 3.78
Tension/Compression in bracings
Buckling class for the braces C
K for both side pinned 1
Length of lacing element 3.78
Minimum ROG,r 20
13
KL/R 189
fy 250
Allowable compressive stress 39.7
Area of cross section 65*65*6 641
Compression capacity of lacing 25.45
Since, slenderness ratio is greater than 180, use section with larger ROG i.e. ISNB65.
Units : KN, m, C
Frame : 62 X Mid: 0.580 Combo: UDSTL24 Design Type: Brace


A=6.410E-04 Izz=0.000 rzz=0.020 Ze,zz=8.584E-06

It=0.000 Iyy=0.000 ryy=0.020 Ze,yy=8.584E-06
Iw=0.000 Iyz=0.000 h=0.060 Zp,zz=8.580E-06 Av,z=4.081E-04
E=210000000.0 fy=250000.000 fu=410000.000 Zp,yy=8.580E-06 Av,y=4.081E-04
DESIGN MESSAGES
Warning: KL/r > 180 (IS 3.8, Table 3)

3.798 -14.951 0.000 0.000 0.086 0.000 0.000

9.3.2.2(b) 0.549 = 0.493 + 0.056 + 0.000 0.950 OK
AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

N Td NdPdyPdzPd
Axial -14.951 145.682 145.682 30.304 30.304 30.304
145.682 189.223 51773.076 37.182 1.000

Major (z-z) a 0.210 58006.859 2.076 2.852 0.208 47276.836
MajorB(z-z) a 0.210 58006.859 2.076 2.852 0.208 47276.836
Minor (y-y) a 0.210 58006.859 2.076 2.852 0.208 47276.836
MinorB(y-y) a 0.210 58006.859 2.076 2.852 0.208 47276.836
Torsional TF a 0.210 58006.859 2.076 2.852 0.208 47276.836
MOMENT DESIGN
Major (z-z) 0.000 0.082 1.950 1.950 1.950 1.949
Minor (y-y) 0.000 0.000 1.950 1.950 1.950
14
LTB a 0.210 0.203 0.521 0.999 1.316 51.877

1.000 0.950 0.950 1.395 1.395 0.986
SHEAR DESIGN
Major (y) 0.086 53.546 0.002 OK 0.000
Minor (z) 0.000 53.546 0.000 OK 0.000
BRACE MAXIMUM AXIAL LOADS

P P
Comp Tens
Axial -14.951 0.000
3.5 DESIGN FOR FOUNDATION

TABLE: Joint Reactions
Joint OutputCase CaseType StepType F3
Text Text Text Text KN
3 Envelope Combination Max 82.857
3 Envelope Combination Min -33.576
17 Envelope Combination Min 14.378
Bearing Capacity of soil 150 KN/m2

Assuming depth of foundation 1.5 m
Unit wt of backfill soil 19 KN/m3
Maximum compressive load 50 kN
Maximum uplift 85 kN
Size of foundation based on compressive load 0.33 m2
Size of foundation based on tensile load 2.16 m2
Hence, assume a pad size of 1.5m x 1.5m.
15
Design of anchor bolts
Max uplift 85 kN
Diameter of anchor rods 16 mm
Yield strength 500 Mpa
Area of rod 200.96 mm2
Allowable stress 454.55 Mpa
Strength of single bont 91.35 kN
Provided nos 6
Force per rod 14.16667 kN
Bonding stress 1 Mpa
Length 281.98 mm
3.6 DESIGN FOR CHEQUERED PLATES
Input
Data:
Long Span of Plate, L = 3.0000 ft. S=2 S

Short Span of Plate, S = 2.0000 ft.
Plate Thickness, t = 3/16 in.
Uniform Live Load, wLL ps
= 140.00 f
All Edges Condition = Pinned
Yield Stress, Fy = 36.00 ksi L=3 L
Allow. Deflection Ratio = S/100
w(total)=148.7 w(total)
All Edges Pinned All Edges Fixed
Nomenclature for Rectangular Flat Plates

Results:
Flexural Stress:
ps
Unif. Dead Load, wDL = 8.70 f wDL = floor plate self-weight in psf (per Reference #1)
ps
Unif. Load, w(total) = 148.70 f w(total) = wDL+wLL
16
fb(max) = 8.59 ksi fb(max) = 0.75*(w(total)/144)*(S*12)^2/(t^2*(1+1.61*(S/L)^3))/1000
Fb(allow) = 27.00 ksi Fb(allow) = 0.75*Fy
fb(max) <= Fb(allow), O.K.
Deflection:
Aspect Ratio, a = 0.6667 a = S/L
2900000
Mod. of Elasticity, E = 0 psi E = 29,000,000 psi (assumed value for steel)
D(max) = 0.1540 in. D(max) = 0.1422*(w(total)/144)*(S*12)^4/(E*t^3*(1+2.21*(S/L)^3))
D(ratio) = S/156 D(ratio) = (S*12)/D(max)
S/100 (user defined and
Allow. D(ratio) = S/100 Allow. D(ratio) = selected)
S/156 <= S/100, O.K.
3.7 DESIGN OF COLUMN SPLICES
Edge distance,e1 30
End distance,e2 30
Outside diameter of section,dc 219
tc 5.6
Yield strength of steel,fpy 250
Design axial tensile force 171
Dia of bolt 16
Anb 157
Ultimate strength of bolt,fub 800
Factor of safety,Ymb 1.25
Tensile strength of bolt, Nb 90.432
r1 169.5
r2 139.5
r3 106.7
k1 0.268044
k3 2.268044
f3 7.994828
Thickness of end plate,tp 7.781304
No of bolts,n 3.218286
Hence, provide 10mm plates

with 6 nos of 16mm bolt.
17

Structural Analysis and Design of View Tower

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A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

DESIGNED BY: ………

Date :May 2019

i. Calculation According to NBC 105-1994

Assigned initial trial section foranalysis

Fig: 3D numerical model of Lattice Portal frame

Storey Displacement Storey Drift Storey height Drift Ratio

TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Frame : 5 X Mid: 0.000 Combo: UDSTL20 Design Type: Column

MultiResponse=Envelopes P-Delta Done? No

A=0.004 Izz=2.141E-05 rzz=0.076 Ze,zz=1.954E-04

STRESS CHECK FORCES & MOMENTS

PMM DEMAND/CAPACITY RATIO

AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

Curve Alpha fcc Lambda Phi Chi fcd

Curve AlphaLTLambdaLTPhiLTChiLT C1 Mcr

Factors CmyCmzCmLTKzKy K_LT

3.3 DESIGN HORIZONTAL BEAMS

TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Hence, ISNB 100 is recommended.

Frame : 14 X Mid: 2.310 Combo: UDSTL2 Design Type: Beam

MultiResponse=Envelopes P-Delta Done? No

A=0.002 Izz=2.343E-06 rzz=0.039 Ze,zz=4.100E-05

STRESS CHECK FORCES & MOMENTS

PMM DEMAND/CAPACITY RATIO

AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

Curve Alpha fcc Lambda Phi Chi fcd

Curve AlphaLTLambdaLTPhiLTChiLT C1 Mcr

Factors CmyCmzCmLTKzKy K_LT

CONNECTION SHEAR FORCES FOR BEAMS

3.4 DESIGN FOR BRACES

TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Column Bracing Design

Frame : 62 X Mid: 0.580 Combo: UDSTL24 Design Type: Brace

MultiResponse=Envelopes P-Delta Done? No

A=6.410E-04 Izz=0.000 rzz=0.020 Ze,zz=8.584E-06

STRESS CHECK FORCES & MOMENTS

PMM DEMAND/CAPACITY RATIO

AXIAL FORCE DESIGN

Curve Alpha fcc Lambda Phi Chi fcd

Factors CmyCmzCmLTKzKy K_LT

BRACE MAXIMUM AXIAL LOADS

3.5 DESIGN FOR FOUNDATION

Bearing Capacity of soil 150 KN/m2

3.6 DESIGN FOR CHEQUERED PLATES

Long Span of Plate, L = 3.0000 ft. S=2 S

All Edges Pinned All Edges Fixed

Nomenclature for Rectangular Flat Plates

S/156 <= S/100, O.K.

3.7 DESIGN OF COLUMN SPLICES

Tensile strength of bolt, Nb 90.432

Hence, provide 10mm plates

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