http://guides.libraries.psu.

edu/apaquickguide/intext
Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote
from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication,
for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well,
for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books
that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. More information on
citing sources without pagination is given on the APA Style web page.

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed
to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing,
Rossiter, & Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on
the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with
exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with
students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work
with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

References

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to
listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 23(4), 245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of

foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

Citing Web Pages In Text

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if
known. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text
citation (for long titles just use the first few words). Your in-text citation should
lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. For sources with
no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). Below are
examples of using in-text citation with web pages.

Web page with author:

In-text citation
 Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser,
2011).

Reference entry

Kraizer, S. (2011). Preventing bullying. Retrieved from

http://safechild.org/categoryparents/preventing-bullying/

Web page with no author:

In-text citation

The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904
(All things Nittany, 2006).

Reference entry

All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from

http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html

Web page with no date:

In-text citation

Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters

recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).

Reference entry

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaster.

Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx

General Guidelines

In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which
they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or
sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are
examples of using in-text citation.

Author's name in parentheses:

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
Author's name part of narrative:

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending
non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Group as author:
First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015)
Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)

Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)

Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of

accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).

Direct quote: (include page number)

One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly
facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of
discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).

Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an
indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names,
year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:

This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly
not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That
is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the
reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)

Works by Multiple Authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following
guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text.

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in
parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a
parenthetic citation, use &.

One author: (Field, 2005)

Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)

Three to five authors:

First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010)
Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010)
 Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006)

How do I cite a source I found in another source?

https://www.wur.nl/en/article/How-do-I-cite-a-source-I-found-in-
another-source.htm

Citing a source that you found in another source is known as using a secondary
source. You must always try to read and cite the original work (the primary
source). If it is not possible to do this, you have to cite the original as contained in
the secondary source.

Your in-text citation must include both authors: the author(s) of the original source
and the author(s) of the secondary source. For example: (Habermehl, 1985, as
cited in Kersten, 1987).

In your reference list you should provide the details of the secondary source (the
source you read). In this example: the details of Kersten 1987.

Most author-date citation styles do not include the primary source (the source you
did not read) in the reference list. However, with the numeric styles details of both
the primary and secondary source may be included in the reference list.

APA: Website

Click here to automatically cite a Website.

How to Cite an Website in APA

Structure:

Last, F. M. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Retrieved from URL

Example:

Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com

Cain, K. (2012, June 29). The Negative effects of Facebook on communication. Social

Media Today RSS. Retrieved from http://socialmediatoday.com

How to Cite a Blog Post in APA

 Structure:

Last, F. M. (Year Month Date Published). Article title [Type of blog post]. Retrieved

from URL.

Example:

Schonfeld, E. (2010, May 3). Google throws $38.8 million to the wind [Web log post].

Retrieved May 4, 2010, from http://techcrunch.com

China, The American Press, and the State Department [Web log post]. (2013, January

3). Retrieved from Schonfeld, E. (2010, May 3). Google throws $38.8 million to the

wind [Web log post]. Retrieved May 4, 2010, from http://techcrunch.com

View our visual citation guide on how to cite a Website in APA format.
Referencing and Citation Styles: APA 6th

 Home
 Harvard
 APA 6th
 Vancouver
 AJARE
 Crop & Pasture Science
 Chicago 16th A
 Chicago 17th A
 MLA
 AGLC3
 IEEE
References in the body of your essay
The APA in text reference is in the format (author, date). When directly quoting
from a text you must include a page number in the citation as given in the
examples below. Including page numbers in all other circumstances is not required
however, it is best practice to do so when referring to part of a work (e.g. a
paragraph or chapter in a book). When referring to an entire work that covers a
single topic (e.g. a journal article) it is not required.
Referencing an idea

 The leading medical cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system

disease. Other important causes of death include diseases of the respiratory
system and injury or poisoning (Anderson, 1999; Saggers & Gray, 1999;
Thomson, 1995).
OR

 Anderson (1999), Thomson (1995), and Saggers and Gray (1999) all state
that the leading cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system
disease, and that other important causes of death include diseases of the
respiratory system and injury or poisoning.

Referencing a quotation

 Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations have

saved or extended the lives of many patients” (Lumby, 2001, p. 44).

Citing a source within a source

Where your source quotes or refers to another source, for example Unsworth
refers to previous work by Halliday on linguistics, the citation might read thus:

 (Halliday, 1987, cited in Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)

Only Unsworth will appear in the Reference list at the end of your assignment
Reference list
Your reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author and then
chronologically by year of publication. The APA 6th style requires the references to
be indented as illustrated below in the examples.
For instances of multiple articles with the same authors and years of publication,
please see the complete guide. If you have the DOI for the journal article, you
should include it in the reference, otherwise, it is not necessary.

Book

 Lumby, J. (2001). Who cares? The changing health care system. Sydney,
Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Book chapter

 McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Explaining the
complexities and value of nursing practice and knowledge. In I. Morley & M.
Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value: Illumination through critical prisms (pp.
209-224). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi.
Journal article

 Boughton, M., & Halliday, L. (2008). A challenge to the menopause

stereotype: Young Australian women's reflections of 'being diagnosed' as
menopausal. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(6), 565-572.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00777

Webpage with an author

 Welch, N. (2000, February 21). Toward an understanding of the

determinants of rural health. Retrieved
from http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/welch.htm

Webpage with no author

 ANCI national competency standards for the registered nurse and the
enrolled nurse. (2000). Retrieved
from http://www.anci.org.au/competencystandards.htm

Newspaper article

 Bagnall, D. (1998, January 27). Private schools: Why they are out in
front. The Bulletin, pp. 12-15.

Government publication

 The Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All) Committee.

(1988). Health for all Australians. Canberra, Australia: Australian
Government Publishing Service.

Company and Industry Reports

 Magner, L. (2016). IBISWorld industry report OD5381. Coffee shops in

Australia. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.

Government Publication –
APA Reference List
Capitalization
 The document title is in sentence case – Only the first word and proper nouns in the title
are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash.

 The government department/agency is in title case – Each word in the name is

capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (against, between, in, of, to),
conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), and the infinitive 'to'.
Government document – Print version
 Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure.

 If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author.

 If no person is named, use the government agency, department, or branch as a group author.

 If the report came from the U.S. Government Printing Office list the publisher location and
name as Washington DC: Government Printing Office.

 If there is a series or report number, include it after the title.

Format:

Government Department (Year published). Document title. Location: Publisher.

Example:

 Federal Aviation Administration (2004). Seaplane, skiplane, and float/ski equipped helicopter
operations handbook (FAA-H-8083-23). Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O.

Government document – Electronic version

 Identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publisher has been
identified as the author: Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxxxx

 Some publisher homepages—such as those of government agencies or nongovernmental

organizations—can be difficult to search, so citing the full URL for a document that takes the
reader directly to the document may save time.
Format:

Government Department (Year published). Document title (pub no). Retrieved from http://www.url.com

Example:

 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-
2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi .nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

APA Citation Guide (6th edition): Government Documents

This guide shows you how to cite using APA 6th edition

 Welcome
 How Do I Cite?Toggle Dropdown
 In-Text CitationToggle Dropdown
 Reference List & Sample Paper
 Annotated Bibliography
 More Help?
On This Page

 Government Document From a Website

 Government Document In Print
Formatting
Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.
Tips
Author
Government Documents often have a group/corporate author listed instead of a specific person's name. The author may be the
name of a department, commitee or agency.
When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, put the word Author where
you'd normally put the publisher name.
Titles

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after
the colon.

Capitalize the first letter of proper names in titles, such as names of places or people. Example: Canada
Place of Publication
For cities in the US and Canada list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the
country. Examples: Toronto, ON ; Tokyo, Japan
Electronic Government Documents
Many government documents are now published electronically as well as in print. Don't include the place of publication or a
publisher for an electronic book (ebook). Instead provide the url and the date you last viewed the document.

Government Document From a Website

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of document: Subtitle if

given (edition if given and is not first edition). Retrieved Month Day, Year that you last viewed the website, from url

Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). Your preschool
Example child's speech and language development. Retrieved April 1, 2013, from
http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/
speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspx

In-Text (Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year)

Paraphrase Example: (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010)

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, Section Name

section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section)
In-Text (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010, By Age Five section, para.
Quote 4)
Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite
the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify
where your quote came from.
Government Document In Print

Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given

and is not first edition). Publication City, Province, State or Country: Publisher Name often shortened.
 Health Council of Canada. (2007). Canadians' experience with chronic illness
care in 2007. Toronto, ON: Author.
Example
Note: When the government department, agency or committee that created the
document is also the publisher, put the word Author where you'd normally put the
name of the publisher.

In-Text (Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year)

Paraphrase Example: (Health Council of Canada, 2007)

(Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, p. Page

In-Text Quote Number)
Example: (Health Council of Canada, 2007, p. 4)

APA Citation Style, 6th edition: Two Authors or Editors

A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style, 6th edition.

 APAToggle Dropdown
 BooksToggle Dropdown
 JournalsToggle Dropdown
 Database
 Web SitesToggle Dropdown
 Audiovisual MediaToggle Dropdown
 Figures/ImagesToggle Dropdown
 Other SourcesToggle Dropdown
 Citation Support
 Additional Citation Styles & SupportToggle Dropdown
 Formatting Your Paper
About Citing Books
For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.
The following format will be used:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author
using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue.
In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.
References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the APA Manual (6th ed.).

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

Book with Two Authors or Editors (p. 202)

The general format below refers to a book with two authors.

If you are dealing with two editors instead of two authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the
authors' names are now, followed by "(Eds.)" without the quotation marks (see the Example). The rest of the format would remain
the same.
General Format

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author Surname & Author Surname, Year)

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Author Surname & Author Surname, Year, page number)

References:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial.

Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Burley & Harris, 2002)

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Burley & Harris, 2002, p. 153)

References:

Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2002). A companion to genethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

APA Style:
Citing websites and web pages
(based on the 6th edition of the APA Publication Manual)

http://courses.semo.edu/library/infolit/apas
tyle_web.htm
The latest version of the APA Publication Manual changes substantially the way that
websites and web pages are cited. Here is what you should do to create a proper
citation.

Websites

If you are citing an entire website, provide the address of the site within
the text of your paper. According to the APA, there is no need to include the
site in your reference list. Example:

The APA Style website is a good source of information on using APA style
properly (http://www.apastyle.org).

Web pages

The elements and format necessary for citing a web page in APA style
format are similar to those used when citing an article. Finding the
necessary information for your citation can sometimes be tricky, and we
have tried to provide some tips below. Also, note that the order of the
citation may change if certain elements are missing, e.g., there is no author.

Author.

Information about the author may be found near the top of the page, or it
might be found at the bottom of the page, as is the case in the example
below.

Single author: Put the last name first, followed by a comma, followed by
the initial of the first name (and the middle name, if available), then a
period. Example:

Miller, J. L.

Multiple authors: Put the last name first, followed by a comma, followed by
the initial of the first name, then a period. Follow this with a comma and
continue the same procedure for the subsequent authors. Before the final
author's name put an ampersand (&) followed by the last name, a comma,
the initial of the first name, and then a period. Example:

Tannen, D., & Freedle, R. L.

If the web page that you are using does not have an author, begin your
citation with the title of the page.

(Publication Date).

The date the web page was published comes next. This information can
often be found at the bottom of the page, as in the examples below.

Provide as much of the date as you can. If you the web page has a month
and day of publication, provide them both, by putting the year first, followed
by a comma and then the month and day. If the web page does not have a
publication date, put n.d. for 'no date.' Examples:

(2010). or (2006, September 7). or (n.d.)

Web page title.

Next comes the title of the web page. The page's title can often be found in
the blue title bar at the top of your browser's window.

Only the first word of the title should be capitalized. Also, don't italicize the
title or put it in quotations. Example:

The role of the amygdala in agoraphobia.

URL

Finally, include the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) from which you
retrieved the page. The URL can be found in the address bar of your
browser.

Preface the URL in your citation with the words "Retrieved from." Also, do
not put any punctuation after the URL as it may be seen as part of the web
address. Example:

Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/agoraphobia/ds00894

Citation Examples

Web page

Wood, D. (2009, January). Agoraphobia. Retrieved from

http://www.med.nyu.edu/conditions-we-treat/conditions/agoraphobia

Web page with no author or date

Phobias. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare

/healthcare_services/mental_health/mental_health_about/phobias/pages
/index.aspx

Entry in an online reference work

DeWeese-Boyd, I. (2008, November 25). Self-deception. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.),

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-deception/

Created 5/25/10 mo | Updated 9/12/14 c