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NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 1

Class Notes

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Omar bin Yaakob


Naval Architecture Notes

Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
To carry out various activities at sea, rivers and lakes, man uses various types of
marine structures, fixed and floating. The structures must be designed and built in
various sizes, shapes and sophistication. Some of them are small and simple such
as a canoe or a raft while others are large and complicated such as an aircraft
carrier or a semi-submersible oil drilling platform.

Naval architecture is an engineering field covering the technology in design of ships


and floating structures. The persons having this expertise are called naval
architects. To build these structures, shipbuilders requires design plans and
guidelines prepared by naval architects. Knowledge in naval architecture is used to
carry out design calculation and to produce plans which can be used by the
shipyards.

Although man has been using marine transport for a long time, not all these
vehicles are designed and constructed using naval architecture knowledge. In fact
the discipline of knowledge on ship design and naval architecture only appeared in
the seventeenth century. Prior to that, shipbuilding is not based on science and
technology but rather on the skills of the master craftsmen.

This dependence on master craftsmen for shipbuilding can be traced back to the
earliest civilization of Egypt, Greek and China. Similarly the war ships and
exploration vessels built by the Romans, Muslims as well as the European colonial
powers were not built using scientific methods.

By the seventeenth century a number of scientists and engineers tried to apply


science and mathematical methods in ship design. Among the earliest was sir
Anthony Deane who wrote Doctrine of Naval Architecture in 1670. Among others, he
put forward a method to determine the draught of the ship before it was built.
Since then, a number of scientists and engineers continued to study and document
various fields of naval architecture. In 1860, a professional body comprising of
naval architects was formed under the name Institution of Naval Architects. A
hundred years later the name was changed to Royal Institution of Naval Architects.

A naval architects works to determine the size and shape of a ship tailored to its
intended use. In addition, he estimates its stability, propulsive power as well as
calculates the size and strength of its structure and the impact of waves on the
vessel. The types of machinery and equipment to be installed, materials to be used
and layout of ship are also determined based on naval architectural knowledge.

Ship hydrostatics and stability is one of the most important subject in Naval
Architecture. The safety of ships, crew, passengers and cargo will be jeopardised if
ships are not stable. In this book, readers will be able to appreciate the basic
terminologies, carry out simple hydrostatics calculations and will be equipped with
basic tools to assess stability of vessels.

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Naval Architecture Notes

Chapter 2
Ship Types, Basic Terms,
Terminologies and Symbols

1. Types of Ships

Ship types can be classed according to:

1. No of Hull

a) Monohull/Single hull
b) Multi-hull
 Catamaran
 Trimaran
 Quadramaran
 Pentamaran

2. Shape of hull form


a) Roundbilge
b) Chine
 Single Chine
 Multiple Chine

3. How the body is supported in water


a) Hydrostatic
b) Hydrodynamic
c) Aeropowered Lift

4. Its function/mission
a) Transport
 Tanker
 Bulk Carrier
 Containership
 Passenger ship
 General Cargo
 LNG Carrier
b) Navy
 Aircrft Carrier
 Submarine
 Frigate
 Destroyer
 Patrol Craft
 Minesweeper

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Naval Architecture Notes

c) Work/Service Vessels
 Tugs
 Supply boat
 Crew Boats
 Heavy Lift
 Crane ships
 Fuel Supply Ships
 Fishing Boat
 Fire Fighting Boats
 Rescue Boats

d) Leisure Vessels
 Cruise ships
 Tourist Boats
 Water Taxi
 Boat Houses

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Naval Architecture Notes

2. Basic Terms, Terminologies and Symbols

After This is represented by a line which is perpendicular to the intersection of


perpendicular(AP) the after edge of the rudder-post with the designed load water-line. This
is the case for both single- and twin-screw merchant ships. For some
classes of warships, and for merchant ships having no rudder-post, the
after perpendicular is taken as the centre-line of the rudder stock.
Amidships ( ) This is the point midway between the forward and after perpendiculars.
Breadth (B) This is the maximum beam, or breadth, of the ship measured at
amidships.
Bilge This is the rounded plating at the lower corners between the vertical shell
plating and the outer bottom plating.
BML Longitudinal metacentric radius measured from centre of buoyancy
BMT Transverse metacentric radius measured from centre of buoyancy
Block coefficient This is a measure of the fullness of the form of the ship and is the ratio of
(CB) the volume of displacement to a given water-line, and the volume of the
circumscribing solid of constant rectangular cross-section having the
same length, breadth and draught as the ship.
ie: CB = ÷ (L x B x T)
The LPP is normally used in calculating the value of CB which varies with
the type of ship.

Fast ships
0.50-0.65 (fine form)
Ordinary ships
0.65-0.75 (moderate form)
Slow ships
0.75-0.85 (full form)
Camber or round of This is the transverse curvature given to the decks, and is measured by
beam the difference between the heights of the deck at side and centre. The
amount of camber amidships is often one-fiftieth of the beam of the ship.
Coefficients of Form is used as a general term to describe the shape of the ship's hull;
form and when comparing one ship's form with another, the naval architect
makes use of a number of coefficients. These coefficients are of great use
in power, stability, strength and design calculations. Examples are Cb,
Cp, Cw etc.
Centre of flotation This is the centre of the area, or centroid, of the water-plane of a ship.
(F) For small angles of trim consecutive water-lines pass through F. The
location is normally on the centerline and longitudinally the distance
from AP or amidships is referred to as LCF
Centre of buoyancy This is the centroid of the underwater form of a ship, and is the point
(B) through which the total force of buoyancy may be assumed to act. Its
position is defined by:
(a) KB the vertical distance above the base, sometimes referred to as VCB
(b) LCB the longitudinal distance measured either from amidships or AP
or FP.
Centre of gravity This is the point through which the total weight of the ship may be
(G) assumed to act. It also is defined by:
(a) KG the vertical distance above the base
(b) LCG the longitudinal distance measured either from amidships or AP
or FP

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Naval Architecture Notes

CP Prismatic coefficient, CP =
AM x L

Depth (D) This is the vertical distance between the base line and the top of the
uppermost continuous deck measured at the side amidships.
Draught (T) This is the depth of immersion from the keel to any waterline.
Displacement This equals the volume ( ) or weight ( ) of water displaced by the hull.
Displacement as a This is volume of water displaced by the ship. It can be imagined as the
volume ( ) volume of the hole in the water occupied by the ship measured in cubic
metres.
Displacement as a This is the weight of water displaced by the ship. It equals the volume
weight ( ) displaced multiplied by a constant representing the density of water, ie:
In fresh water = x 1000 kg/m³
In sea water = x 1025 kg/m³
Weight (or mass) displacement equals the total weight of the ship when
the ship is at rest in equilibrium in still water.
Deadweight This is the difference between the weight displacement and the lightship
weight. This is the measure of a ship's capacity to carry cargo, fuel,
passengers, stores, etc, expressed in tonnes. The size of tankers is often
given in terms of deadweight tonnage, which is the design deadweight.
Ships are usually chartered on the deadweight tonnage.
Displacement This represents the designed total weight of the ship. It is the sum of
tonnage lightship weight and deadweight. The size of warshipsand government
ships is always given in terms of displacement tonnage.
Entrance and run These are the shaped underwater portions of the ship forward and aft of
the parallel middle body.
Forward This is represented by a line which is perpendicular to the intersection of
perpendicular (FP) the designed load water-line with the forward side of the stem.
This may be considered to be the height amidships, of the freeboard deck
Freeboard
at side above the normal summer load water-line.
GML Longitudinal metacentric height measured from centre of gravity
GMT Transverse metacentric height measured from centre of gravity
Gross tonnage This is a measure of the total volume of enclosed spaces in a ship
(GRT) including the under-deck, 'tween-deck spaces and enclosed spaces
above the upper deck. The size of most ordinary merchant ships is
quoted in terms of gross tonnage. Although it unit is tons, it must be
remembered that it is a measure of volume, not weight. 1 ton = 100 ft3.
Heel () This is the amount of inclination of the ship in the transverse direction,
and is usually measured in degrees.
IL Longitudinal moment of inertia of waterplane about amidship
ILCF Longitudinal moment of inertia of waterplane about F
IT Transverse moment of inertia of waterplane about centreline
KML Height of longitudinal metacentre above keel line
KMT Height of transverse metacentre above keel line
Length between This is the horizontal distance between the forward and after
perpendiculars (LPP) perpendiculars.
Length on the This is the length, as measured on the water-line of the ship when
designed load floating in still water in the loaded, or designed, condition.
water-line (LWL)
Length overall (LOA) This is the length measured from the extreme point forward to the

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Naval Architecture Notes

extreme point aft.


Lightship weight This equals the weight of an empty ship i.e. a ship without load. It is
fully equipped and ready to proceed to sea, but with no crew, passengers,
stores, fuel, water, or cargo on board. The boiler or boilers, however, are
filled with water to their working level.
MCT1CM Moment to change trim 1 cm, MCT1CM = GML  BML = pIL
100 L 100L 100L
Midship section This is the transverse section of the ship amidships.
Base line This represents the lowest extremity of the ship. At the point where this
line cuts the midship section a horizontal line is drawn, and it is this line
which acts as the datum, or base line, for all hydrostatic calculations.
Normally, this is the underside of keel.
Midship section This is the ratio of the immersed area of the midship section to the area
area coefficient(CM) of the circumscribing rectangle having a breadth equal to the breadth of
the ship and a depth equal to the draught.
ie: CM = AM ÷ (B x T)
CM values range from about 0.85 for fast ships to 0.99 for slow ships.
Net or register This represents the tonnage of a ship after certain approved deductions,
tonnage ie nonfreight earning spaces, have been made from gross tonnage. A
register ton represents 100 cubic feet of volume.
Parallel middle This is the length over which the midship section remains unchanged.
body (LP)
Prismatic This is the ratio of the volume of displacement of the ship to the volume
coefficient (CP) of the circumscribing solid having a constant section equal to the
immersed midship section area AM, and a length equal to the LPP
i.e. CP = ÷ (AM x L)
The Cp is a measure of the longitudinal distribution of displacement of
the ship, and its value ranges from about 0.55 for fine ships to 0.85 for
full ships.
Rise of floor This is the amount by which the line of the outer bottom plating
amidships rises above the base line, when continued to the moulded
breadth lines at each side.
Sheer This is the curvature given to the decks in the longitudinal direction, and
is measured at any point by the difference between the height at side at
that point and the height at side amidships.
This is the difference between the draughts forward and aft. If the
Trim draught forward is greater than the draught aft it is called trim by the
head, or bow. If the draught aft is greater, it is called trim by the stern.
This is the amount by which the midship section falls in from the half-
Tumble-home
breadth line at any particular depth.
Tonnes per This is the mass which must be added to, or deducted from, a ship in
centimetre (TPC) order to change its mean draught by 1 cm.
Water-plane area This is the ratio of the area of the water-plane to the area of the
coefficient(CWP) circumscribing rectangle having a length equal to the LPP and a breadth
equal to B.
ie: CWP = AW ÷ (L x B)
The range of values is from about 0.70 for a fine ship to 0.90 for a full
ship.

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Naval Architecture Notes

Courtesy http://www.dynagen.co.za/eugene/hulls/terms.html

Exercise:

Visit these websites and get acquainted with more ship terms:
1. http://www.midwestconnection.com/glshpng/glossary.htm
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/18008262/Ship-Terms-Glossary
3. http://cruises.about.com/od/cruiseglossary/Cruise_Ship_and_Na
utical_Term_Glossary.htm
4. http://www.islandregister.com/terms.html
5. http://phrontistery.info/nautical.html

© Omar bin Yaakob, July 2008 8

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