CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

This chapter comprises the background of the microwave communication system
design. It species detailed information regarding the locations or sites chosen for
the budget link design, the problems encountered, the expected goals for making
the design, both general and specific, the overall scope of the project with its
noted delimitations, and some defined terms related in this topic.

1.1 Introduction
As the world changes and develops, communications and technology
develops at the same time. People exchange information from time to time.
Communications has been having an effect on humanity and the quality of life and
technology just keeps getting more and more advanced, which makes life easier
today. This exchange of information makes every person rely on technology to
channel their message which is becoming a preferred method between individuals.
This method which comprises of exchanging information through technical means
can create additional advantages uncommon in face-to-face interactions. People
communicate through cellphones, computers and other electronic devices.

The evolving technology makes communication possible among the

mentioned communication devices. Antennas such as microwave antennas makes
the communication through these devices possible. In other words, microwave
antenna is a physical transmission device used to broadcast microwave
transmissions between two or more locations.

In definition, Microwave are a form of electromagnetic radiation with

wavelengths ranging about one meter to one millimeter. In the electromagnetic
spectrum, the frequency it occupy is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Microwaves travel
by line-of-sight unlike lower frequency radio waves. They do not diffract around
hills, follow the earth's surface as ground waves, or reflect from the ionosphere. It
uses microwaves signals and allow other communications like earth-to-space and
space-to-earth communications because its signals were not absorbed by the
ionosphere.

Accordingly, considering the concept of Microwave Communications, the

proponents were tasked to design a Microwave link design. Microwave link design
is a systematic process of designing a point-to-point microwave link using line of
sight communication by methodically calculating selection of antenna locations
and other parameters that will be used in the design. Such parameters are the
SNR or Signal-to-Noise Ratio which ensure the accurate capability of transporting
signal of the Microwave Antenna, the bandwidth throughput, Bit Error Rate and
link availability. Additionally, other parameters are also computed to ensure a more
capable link design such as frequency selection, calculation of line of sight, path
loss, interference and fading. In order to achieve the design, the proponents must
ensure an accurate computation.

1.2 Background of the Budget Link Design

When planning an RF (radiofrequency) telemetry link. One begins with
determining the transmitter and receiver antenna and the location of these
antennas. A report or detailed summary of gains and losses that have been laid
out between the transmitter and the receiver is defined as the link budget. In
order to ensure an efficient and reliable point-to-point microwave
communications system, there are major parameters that should be given into
consideration – not only the distance and obstructions between the receiver and
the transmitter, but also the geographical, economical and even the
meteorological properties of their locations.
 Figure 1. Location Map of Tarlac and Rizal Nueva Ecija

The picture above is the location map of Tarlac and Rizal, Nueva Ecija having a
distance of approximately 57.39 kilometers or 35.660493 miles.

Figure 2. Transmitter Tower Location in Tarlac City

The transmitter location is located near the heart of the bustling city of Tarlac.
This would provide ample power and electrical necessities to power the
transmitter. Moreover, the chosen location has enough distance away from the
nearest residential area making it more suitable for the construction of a tower.

Figure 3. Receiver Tower Location in Rizal, Nueva Ecija

The receiver location is located where there is an ample distance away
from the the residential area while also not being so far away from the utility
facilities of the city that would provide various necessities to make the receiver
function. The chosen receiver location would be beneficial since the said
location is one of the fastest developing municipalities in the Philippines. By
constructing a receiver there, it would be a great pedestal to launch the
municipality into greater opportunities for successive development. The said
tower would also improve the existing communication systems in the area, thus
improving quality of life and allowing the municipality to achieve better economic
growth.
Radio Path Profiling
LOCATION PROFILE : Tarlac City, Tarlac

Officially known as the City of

Tarlac, Tarlac is classified as a 1st class
city and considered as the capital of the
province of Tarlac, Philippines. With its
population reaching a a total of 342, 493
people last 2015, it is considered as one of
the bustling and most active city in
demographics in the Central Area of the
Philippines. Correspondingly, the area is
one of the central hubs in the region and is
considerably classified as a highly
urbanized city.

Geographical-wise, the position of

the city is located at the heart of the
Province of Tarlac. Over to the north, the
municipalities of Gerona and Santa Ignacia
are located. Meanwhile its western borders
is bounded by San Jose. Tarlac’s East side
is positioned adjacent to Victoria and La
Paz. While it shares borders with Capas
and Conception over to its south. The city
also houses the famous Tarlac River which
is one of the recognizable waterways in the
country. The overall distance away from
the Capital, Manila is is 124 kilometers
(77 mi)
 Figure 4: Seal of Tarlac City and Tarlac Province

History
Way back in its history, Tarlac’s first inhabitans were rulers and villagers who
migrated from Bacolor, Pampanga. They eventually resided and build a small
village located in the area which is presently Tarlac City. In the formal history, the
area was included in the record books to be formally founded during the year 1788.
The community with a small number of inhabitants quickly developed and rapidly
grew due to the increase of immigrants coming from from Zambales, Pampanga,
Bataan and elsewhere who wish to flock into the settlement. Through the diaspora
of immigrants, the city became a multicultural location as it became the melting pot
of different lives and cultural backgrounds including the distinct groups of the
Ilocanos, the Kapampangans, the Pangasinenses and the Tagalogs. Concerning
its mother tounge, the Pampanga dialect was eventually hailed as the native
language of the area asi it was highly influenced by the Kapampangans during the
foundation years of the city. As modernization took place, establishments such as
roads were built and high rise structures were built through common effrots of
public and private entities. Since 1788, they are continually developed and rose to
the top as it became the nucleus and central district of Tarlac province. Although,
the city has had past troubles and dillemas concerning environmental disaster e
course of its existence, including those precipitated by earthquakes, cholera and
other epidemics, great fires, devastating floods and similar calamities. Through
the time of progress, Tarlac has been able to withstand hardships such as internal
conflicts, economic crisis, wars and other political issues in order to re-emerge and
position themselves as a strong and eager city that meets the challenges of
tomorrow.

Geography and Topography

Figure 5: Map of Tarlac City

Tarlac is one of the innermost provinces in the country. It is considered as
a landlocked province located within the central plains of the Luzon region of the
Philippines. The province is situated in the heartland of Luzon. It shares borders
with Pangasinan in the north, Nueva Ecija in the East, Zambales in the west and
Pampanga in the southern side.

The province constitutes three congressional districts and is subdivided into

17 municipality. One municipality is the Tarlac City, which is defined as its
provincial capital. The entire province covers a land area of 3053.45 km 2
Geographical-wise, the position of Tarlac City is located at the heart of the
Province of Tarlac. Over to the north, the municipalities of Gerona and Santa
Ignacia are located. Meanwhile its western borders is bounded by San Jose.
Tarlac’s East side is positioned adjacent to Victoria and La Paz. While it shares
borders with Capas and Conception over to its south. The city also houses the
famous Tarlac River which is one of the recognizable waterways in the country.
The overall distance away from the Capital, Manila is is 124 kilometers (77 mi).
Considering its elevation, Tarlac City is estimated to be 24 meters above sea level
on some parts with the western parts reaching heights of 50 meters above sea
level. The high elevation on some parts of Tarlac City was historically claimed to
be caused by the few portions of land added through the eruptions of the nearby
volcano famously known as Mount Pinatubo.

Figure 6: Topographical Map of Tarlac City

The figure above shows the topographical map of Tarlac City t is clearly
shown in the map that at the west area of Tarlac is where the higher elevation of
land is located while the eastern part is where significant drop in elevation is
observed. The colour illustrated in the map indicates the elevation level of the area.
 Demography
Figure 7: Population Census (Tarlac)
The population of Tarlac City in
the 2015 census was 342 493
people,with a density of 450
inhabitants per square kilometre or
1,200 inhabitants per square mile.

The predominant ethnic groups are

the Kapampangans that mainly
predominate the southern portion of
the province and the Pangasinans
that mainly predominate the northern
portion of the province.

With regards to demographics of

male and female, the male
population has roughly a 20,000
advantage over the female
population. When considering age
groups, the labor force consisting of
ages 15-64 dominate the population
with roughly 800, 000 coming from
that group. 400,000 are classified
under ages 0-14 and a rough
amount of 76,000 are regarded as
65 years and above.

Figure 8: Population Distribution (Tarlac)

Economic Growth

Tarlac is considered as an agricultural city as its economy has its backbone

predominantly dependent on agriculture. Having said so, the city is among the
largest producers of both rice and sugarcane in regions comprising Central Luzon.
Other than the staple crops, Tarlac is also one of the productive cites that
produces other agricultural products such as corn and coconuts, vegetables
namely: garlic and onions, and fruit trees in the variety of mangoes, bananas and
calamansi.

Its water resources are quite limited since the city is bounded by land on all
sides. Due to this handicap, its fish resources are solely limited to the production
of its fishponds and river systems. For its lumber resource, Tarlac primarily tap to
its boundary in the west with Zambales which provides timber for the logging
industry. Mineral reserves such as manganese and iron can also be found along
the western section.

For its cottage industries, the city boasts its ceramic production. It has
become well-known that the city is able to supply abundant amounts of clay. Other
industries in the location involve food processing of Chicharon, Iniruban and other
sugar products.

Figure 9. Gross Sales of Registered Firms of Tarlac

 120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%

2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015

Gross Sales of Registered Firms

Figure 10. Graph of the Gross Sales of Registered Firms of Tarlac

The graph and data above (Figure 9 and 10) show that in year 2013-2014, there
is a little increase in the gross sales of registered firms. However, in year 2014-
2015, the increase in sales is almost half. Thus, the growth of local economy in
Tarlac is improving every year.
 Figure 11. Graph of the Gross Sales of Registered Firms of Tarlac

Based from the latest statistics given, the annual regular revenue of Tarlac
for the fiscal year of 2016 was ₱1,600,062,482.13 according to the Bureau of Local
Government Finance. Despite of decrease in the annual regular income of Tarlac
in the year 2015 to 2016, it can be considered that the city is greatly developing
due to its responsiveness in its annual regular income.
Climate

Figure 12. Average temperature and precipitaion of Tarlac City

The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) is a depiction of the maximum
temperature of an average day for every month for Tarlac City. On the other hand,
the "mean daily minimum" (solid blue line) is a depiction referring to the average
minimum temperature. Based from graph interpretation, Tarlac City's temperature
is mostly hot as it ranges in the high 28-30 degrees Celcius

FIgure 13. Cloudy, Sunny and Precipitation Days of Tarlac City

The graph shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and
precipitation days. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are considered as sunny,
with 20-80% cloud cover as partly cloudy and with more than 80% as overcast.

Figure 14. Average temperature and precipitaion of Tarlac City

Gauging from the figure, Tarlac City's temperature most of the year is sunny. The
maximum temperature diagram for Tarlac City displays how many days per month
reach certain temperatures. The warmest month of the year is April which can a
temperature up to 35 degrees celsius.
LOCATION PROFILE : Rizal, Nueva Ecija

Considered as Nueva Elias’s most

promising municipality, Rizal is
considered as one of the fastest growing
economy in the Region. Rizal is hailed
as a 2nd class municipality in the
province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Being one of the trendiest localities in
the Philippines when it comes to growth,
it has placed inside the top 15 for most
promising growth in the Philippines
in recent years and is expected to rise
even more given the developments
being launched in the area.

Generally, the municipality has a

population of 64,087 people. For its
coordinates, the municipal center of
Rizal is situated at approximately
15° 43' North, 121° 6' East, in the island
of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates
is estimated at 90.5 meters or 296.7 feet
above mean sea level. Rizal is politically
subdivided into 26 barangays.
 Among the provinces in the region of
Central Luzon, Nueva Ecija bounds the
largest geographic area accounting as
one of the largest province in the county.
Given this fact, the province naturally
produces the largest stockpile of main
grain including rice. As a matter of fact,
the said province is the biggest producer
of the rice crop not only in the region but
in the whole country.
Given its capability to produce rice, the
area has been dubbed as the “Rice Bowl
of the Philippines.”

Figure 15. Seal of Nueva Ecija

Short History
In its history, it was known that two factions were the first to inhabit the area of
Rizal. The larger group group belonged to an entire clan of pioneer-settlers who
were from the North. This group belonged to the faction of the Ilocanos. On the
other hand, the second group who settled in the area years after the settlement of
the first faction belonged to a different tribes having different lingual styles. These
two factions then considered and merged to form a new community, originally
called Bunobon after the bunobon seedlings that thrived in the soil. The area in
which these seedlings sprouted became under the jurisdiction of Bongabon or now
known as Rizal municipality.
 During the event of the Second World War, Japanese Imperial forces occupied
and forced their way into entering the town in Rizal in 1942. 3 years after, the
combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops including the local
various recognized guerrillas and Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas fought their
way back to gain the much needed independence and liberty of the town, The
combined forces were able to manage to defeat the Japanese Imperial forces and
eventually have a conclusion to the Second World War. After the war, most
inhabitants regained their pride and established business concerning agriculture.

As the20th century came to be, various barangays were formed through the
collective effrot of the local government. As time progresses, more and more
people become part of the community and a larger group of work force has yield
to a productive environment for the municipality of Rizal. Throughout its history,
only continual progress has defined the state and motto for this particular area.

Demographics

FIGURE 16. Population by age Group

According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in
Rizal is 5 to 9, with 6,388 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest
population is 80 and over, with 640 individuals.

FIGURE 17. Historical Population

The population of Rizal grew from 19,447 in 1960 to 64,087 in 2015, an increase
of 44,640 people. The latest census figures in 2015 denote a positive growth
rate of 2.21%, or an increase of 6,942 people, from the previous population of
57,145 in 2010.
Climate
Figure 18 Climate Weather Graph By Month in Rizal

Rizal is classified to
have a tropical climate.
It experiences
significant rainfall for
most months with a
season of months
having a short dry
season. The average
annual temperature in
the municipality is at
26.8 °C and the average
rainfall is at 1971 mm. The driest month is said to be January, with 28 mm of rainfall
while August has the highest precipitation at an average of 330 mm.

The warmest month of

the year is May, with an
average temperature of
28.6 °C. At 24.8 °C on
average, January is the
coldest month of the
year. Statistically, the
remaining months have
the average of 26.7 °C.
Figure 19 Temperature Calendar in Rizal
Geography and Topography
In the past few years, the land of Rizal (Nueva Ecija) is a part of the
largest city in central Luzon alone, covering a total area of 120.55 square
kilometres. It is the second district of Nueva Ecija and has 26 barangays. The
terrain of Nueca Ecija begins with the south-western marshes near the
Pampanga border. It levels off and then gradually increases in elevation to
rolling hills as it approaches the mountains of Sierra Madre in the east, and the
Caraballo and Cordillera Central ranges in the north. Nueva Ecija is bordered
on the northeast by Nueva Vizcaya, east by Aurora, south by Bulacan,
southwest by Pampanga, west by Tarlac, and northwest by Pangasinan.

Figure 20. Topographical Map of Rizal, Nueva Ecija

As seen from the topographical map, Rizal is surrounded by cities mostly

on flat ground. Looking farther from the map, one will see a rising slope on its
northeastern part of the city. Also, there are also elevated ground on its
northwestern and eastern part. These elevations may affect the point-to-point
transmission to receiver devices that will be covered by its height.

Economy
When it comes to economy, Rizal Nueva Ecija boasts its pride as one of the most
promising and fastest growing economy in the Region. Despite being ranked as a
2nd class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines, it is still one of
the upcoming municipalities when it comes to growth. In relation, it has placed
inside the top 15 for most promising growth in the Philippines in recent years and
is expected to rise even more given the developments being launched in the area.

Rizal’s primary source for development comes from the agricultural sector as it has
about 15% of the rice fields in the whole of Nueva Ecija province. Through this
abundance of resource, its is able to position itself to invest and develop other
areas in its economy.

According to the Bureau of Local Government Finance, the annual regular

revenue of Rizal for the fiscal year of 2016 was ₱129,659,693.25.

FIGURE 21 Economic Growth of Rizal

1.3 Statement of the Problem
Communication is the process of passing information from one person to
another. Communication brings people together. Moreover, it bridges the gap
between individuals and groups through flow of information. Building a microwave
communication system helps to lessen the gap between provinces that are too far
from civilization. Also, it helps to spread knowledge and information among the
people.

In this project, the members decided to design a point-to-point microwave

communication system between Rizal - San Jose City Rd, Rizal, Nueva Ecija and
Tarlac City, Tarlac Philippines. This project aims to provide TV network reception
for the two chosen provinces. Having a TV network reception enables effective
calls for action during humanitarian crises, natural disasters and social
emergencies.

1.4 Objectives of the Budget Link Design

The main objective of this project is to design a Point-to-Point Microwave

communication system from Rizal, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac, Tarlac City.
Specifically the design project aims to:
:
1. Identify the location where to deploy the transmitter and receiver
considering the following criteria:
a. accessible
b. has line-of-sight clearance for transmission
c. at least 30-mile distance in-between, but not more than 40 miles
d. has nearby power source
e. has good economic progress
 2. Identify the frequency to be used by the system based on
the CCIR Recommendation 384-4
3. To arrive in an acceptable percentage of reliability which is 99.9999%
4. To solve and plot the critical points along the link budget
5. To determine the appropriate equipment to be used for the microwave
system.

1.5 Scope and Delimitations

The Point-to-point Microwave Communication System project design
serves to establish a connection between Rizal, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac City,
Tarlac. Relatively, the proponents designed the Microwave Communication
System to further appreciate the theories behind the microwave towers
introduced by some of the telecommunication companies in the country.
Certain parameter computations and related studies are based on the
regulation and standards by the CIR recommendations.

The scope of the study contains the significant information that needs
to be explored for the communication system (Point-to-point Microwave
Communication) designed by the group. This includes the following :
 Analysis of the parameters to accurately deliberate and state characteristics
that affects the nature and behavior of the Point-to-Point Microwave
Communication System.
 Suitable equipment for the designed communication system, towers,
antennas, and, connection links
 Topographic characteristics of the sites and where both towers are mounted
on an existing structure.
 Despite having only researched based data and analysis of the
Microwave Communications, the proponents also computed for some
parameters based on disquisition and analysis. Moreover, the design site is
assumed to be suitable to the ideal microwave communication tower.

Scope and Delimitations of the Budget Link Design

Mainly, the purpose of the study is to establish the best route for linking and
to design a suitable microwave communication system from Tarlac City,Tarlac to
Rizal Nueva Ecija. The scope of the budget link is from Tarlac City, Tarlac to Rizal,
Nueva Ecija. Certain parameters such as geography, topography, and
demography of the locations were verified to identify specific obstructions with their
characteristics that can greatly affect the reliability and fidelity of the microwave
communication system. The design is limited only to the said locations with a
distance of approximately 57.39km. The design is only applicable in the
considered obstructions. Also, the project is only limited for design and not for the
implementation and installation of the antenna. Relatively, since the design will
not be implemented, the design cost could not be estimated.

1.6 Definition of Terms

TERM DEFINITION
Antenna - is one of the types of transducer that converts
radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating
current (AC) or vice versa. It is classified as a
 conductor where electromagnetic waves are
transmitted or received.

Antenna Efficiency -defined as the quotient of the power delivered

to the antenna relative to the power radiated
from the antenna. It may also be expressed as
a ratio between radiation resistance and total
antenna resistance.
Antenna Gain -may defined as ratio of power produced by
antenna to the power produced by a hypothetical
lossless isotropic antenna.
Antenna Polarization -refers simply to the orientation of the electric
field radiated from it.
Attenuation -refers to a regression in the efficiency of the
signal. Sometimes called loss, attenuation is a
natural consequence of signal transmission
over long distances.
Bandwidth -a specific range of frequencies or wavelengths.
It is also defined as the amount of data that can
be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
Bandwidth Throughput -refers to the actual amount of data transferred
per second and is expressed by bits per second
Baseband -it refers to the original frequency range of a
transmission signal before it is converted, or
modulated, to a different frequency range.
 Beamwidth -refers to the angle in between the half-power (-
3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced
to the peak effective radiated power of the main
lobe.
Calculating Capacity -the specific required capacity of a point to point
microwave link As this quantity increases, a
higher SNR will be needed thus translating to
stronger equipment and antennas.
Decibel -a unit for describing or measuring sound level,
it is also widely used in electronics, signals and
communication.
Demodulation -it is the process of detecting or extracting the
original information coming from a carrier wave.
It refers to the reverse process of modulation
and is processed mainly in the receiver
Effective Radiated Power -translates to equivalent power that an isotropic
antenna would need to radiate to achieve power
density in the chosen direction at a given point
as another antenna.
Efficiency -is primarily a ratio of useful output and total
effective input. It is a measure of determining
productivity.
Electric Field -it is the electric force per unit charge. It is a
region around a charged particle or object
within which force would be exerted on other
charged particles or objects. The field
associated with voltage.
Electromagnetic Wave -it is the wave which is responsible for
transmitting energy in the form various waves.
Equivalent Isotropic - the product of transmitter power and the
Radiated Power (EIRP) antenna gain in a given direction relative to an
isotropic antenna of a radio transmitter.
Normally, it is given in dBi, or decibels over
isotropic.
Elevation of a -defined as the altitude of a location with
Geographical Location reference over a fixed point. This frequently
related to the elevation corresponding to the
mean at sea level.
Fade Margin -it refers to a quantity that is basically the
margin of allowance that will still provide a
sufficient system gain or sensitivity to
accommodate expected fading, while having a
considerable level of quality
Fading. -refers to the variation or the attenuation of a
signal with respect to varying variables
including location, radio frequency and time.
Free space path loss -refers to the loss or attenuation of the signal’s
strength.
Frequency -the rate at which something is repeated over a
particular period of time or in a given sample.
Fresnel Zone -this zone consists of a series of concentric
ellipsoidal regions of alternating double strength
and half strength volumes of a wave's
propagation, caused by a wave following
 multiple paths as it passes by an object and is
partially refracted by it, resulting in constructive
and destructive interference as the different
length paths go in and out of phase.
Interference -is defined as any form or entity that may induce,
modifies, or disrupt a particular baseband
information as it propagate along a medium
between a source and a receiver.
Isotropic Radiator -is an omnidirectional radiator of
electromagnetic or sound waves which radiated
in equal intensity.
Latitude -a coordinate which is measured as the angular
distance with reference to the north or south
from the equator, measured on the meridian of
the point.
Line of Sight Propagation -is a type of wave propagation wherein a direct
or straight line path is established from souce to
an intended receiver. It is one the characteristic
of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave.
Link Budget -it is the detailed report of the accounting of all
of the gains and losses in the communication
system. The gains and losses from the
transmitter, through the medium and to the
receiver in a telecommunication system are
accounted for. It details the amount of
attenuation of the transmitted signal due to
 propagation, in addition to possible antenna
gains, feedline and miscellaneous losses.
Longitude -refers to the angle measurement of distance
form east or west on the earth's surface,
primarily computed by determining the angle
contained between the meridian of a particular
place and the Earth’s prime meridian.
Magnetic Field - defined as an area or field produced around a
certain magnetic object or by an object having
flow of charges/ current within which the force
of magnetism acts.
Microwaves -defined as the electromagnetic waves ranging
form 300 MHz to 300Ghz. They are a form of
electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths
within the range of one meter to one millimeter.
Microwave -this is a type of communication system that
Communication System utilizes electromagnetic waves under the
microwave frequency to propagate the needed
information. This system is commonly used in
multicast propagation.
Microwave Link Design -a designing process which includes the
systematic approach of calculating, analysing
and accounting for gains, losses, fading and
other frequency planning to be able to come up
with a plan for a microwave communication
system .
 Multipath Fading -is defined as the most common type of fading
under the Line-of-sight radio link.
Parabolic Reflector -an object which primarily provides effective gain
Antenna and an extremely high directivity. This type of
antenna is most commonly used in the
application for microwave radio and satellite
communication links.
Path Profile - this report aids the designer to be able to
determine the needed height for the antenna for
the ends of each link. The report indicates
whether possible obstruction may hinder the
propagation losses from radio phenomena,
such as multipath reflections.
Radio waves - is defined as a form of electromagnetic
radiation commonly applied in communication
systems including radios, cellular and television
broadcast.
Receiver - is one of the basic elements of a
communication system which functions as the
one who receives or accepts the transmitted
data. The receiver also converts the received
signals back into their original form.
Receiver Sensitivity -is a parameter which measures the weakest
RF signal level measured in negative dBm. A
radio would need this parameter to know how to
demodulate segments of data without errors
 Signal to Noise Ratio -a parameter which indicates and measures the
(SNR) strength of signal compared to the noise level
detected for that particular frequency used. It is
measured in and should be at least 20 dB in
value.
Terrain -refers to an area of land which considers its
physical features including the slope and other
defining characteristics .
Transceiver -a hybrid device which is both capable of
transmitting and receiving signals
simultaneously.
Transmitter -one of the basic elements of a communication
system that is able to transmit or send signals
to a transmission medium to be able to be sent
to an intended receiver. It is also responsible for
converting baseband information into a data
unit that is in a form that will be compatible for
transmission.
Waveguides -is a form of device or structure that intends to
act as guide or conduit to forms of waves such
as electromagnetic waves in order to minimize
losses.

Table1: Definition of Terms