Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

Cambridge Institute of Technology, North Campus,

73, Linga Dheera Golla Halli, Off Int’l Airport Road, Kundana, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562110

MANUAL

Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

For

I/II Semester Engineering students of VTU

Prepared Jointly by

Dr.Muralidhara.V
Prof of EEE, BNMIT, Bangalore
&
Dr. Shanthi Prasad.M.J.
Prof of ECE, CIT-NC, Bangalore

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 Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE LABORATORY

• Main switch must be switched-OFF while making any connections.

• Do not touch any live terminals.
• Get the Circuit diagram approved by the faculty before making connections.
• Circuit connections should be checked & approved by the faculty before
switching on the power.
• Keep your Experimental Set-up neat and tidy.
• Check the polarities of meters and supplies while making connections.
• Use Digital Multimeter for measuring the voltages
• Do not use joints for connection of wire.
• Avoid loose connections. Loose connections lead to heavy sparking &
damage the equipments as well as danger for the human life.
• For making perfect experiment connections & avoiding confusions follow
proper colour coding connections strictly. Red colour wires should be used
for positive connections (Line in case of AC) while black colour wires to be
used for negative connections (Neutral in case of AC).

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Experiment No.1:Verification of Kirchhoff's Laws.

Aim:
(i). To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law for the given circuit.
(ii). To verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. Name of the Equipment Range Qty
No
1 Regulated DC Power Supply 0-12 V 1 No
2 Ammeter (Digital) 0-2000 mA 3 Nos
3 Voltmeter (Digital Multimeter) 0-30V 1 No
3 Resistors 22 ῼ,25W 1 No
5 ῼ,25 W 1 No
10 ῼ,25W 1 No
2.2 ῼ,25W 1 No
4 Suitable Connecting Wires

Theory: Kirchhoff’s laws are basic analytical tools in order to obtain the solutions of currents
and voltages for any electric circuit when it is supplied from a direct-current or an alternating
current.
(i) Statement of Kirchhoff’s Current Law :Kirchhoff's current law states that at any instant
the algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a junction in a circuit is zero.
In other words the sum of currents flowing away from the junction is equal to the sum of
currents flowing towards that junction. That is the current entering the node is equal to the sum
of the currents leaving the node. ΣIjunction=0
(ii) Statement of Kirchhoff's Voltage law: The algebraic sum of all the potentials/voltages
acting around a closed loop is zero. That is the sum of the voltage around a closed loop is zero.
OR the supply voltage should be equal to the sum of the drops across the resistor/impedance.
ΣVloop=0
PROCEEDURE
In the given board, make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Care should ,be
taken to connect the polarities of the meters are as per the circuit diagram. Power supply is
adjusted for 8V and the readings of the ammeters and voltmeters are entered in the tabular
column. Use the digital multimeter to measure the voltages V1, V2 & V3.

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Circuit Diagram for verifying Kirchoffs current & voltage law

TABULAR COLUMN Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Sl. Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter I1= I2 +I3

No Reading in (V) Reading (I1) in Reading (I2) Reading (I3) in (mA)
(mA) in (mA) in (mA)
1 8
2 10
3 12

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Sl Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter V=V1+V2

No Reading in reading in Reading in reading in V2=V3+V4
volts (V) volts(V1) volts(V2) volts (V3)
1 8
2 10
3 12

Repeat the experiment by varying DC voltage to 6V & also for 8V from the power supply. Same
set of experiments can be done for different values of Resistors R1, R2 & R3. Theoretical
calculations has to be done and should be verified with the experimental values.

Resistors of different types, such as, carbon resistors, wire wound, potentiometers and also of
different wattages, such as, 1/8 w, 1/4w, 1/2w should be demonstrated. Color coding of the
different values of resistors should be demonstrated.

Result: For the given DC circuit the KCL and KVL is verified.

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC

1:Verification of Kirchhoff's Laws.

Circuit Diagram Board fabricated at CIT-NC

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:
Provisions have been made
1) To connect any values of resistors R1, R2 & R3.
2) Meters are of the latest version, Digital type Moving coil ammeters of range 0– 250 mA
3) Power supply is variable from 0 – 12V DC
4) Digital Multimeter will be provided one for each experiment and can be used to measure
voltages V1, V2 & V3.

One set of Readings

Sl. Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter I1= I2 +I3
No Reading in (V) Reading (I1) in Reading (I2) Reading (I3) in (mA)
(mA) in (mA) in (mA)
1 8
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Sl Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter V=V1+V2

No Reading in reading in Reading in reading in V2=V3+V4
volts (V) volts(V1) volts(V2) volts (V3)
1 8

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Experiment No.2: Measurement of current, power and power factor of incandescent

lamp, Fluorescent lamp, and LED lamp.

Aim: To measure the current, power and power factor of:

(i) Incandescent lamp
(ii) Fluorescent lamp
(iii) LED lamp.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. Name of the Equipment Range Qty
No
1 Ammeter (MI) 0-1/2 A 1 No
2 Voltmeter (MI) 0-300 V 1 No
3 Wattmeter 0-250V,1/2A, LPF 1 No
4 Incandescent Lamp - 1 No
5 LED Lamp - 1 No
6 Fluorescent Lamp with choke - 1 No
and starter

Theory:
P= Power in Watts, I = Current through the load in Ampere, and V= Voltage across the load in
volts. Cosφ= Power factor of the between load.
Fluorescent Lamp
The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame. The
length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 120 cm and 60 cm; its power rating is 28 W at
230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is switched on, the
current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one or two seconds, the
starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high voltage surge across the
two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces bright light.The
typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several
times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output.
Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent lamp is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that
it glows with visible light (incandescence). The filament is protected from oxidation with a glass
or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or a vacuum. Incandescent bulbs are
manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about
300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and
work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent
bulb is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table
lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such
as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps(CFL), cold cathode fluorescent
lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED).

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Flourescent lamp

LED Lamp
LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces light using light-emitting
diode (LED). LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater
than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamp.

Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Power and Power Factor of Incandescent lamp
Procedure:
One line of the KEB 230V supply is connected in series to the Current coil of the Wattmeter and
Ammeter to one terminal of the incandescent lamp, as per the circuit diagram. Other end is
connected to other line of KEB supply. Starter supplies the electrons between the filaments of the
fluorescent lamp. Ammeter, current coil of the wattmeter and choke are connected in series.
230V AC supply is connected. The digital multimeter should be used to measure the voltage
across the supply voltage. The readings of the Voltmeter, Ammeter and the Wattmeter are
entered in the tabular column.
𝑊
Power factor, Cosφ is calculated by using the formula 𝐶𝑜𝑠φ= 𝑉𝐼
Step by step proceedure
1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings in tabular column.
4. In order to improve the power factor a suitable capacitor is connected across the lamp set.
Connect the Capacitor C in Parallel. Enter the readings in to the tabular column. Repeat
the experiment for one more capacitor in parallel
5. Power factor is calculated

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TABULAR COLUMN

Sl.no. I V W Cosφ Remarks

1 Measurement of current,
power, and power factor
2 of incandascent lamp is
thus determined

LED lamp
Circuit is same as that of incandescent lamp. LED lamp is inserted in place of incandescent lamp.
Experiment is repeated by replacing LED lamps of different wattage

Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Power and Power Factor of LED

Repeat the experiment for incandascent lamp & LED

TABULAR COLUMN
Sl.no. I V W Cosφ Remarks
1 Measurement
of current,
power, and
2 power factor
of LED lamp
is thus
3
determined

Results: Thus the current, power and power factor of incandescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp,
and LED lamp

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC

2) Measurement of current, power and power factor of incandescent lamp, Fluorescent

lamp, and LED lamp.

Circuit Diagram, Fluorescent lamp Circuit Diagram, and incandescent lamp/LED

Board fabricated at CIT-NC, Fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp and LED

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:
Provisions have been made
1) To connect Fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp and LED
2) Meters are of the latest version, Digital type Moving Iron ammeters of range 0 – 2 A
3) In the tube lights used for residential purpose, connections to choke, starter and tube light
are in-0built. But, here all the connections have to be done by you as per the circuit
diagram.
4) While doing experiment on incandescent lamp, do not make connections of fluorescent
lamp. Only insert the lamp at the bulb holder. Bulb holder terminals have been brougth
out. Connections have to be made as per the circuit indicated above.
5) While doing experiment on LED lamp, do not make connections of fluorescent lamp.
Only insert the lamp at the bulb holder. Bulb holder terminals have been brought out.
Connections have to be made as per the circuit indicated above.
6) Digital Multimeter will be provided one for each experiment and can be used to measure
voltage V.

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Flourescent lamp
Sl.no. I V W Cosφ Remarks
1 Measurement of current,
power, and power factor
of Flourescent lamp is
thus determined

Incandascent lamp & LED

Sl.no. I V W Cosφ Remarks
1 Measurement of
Incandascent current, power, and
lamp power factor of
incandascent lamp lamp
is thus determined
2 Measurement of
LED current, power, and
power factor of LED
lamp is thus determined

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Experiment No.3: Measurement of resistance and inductance of a choke coil using three
voltmeter method.

Aim: To measure the resistance and inductance of the given choke coil using three voltmeter
method.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. Name of the Equipment Range Qty
No
1 Ammeter (MI) 0-1/2 A 1No
2 Voltmeter (MI) 0-300 V 2 No
3 Voltmeter 0-100V 1 No
3 Resistor 38 ῼ,1A 1 No

Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Inductance

PROCEEDURE: In the given board, connections are made as per the circuit diagram. One
line of the KEB 230V supply is connected in series to the resistance ( RS = 1K) and to one
terminal of choke, as per the circuit diagram. Other end is connected to other line of KEB
supply. The digital multimeter should be used to measure the voltages across the supply
voltage (Vs), Voltage across the resistor (VR) and Voltage across the choke (VC) . The
readings of the VS, VR & VC are entered in the tabular column.
Choke will have Resistance (RC) & Inductance L. RC & L are calculated by using the
following formula
𝑉𝑆 2 − 𝑉𝑅 2 − 𝑉𝐶 2 𝑉
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝛗 = 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 =
2𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝐶 𝐼

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑍 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝛗 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑆

Resistance of the Choke is thus determined

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𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛗 𝑳= Inductance of the Choke is thus determined
𝟐𝝅𝒇

TABULAR COLUMN

Sl.no. VS VR VC Cosφ Z R RC XL L Remarks

The
resistance
&
Inductance
of the
choke is
thus
determined
Experiment is repeated for different values of Resistors, R

Result: Thus the value of given inductance is found using three voltmeter method.

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC

3: Measurement of resistance and inductance of a choke coil using three voltmeter method

Circuit Diagram Board fabricated at CIT-NC

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:
Provisions have been made
1) To connect choke used in domestic tube lights. Terminals of the choke have been
brought out.
2) To connect resistor, terminals of the choke has been brought out.
3) Meters are of the latest version, Digital type Moving Iron ammeters of range 0 – 2A
4) Digital Multimeter will be provided one for each experiment and can be used to measure
voltage VS, VR & VC.
5) Calculations are made by using the formula indicated above

Sl.no. VS VR VC Cosφ Z R RC XL L Remarks

The
resistance
&
Inductance
of the
choke is
thus
determined

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Experiment No.4: Verification of relation between phase and line quantities in balanced
three phase star and delta connected loads.

Aim: (a) To verify the relationship between the line and phase voltages, line and phase currents
in a balanced star connected load.
(b) To verify the relationship between the line and phase voltages, , line and phase currents in a
balanceddelta connected load.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. Name of the Equipment Range Qty
No
1 Ammeter (MI) 0-5 A 2
2 Voltmeter (Digital Multimeter) 0-500 V 1
3 Three Phase Lamp Load - 1
* Measure the voltage using Digital Multimeter.

THEORY:-
In three phase systems the three phase loads are connected in star or/and delta.
Some terms related to three phase system:
• Line Voltage - The voltage between any two lines of three phase is called as line voltage
e.g. VRY,VYB & VBR. For balance system all are equal in magnitude.
• Line Current – The current in each line is called as line current e.g. IR, IY, & IB. They
are equal in magnitude for balance system.
• Phase Voltage – The voltage across any branch of three phase load is called as phase
voltage. VRN, VYN, & VBN are phase voltage in star connection.
• Phase Current – current passing through any phase of load is called as phase current
For Star connection
Line voltage (VL) = √3 phase voltage(Vph), Line current (IL) = Phase current (Iph)
For delta connection:
Line voltage (VL)= phase voltage (Vph), Line current (IL)= √3 phase current(Iph) ,
Three phase power is given by,
P= power consumed by the load = √3VL ILCos ø
Where ø is phase angle between voltage and current, Cosø is power factor & its value depends
on type of load i.e. inductive, capacitive or resistive.
The load is said to be balanced when,
• Voltages across three phases are equal & phases are displaced by 120° electrical.
• The impedance of each phase of load is same.
• The resulting current in all the three phases are equal & displaced by 120° electrical from
each other

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram for star connected load.
Switch on the MCB.
2. Note down the ammeter reading.
3. Note down voltage of each phase by connecting voltmeter across terminals

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R-N, Y-N and B-N.

4. Note down line voltage by connecting voltmeter across each line R-Y, Y-B and B-R .
5. Repeat the same procedure by connecting the circuit for delta connected load.

Circuit diagram-Star connected Load

TABULAR COLUMN – Star connected load

Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Remarks

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading
(VR-Y) in (VY-B) in (VB-R) in (VR-N) in (VBN) in (VYN) in
volts volts volts volts volts volts
1 Line voltage (VL) = √3
phase voltage(Vph),
2
Line current (IL) =
3 Phase current (Iph)

Circuit diagram- Delta connected Load

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TABULAR COLUMN - Delta connected load

Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Remarks

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading
(VR-Y) in (VY-B) in (VB-R) in (VR-N) in (VBN) in (VYN) in
volts volts volts volts volts volts
1 Line voltage (VL)=
phase voltage (Vph),
2
Line current (IL)= √3
3 phase current(Iph) ,

Result: Thus the relation between phase, line voltage and phase, line current is verified for both
three phase star and delta connected load.

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC
4. Verification of relation between phase and line quantities in balanced three phase star and
delta connected loads.

Circuit Diagram – Star connected Circuit Diagram – Delta connected

Board fabricated at CIT-NC

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:
Provisions have been made
1) To connect Bulbs. Terminals of the bulbs have been brought out.
2) To connect resistor of any value, terminals of the choke has been brought out.
3) Meters are of the latest version. Two Digital type Moving Iron ammeters of range
0 – 2A can be used to measure line current & phase current.
4) Digital Multimeter will be provided one for each experiment and can be used to measure
voltage Line & phase voltages, one at a time.
5) Calculations are made by using the formula indicated above

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TABULAR COLUMN – Star connected load

Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Remarks
Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading
(VR-Y) in (VY-B) in (VB-R) in (VR-N) in (VBN) in (VYN) in
volts volts volts volts volts volts
1 Line voltage (VL) = √3
phase voltage(Vph),
2
Line current (IL) =
3 Phase current (Iph)

TABULAR COLUMN - Delta connected load

Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Remarks

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading
(VR-Y) in (VY-B) in (VB-R) in (VR-N) in (VBN) in (VYN) in
volts volts volts volts volts volts
1 Line voltage (VL)=
phase voltage (Vph),
2
Line current (IL)= √3
3 phase current(Iph) ,

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Experiment No.5 Measurement of three phase power by using two wattmeter method

Aim: To measure three phase power using two wattmeter method.

Sl. Name of the Equipment Range Qty
No
1 Ammeter (MI) 0-5 A 2 no
2 Voltmeter (Digital Multimeter) 1 no
3 Wattmeter 0-300V, 0-5A, UPF 2 no
4 Three Phase Lamp Load - 1 no
5 Connecting Wires
.
Theory: The sum of two wattmeter readings gives the total power of the circuit irrespective of
the circuit is balanced or unbalanced, star-connected or delta-connected. The total power is given
as the sum of two wattmeter readings W1 and W2.

Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Three Phase Power by using two wattmeter method
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the MCB
4. Connect the lamp load in star or delta type as shown in circuit diagrams.
5. Adjust the lamp load in such a way that each phase current remains same and note down the
readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter. Sum of the readings of the two wattmeter is the
total three phase power.
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl Voltmeter Ammeter Reading Wattmeter Wattmeter Resultant
No Reading (I) in amps Reading (W1) in Reading Power P=
(V) in volts watts x K (W2) in (W1+W2)
watts x K
1
2
3
Result: Three phase power is measured using two wattmeter method.

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC
5. Measurement of three phase power by using two wattmeter method

Circuit Diagram – Delta connected Board fabricated at CIT-NC

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:

Provisions have been made
1) To connect Bulbs, terminals of the bulbs have been brought out.
2) Connections can be made either in star or delta type. Delta type is shown above.
3) Meters are of the latest version. Two Digital type wattmeters of range 0 – 300 V,
0 – 2A is connected. Current coil Terminals (M, L) and pressure coils (C, V) of the
wattmeters have been brought out. They can be used to measure W1 & W2.
4) Calculations are made by using the formula indicated above

W1 = ………………………….. watts, W2 = …………………… watts, W = W1 + W2 =……………. Watts

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Experiment No.6: Two way and three way control of a lamp and formation of truth table.
Aim: To Control the lamp from two or three different locations/points.
(a) Two way control of Lamp
(b) Three Way control of Lamp
Apparatus Required:

Sl. Apparatus Required Qty

No
1 Two way switch 2 Nos
2 Intermediate switch 1 No
3 Incandescent Lamp 1 No
4 MCB 1 No
5 Connecting Wires -

Circuit Diagram- Two way Circuit Diagram- Three way

Theory:
(i)Two way control of Lamp
Two way lamp control is used in stair case lighting applications or in big halls for controlling
the lamp from two different points.
(ii)Three way Control of Lamp
A lamp can be controlled from three different locations .The circuit needs an intermediate switch
along with two number 2-way switches. Intermediate has two states namely straight and cross
connection. Application of three way control is corridor lighting, stair case lighting, bedroom
lighting, cellars lighting etc.
(i) Procedure for Two-way Control of Lamp
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply
3. Verify the truth table by operating the two way switches and note down the state of lamp.

TABULAR COLUMN - Two way control of Lamp

Sl Switch Switch Lamp Experimental
No (S1) (S2) Status result
1 1 1' ON
2 1 2' OFF
3 2 1' OFF
4 2 2' ON

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(ii) Procedure for Three- way Control of Lamp

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply
3. Bring the intermediate switch to straight connection (1-1).
4. Verify the truth table by operating the two way switches and note down the state of lamp.
5. Bring the intermediate switch to cross connection (2-2).
6. Verify the truth table by operating the two way switches and note down the state of lamp.

Tabular column
Three way control of Lamp
Sl Intermediate Switch Switch Lamp Experimental
No switch position (S1) (S2) Status result
1 Straight 1 1' ON
2 Connection 1 2' OFF
3 (1-1) 2 1' OFF
4 2 2' ON
1 Cross 1 1' OFF
2 Connection 1 2' ON
3 (2-2) 2 1' ON
4 2 2' OFF

Result: Thus the lamp is controlled by two staircase switches. Threee way control is done by
two staircase switches and one intermediate switch (DPDT, Double pole Double throw)

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Readings obtained from the Electrical boards fabricated at the consultancy cell of CIT-NC
6. Two way and three way control of a lamp and formation of truth table.

Circuit Diagram- Two way Circuit Diagram- Three way

Board fabricated at CIT-NC

METHOD OF USING THE BOARDS:
Provisions have been made
1) To connect Bulb, terminals of the bulbs have been brought out.
2) After making the connections, as per the circuit diagram, the following possibilities of
connections has been checked as per the tabular column indicated above.

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Experiment No.7 Measurement of Earth Resistance

Aim: To measure the resistance of the earth.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. Apparatus Range Quantity
No
1 Earth Tester - 1 No
2 Spikes - 2 No
Theory:
Earth Resistance: The resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the
ground is known as the earth resistance or resistance to earth. The earth resistance mainly implies
the resistance between the electrode and the point of zero potential. Numerically, it is equal to
the ratio of the potential of the earth electrode to the current dissipated by it. The resistance
between the earthing plate and the ground is measured by the potential fall method.
The resistance of the earthing electrode is not concentrated at one point, but it is distributed over
the soil around the electrode. Mathematically, the earth resistance is given as the ratio of the
voltage and the current shown below. Where ‘V’ is a measured voltage between the voltage spike
and I is the injected current during the earth resistance measurement through the electrode. The
region around the earth in which the electrode is driven is known as the resistance area or
potential area of the ground. The fault current which is injected from the earth electrode is
passing away from the electrode in all directions shown below in the figure. The flow of current
into the grounds depends on the resistivity of the soil in which the earth electrode is placed. The
resistivity of the soil may vary from 1 to 1000 ohm-m depends on the nature of the soil.
Procedure:
1. Insert the two spikes acting as current & potential electrode in to the ground at a distance
of1mfrom earth electrode under test.
2. Connect the two spikes to C2& P2 terminals respectively.
3. Short the P1& C1 terminals of motor & connect it to the earth electrode under test.
4. Place the Megger on horizontal plane.
5. Prime the handle of Megger to speed slightly higher than rated speed & note down
thedeflection of the needle.
6. Take down 4 readingsof Megger by keeping the distance same and placing the electrodes
atother positions.
7. Take average of all the four readings which is equal to earth resistance.
Result: The earth resistance is measured with the help of earth tester/Megger is measured.

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Circuit diagram for measurement of earth resistance

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 Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

Experiment No.8 Open circuit and short circuit in simple circuit

Aim: To study the effect of open circuit and short circuit in simple circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. Apparatus Range Quantity
No
1 Regulated Power Supply 12V 1 No
2 Resistance 5Ω 1 No
3 Ammeter(DC) 0-2A 1 No
4 Voltmeter(DC) 0-30 V 1 No
Theory:
Open Circuit: An open circuit is a circuit with resistance across it is approaching infinity.
In case of Open circuit the current is zero.
.

Indicating that the current is zero though the voltage could be anything
Short Circuit: A short circuit is a circuit with resistance approaching zero
In case of short circuit, indicating that the voltage is zero across the short circuit but the current
could be anything.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply keeping S1 closed and S2 open.
3. Measure the current in ammeter when the switch S1 is closed.
4. Open the switch S1 and note down the current read by the ammeter.
5. Close the switch S1 closed and keep S2 and measure the voltage across R4.
6. Close the switch S2 and measure the voltage across R4.
7. Compare the results of step 3 &4 and draw the conclusion.
8. Compare the results of step 5 &6 and draw the conclusion.

Circuit Diagram

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 Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

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 Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory

Demonstration of Fuse and MCB separately by creating a fault.

Aim: To demonstrate the working of i) Fuse and ii) MCB.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. Apparatus Range Qty
No
1 MCB - 1 No
2 Fuse wire - 1 No
3 Ammeter 0-5A 1 No
4 Water Rheostat - 1 No
5 Lamp Load - 1 No
6 Stop Watch - 1 No
7 Connecting wires

Theory:
Fuse: Fuse is the cheapest, simplest and oldest protective device and is used as current
interrupting device under over load/short circuit conditions. It is designed so that it carries the
working current safely without overheating under normal conditions and melts due to sufficient
I2R heating when the current exceeds a certain predetermined value. It is being a thermal device
and possesses inverse time current characteristics.
Materials used for fuse wire are tin, lead,zinc,silver, copper, aluminum etc.,The properties of
fuse wire are low melting point, high conductivity and free from oxidation.
The types of fuses are semi enclosed/re-wirable, totally enclosed or cartridge type, high rupturing
capacity (HRC) fuse.
The current carrying capacity of fuse depends upon the type of material, cross sectional area,
length, type of surface and surrounding. The fusing current is given by
I=Kd3/2 where K is a constant of the material, ‘d’ is the diameter of the fuse wire in mm.
Current Rating: It is the value of maximum current which the fuse element can normally carry
without overheating.
Fusing Current: It is theminimum value of current, at which the fuse element melts and
disconnects the circuit.
Fusing Factor: It is defined as the ratio of minimum fusing current to the current rating of fusing
element. (Its value is greater than unity )
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):
A miniature circuit breaker automatically switches off electrical circuit during over load
condition as well as in faulty condition. Under normal conditions, MCB operates as switch to
make circuit ON and OFF. Nowadays we use an MCB in low voltage electrical network instead
of fuse. MCB is much more sensitive to over current than fuse. Handling a MCB is electrically
safer than a fuse. Quick restoration of supply is possible in case of fuse as because fuses must be
re-wirable or replaced for restoring the supply. Restoration is easily possible by just switching it
ON.

Principle of Operation: Whenever continuous over current flows through MCB, the bimetallic
strip is heated and deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases mechanical
latch. As this mechanical latch is attached with operating mechanism, it causes to open the

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miniature circuit breaker contacts, and the MCB turns off thereby stopping the current to flow in
the circuit. To restart the flow of current the MCB must be manually turned ON. This mechanism
protects from the faults arising due to over current or over load.But during short circuit
condition, current rises suddenly, causing electromechanical displacement of plunger associated
with a tripping coil or solenoid. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing immediate release of
latch mechanism consequently open the circuit breaker contacts.

Observation Table
Sl. Current Rating of Fusing Fusing Time in
No Fuse/MCB Current in A Sec
1 Fuse
2
3
4
5 MCB

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