FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

COURSE CODE BNQ 10304

EXPERIMENT NO. EXPERIMENT 7

EXPERIMENT TITLE EXP 7 METACENTRIC HEIGHT

DATE 30/4/2019

GROUP NO. 8

LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR/TUTO 1) TS. DR ALIFF HISYAM BIN A RAZAK

R 2) ENCIK MOHD REDZUAN BIN MOHD NOR

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION 7/5/2019

ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISCIPLINE: /5%

INTRODUCTION: /5%

PROCEDURE : /5%

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS : /15%

ANALYSIS : /15%

DISCUSSIONS “ /20%
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: /15%
LABORATORY REPORT:
CONCLUSIONS: /10%

SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS: /5%

REFERENCES /5%

TOTAL /100%

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

EXAMINERS COMMENTS
 KOD ETIKA PELAJAR
(KEP)

INTRODUCTION
JABATAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
Osborne Reynolds experiment is used to investigate the characteristic of the flow of
the liquid in the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds Number for each
FAKULTI
state of the flow. The designTEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
of the apparatus allowed studying the characteristic of
the flow of the fluid in the pipe, the behavior of the flow and also to calculate the
range for the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow where the calculation is used to
Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya usaha
prove the Reynolds number is dimensionless by using the Reynolds Number formula.
saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang bantuan dalam

menyediakan
Thelaporan
apparatusini danhere
used membuat
to demonstrate ‘critical
ikrar ini dengan kepercayaan
velocity’ is based bahawa apa-apa
on that used by yang
Professor Reynolds who demonstrated the nature of the two modes of motion flowing
tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.
in a tube, example laminar and turbulent. The unit is designed to be mounted on
Ketua Nama:
P6100 hydraulic BenchAmir Hamzah
and the binofAbd
quantity Rashid
water flowing through it can be measured
and timed using
Kumpulan theMatriks
No. Hydraulic
: DNBench Volumetric Tank and a suitable
150243 stopwatch. A
(Tandatangan)
bell mounted glass tube 790 mm long overall by 16mm bore is mounted vertically and
concentrically in a much larger diameter tube fitted with baffles. A uniform supply of
Ahli 1 can then Nama:
water be madeMohd Adam
to flow alongbin
theYegge
0.05 mm bore tube. The unit is fitted with a
No. Matriks:
constant head tank DN rate
and the flow 150084 (Tandatangan)
which can be varied by adjustment to the head
tank height, can be measured using the volumetric tank. A dye injector is situated at
the entrance to the 16 mm bore tube and thus it is possible to detect whether the flow
Ahli 2 Nama: Nurshaqinah binti Ab Jalal
is streamline or turbulent.
No. Matriks: DN 150069 (Tandatangan)

This experiment replicates the work done by Osborne Reynolds to characterize

laminar,
Ahli 3 transitional
Namaand turbulent
: Irene Liewflow in terms of the “Reynolds Number” (ρvd/μ).
Oi Leng

No Matriks : AN 180292 (Tandatangan)

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are to determine the key parameters of a pontoon and to
investigate its stability

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Demonstrate the ability to conduct experiments related to fluid flow by following

standard operating procedure effectively in a group.

INTRODUCTION

Metacentric height is the measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body
calculated as the distance between the ship's center of gravity and its metacentre. A
large metacentric height creates stability against overturning. Metacentre(M) is the
point where the vertical through the new centre of buoyancy meets the original vertical
through the centre of gravity after a very small angle of rotation [1].

Figure 1: Metacentric height and Metacentre(M)

point [2]

The Stability of any vessel which is to float on water, such as a pontoon or ship, is of
paramount importance. At the design stage, the theory behind this vessel’s ability to
remain upright must be clearly understood [3]. Archimedes’ principle states that the
buoyant force has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body
and is directed vertically upward. Buoyant force is a force that results from a floating or
submerged body in a fluid which results from different pressures on the top and bottom
of the object and acts through the centroid of the displaced volume [3].
3.1 Stability of Floating Object.

If M lies above G a righting moment is produced, equilibrium is stable and GM is

regarded as positive. If M lies below G an overturning moment is produced, equilibrium
is unstable and GM is regarded as negative. If M coincides with G, the body is in
neutral equilibrium [2].

Figure 2: Stability of a floating object [3]

Pontoon is a term used to denote a flat-bottomed vessel which is rectangular in cross

section and in plan. Considering Figure 3, we have the weight force, W, acting
vertically down through the centre of gravity, G, of the pontoon. Since the pontoon is
floating in water with a constant depth immersion, it follows that there must be an equal
force acting the opposing direction of the weight force, known as buoyancy force, F,
which acts vertically up through the centre of gravity of the displaced water.

Figure 3: A pontoon floating on an even keel with W and F collinear

Since the pontoon is a simple rectangle, the shape of the displaced liquid is also a
rectangle with its centre at the geometrical centre namely the centre of buoyancy, B.
The buoyancy force, F acts upwards through B. Note that W and Fact collinearly with G
situated some distance above B.

Figure 4: A pontoon floating with an imposed angle of tilt, showing the righting couple

When a pontoon is tilted as shown in Figure 4, W acts vertically down through G which
maintained at the same position but F now acts through point B* instead of B. This is
because F acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid which is now
trapezoidal in shape with its centre of gravity at B*. As a result, F and W are no longer
collinear, but a couple of forces that will return the pontoon to an even keel are formed.
This is known as righting couple. In this case the pontoon is capable of righting itself
when tilted, hence it is stable.

Figure 5: A pontoon with a raised G and an imposed angle of tilt, showing the
overturning couple caused by W acting outside F.

If a relatively tall piece of weight is placed on the pontoon as shown in Figure 5, the
combined weight, W of the pontoon and its load acts through the centre of gravity, G
which is relatively high. When G becomes higher and the angle of tilt increases, W acts
further and further to the left. This means that at some point the movement of the
buoyancy force, F from B to B* is unlikely to be large enough to produce a righting
couple. What we now have is the situation depicted in Figure 6, where the line of action
of W is outside (nearer the edge of the pontoon) than the line along which F acts. Thus,
W is trying to overturn the pontoon. The two forces F and W form an overturning
couple. Thus, it is unstable.

Figure 6: The position of metacentre

A pontoon floating on an even keel has its centre of buoyancy at B and its centre of
gravity at G. A line joining B to G would be as shown in Figure 5, that is vertical and at
90º to the deck of the pontoon. Imagine line BG extends upwards and now consider the
pontoon in its tilted position as in Figure 6, the centre of buoyancy moved from B to
B*. A line drawn vertically upwards through B* will intersect the line BG at the point
labelled M in the diagram. This is called the metacentre. Provided G does not move,
then for all relatively small angle of tilt:

a. The vertical line through B* through M. Consequently, if the location of B* can

be calculated, the position of M can be found graphically.
b. The distance of M above B is constant.
c. The distance GM is called the metacentric height of the pontoon.
When considering the stability of a floating body, it is usual to assume that the angle of
tilt θ is small. This is necessary to simplify the theory by making the assumption that θ
radians = sin θ = tan θ = θ radians.
Considering the restoring moment that rights a rectangular pontoon to an even keel
when it is tilted, the equation:
BM = Iws / V
Where:
V = the volume of water displaced by the body
I ws = the second moment of the area

Figure 7: Plan of the pontoon where the tilt takes place about the longitudinal axis X-X

Iws = lb3
12

It should be apparent that BM depends only upon:

a. l and b, the dimensions of the pontoon which govern the value of Iws.
b. V, the volume of displaced water which depends only upon the weight of the
pontoon.
Referring to Figure 8, you should be able to see that BM = BG + GM or, GM = BM –
BG .If we can calculate BG, then we can obtain GM and hence determine if the body is
stable or unstable. Now, B is the centre of buoyancy, and with the pontoon floating on
an even keel B is located at a height equal to half the depth of immersion (h/2) above
the point O on the bottom of the pontoon.
 Figure 8: A pontoon showing the key points and dimensions

It is common practice to carry out an experiment on a vessel to assess its stability by

calculating GM. This is a simple procedure utilizing movable weight positioned on the
deck at approximately the middle of the longitudinal centreline and a pendulum hanging
inside the vessel. The weight namely jockey weight (wj) is moved from the centre line a
known distance (δx) towards the side as shown in Figure 9. This moves the centre of
gravity of the pontoon from G on the centreline to a new position G* and causes the
vessel to tilt at the angle of δθ. The magnitude of GG* depends upon how far the jockey
weight is moved and its size relatively to the total weight of the pontoon. Using the ratio
of weights and dx,

Where W is the total weight of the pontoon including the pontoon.

𝐺𝐺∗ = 𝐺𝑀 tan 𝑑𝑥
Combining both the equation,

It is important to remember that θ is in radian.

 Figure 9 : Movement of the jockey weight from the centreline

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

 Figure 10: Metacentric Height Apparatus

PROCEDURES

1. The transverse adjustable mass is weighed.

2. The pontoon assembled and weighs it.

3. Position the sliding mass along the mast such that the centre of gravity occurs at the
top of the pontoon. This can be determined by using either a knife edge or by
suspending from a light string around the mast.

4. The sink with water is filled, pontoon is floated to ensuring that the adjustable mass is
in its central position.

5. The adjustable mass is moved to the right of centre in 10 mm increments to the end
of the scale, noting the angular displacement of the plumb line for each position.

6. The movement of the adjustable mass is repeated to the left of centre.

7. With the exception of weighing the adjustable weight and emptying and refilling the
volumetric tank, all of the above for the sliding mass at different heights up the mast is
repeated, i.e. for different centres of gravity.

8. All reading is recorded in the result sheet.

9. The graph of angle of list (θº) against Parameters for each sliding mass height (0 mm,
50mm and 100mm) is prepared from table 4 (3 graphs in one graph paper). The value of
GG, GM and θº for each sliding mass height are obtained, the metacentric height (H),
and distance between the centre of buoyancy and the metacentre (BM) are calculated.

RESULTS & CALCULATION

Total weight of floating assembly (W) 2.2806 kg

Adjustable weight (Wj) 0.212 kg
Breadth of pontoon (D) 0.2 m
Length of pontoon (L) 0.345 m
𝐿𝐷 3 2.3×10-16 m4
Second moment of area l (m) = 𝑥10−12
12
𝑊 2.2806×10-3 m3
Volume of water displaced V = 103
Distance between center of buoyancy and metacenter, BM 1.0085×10-13 m
𝐼
= 𝑉
Metacentric Height (H) 𝑊𝑥
H= 𝑊𝑗 sin 𝜃 (𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 °)

Table 1: Displacement obtained after the parameter was changed

Parameter Displacement observed (cm) (dx)

(mm) Height of adjustable Height of adjustable Height of adjustable
weight at 0mm weight at 50mm weight at 100mm
-60 6.2 7.2 9.0
-50 4.6 6.2 9.0
-40 4.2 5.0 7.6
-30 3.2 3.8 6.2
-20 2.0 2.6 4.2
-10 0.8 1.2 2.6
0 0.2 -0.2 -1.0
10 -1.0 -1.4 -2.4
20 -2.2 -2.8 -4.4
30 -3.2 -3.8 -6.6
40 -4.4 -5.2 -7.4
50 -5.0 -6.2 -9.0
60 -6.4 -7.4 -9.0
 Table 2: Calculated values of GG*
Parameter GG* (cm)
(mm)
Height of adjustable Height of adjustable Height of adjustable
weight at 0mm weight at 50mm weight at 100mm
-60 0.58 0.67 0.84
-50 0.43 0.58 0.84
-40 0.39 0.46 0.71
-30 0.30 0.35 0.58
-20 0.19 0.24 0.39
-10 0.07 0.11 0.24
0 0.02 -0.02 -0.09
10 -0.09 -0.13 -0.22
20 -0.20 -0.26 -0.41
30 -0.30 -0.35 -0.61
40 -0.41 -0.48 -0.69
50 -0.46 -0.58 -0.84
60 -0.59 -0.69 -0.84

Calculation of GG* value at parameter -60mm when height of adjustable weight was
0mm,
𝑊𝑗 0.212
𝐺𝐺 ∗ = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝐺 ∗ = ( ) × 6.2
𝑊 2.2806

= 0.58 cm

Table 3: Calculated values of GM

Parameter GM(cm)
(mm) Height of adjustable Height of adjustable Height of adjustable
weight at 0mm weight at 50mm weight at 100mm
-60 5.31 5.30 5.28
-50 5.31 5.31 5.28
-40 5.32 5.31 5.29
-30 5.32 5.32 5.31
-20 5.32 5.32 5.32
-10 5.33 5.33 5.32
0 5.33 5.33 5.33
10 5.33 5.33 5.32
20 5.32 5.32 5.32
30 5.32 5.32 5.30
40 5.32 5.31 5.30
50 5.31 5.31 5.28
60 5.30 5.30 5.28
 Calculation of GM value at parameter -60mm when height of adjustable weight was
0mm,
0.58
GM tan dx = GG* GM = tan(6.2)

𝐺𝐺∗
GM = =
tan 𝑑𝑥
5.31 cm

Table 4: Measured angles of list (θ°) for height of adjustable weight 0, 50 and 100
mm

(1 rad = 57.296°)

Height of Parameter (mm) (x)

adjustable
weight -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(mm)

0 6.26 4.64 4.20 3.23 2.05 0.75 0.21 -0.97 -2.15 -3.23 -4.42 -4.96 -6.38

50 7.24 6.26 4.96 3.77 2.58 1.18 -0.21 -1.40 -2.80 -3.77 -5.18 -6.26 -7.46

100 9.12 9.12 7.69 6.26 4.20 2.58 -0.97 -2.37 -4.42 -6.59 -7.46 -9.12 -9.12

Calculation of the measured angles of list (θ°) for parameter at -60 mm and height of
adjustable weight was 0 mm,
𝑊𝑗
( )𝑑𝑥 GG∗
𝑊
𝑑𝜃 = /
GM GM

0.58𝑐𝑚
=
5.31𝑐𝑚

= 0.1092 rad × 57.296°

= 6.26°
 Table 5: Metacentric Height

Height of Parameter (mm) (x)

adjustable
weight -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
(mm)

0 -5919.39 -6649.10 -5875.38 -5727.76 -6014.57 -8218.40 0

50 -5121.59 -4932.83 -4976.88 -4908.28 -4779.62 -5223.78 0

100 -4072.19 -3393.49 -3215.69 -2959.70 -2937.69 -2389.81 0

Height of Parameter (mm) (x)

adjustable
weight 10 20 30 40 50 60
(mm)

0 -6354.55 -5734.95 -5727.76 -5583.47 -6221.09 -5808.50

50 -4403.02 -4404.34 -4908.28 -4766.04 -4932.83 -4971.37

100 -2601.43 -2791.74 -2812.09 -3314.25 -3393.49 -4072.19

𝑊𝑥
H= 𝑊𝑗 sin 𝜃 (𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 °)

2.2806𝑘𝑔 × (−60𝑚𝑚)
= 0.212𝑘𝑔 sin (6.26°)

= -5919.39 mm
ANALYSIS

1) Graph of Displacement against Parameter

Graph of Displacement against Parameter

10
8 0mm
6 50mm
100mm
Parameter (mm)

4
2
0
-80 -60 -40 -20 -2 0 20 40 60 80
-4
-6
-8
-10
Displacement observed (cm)

The graph above shows the relationship between the displacement observed and the
parameters for three different height of adjustable weight at 0mm, 50mm and 100mm.
The graph shows that the displacement observed increase when the parameter
increase. Comparison between the graph of the three different heights, the adjustable
weight with highest height 100mm shows higher amount of displacement, followed
by the adjustable weight at height 50mm and 0mm.

2) Graph of GG* against Parameter

Graph of GG* against Parameter

1
0mm
0.8
50mm
0.6
100mm
0.4
Parameter (mm)

0.2
0
-80 -60 -40 -20 -0.2 0 20 40 60 80

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
GG* (cm)

The graph above shows the relationship of the distance GG* against the parameter for
three different heights of adjustable weight at 0mm, 50mm and 100mm. We can
notice that the values of GG* increase when the parameter increase regardless the
direction of the parameter. The highest height of adjustable weight which is 100mm
shows higher values of GG* followed by the height of adjustable weight at 50mm and
0mm.

3) Graph of GM against Parameter

Graph of GM against Parameter

5.34
5.33
5.32
5.31
GM (cm)

5.3
5.29
0mm
5.28
50mm
5.27
100mm
5.26
5.25
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Parameter (mm)

According to the graph above, the relationship between the values of GM distance
with the parameters for three different heights of adjustable weight is shown. The
values of GM distance increase when the parameter decrease from 0mm to 60mm and
from 0mm to -60mm. In general, the values of GM distance for different heights of
adjustable weight at different parameters fluctuates in a very small range within ±5.30
cm. The maximum GM distance value is 5.33cm for the three different heights.

4) Graph of Angle of List against Parameter

Graph of Angle of List against Parameter

15
0mm
10
50mm
Parameter,x (mm)

5 100mm

0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-5

-10

-15
Angle of list (θ°)
The graph above shows the relationship between the angle list calculated with the
different parameters for three different heights of adjustable weight at 0mm, 50mm
o
and 100mm. The highest value of angle of list calculated is 9.1 happen at the
parameter of 50mm and 60mm for the 100mm height of adjustable weight.
Meanwhile the minimum angle of list calculated is 0 o when the parameter is at 0mm
for three different heights of adjustable weight.

5) Graph of Metacentric Height against Parameter

Graph of Metacentric Height against Parameter

0
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1000

-2000
Metacentric Height (mm)

-3000

-4000

-5000

-6000

-7000

-8000

-9000
Parameter (mm) 0mm
50mm
100mm

The graph shown above is portraying the relationship between the metacentric height
with different parameters for three different heights of adjustable weight at 0mm,
50mm and 100mm. The lower the height of adjustable weight, the lower the value of
metacentric height, more stable of the floating body. The floating body is the most
stable at the centre with parameter 0mm.

In general, the higher the height of adjustable weight, the higher the values of
parameter, the higher angle of tilting, lower values of metacentric height leads to
unstable floating body condition. The values obtained shows little fluctuations or
errors as the experiment showed slight oscillations and the floating body was in
slightly motion condition while taking the readings.
DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment, students gained knowledge to determine the key parameters
of a pontoon and to investigate its stability.

The readings given from the data tables show that the displacement observed is
highest when the parameter is 60 and -60 mm which are 6.2, 7.2 and 9 cm at three
different adjustable height and it decrease when the parameter decline respectively.
However, the displacement did not stop at 0cm when the parameter is
0mm.Theoretically, when the parameter is 0cm, the displacement should also be 0cm.
because at that moment the center of gravity G and buoyancy B are in collinear and it
is stationary. Since our readings 0.2cm, -0.2cm and -0.1cm which are slightly
different compared to theoretical value because it may due to systematic error (also
called systematic bias). Basically it is consistent, repeatable error associated with
faulty equipment or a flawed experiment design. These errors are usually caused by
measuring instruments that are incorrectly calibrated or are used incorrectly[4]. When
the pontoon moves the center of gravity of the pontoon from G on the center line to a
new position G* and causes the vessel to tilt at the angle of θ. When the parameter
increase from 0mm to 60mm, the angle will become wider therefore increase the
displacement observed. The diagram below show how the displacement observed is
formed.

Before proceed to metacentric height (GM), students need to know there are few
conditions that will affect the stability of pontoon. The first one is stable equilibrium
which means that the position of metacenter (M) remain higher than the center of
gravity of body. Next, unstable equilibrium, it is defined as the position of metacenter
(M) are lower than the center of gravity of body. The last one is neutral equilibrium
which known as the position of metacenter (M) coincides to the center of gravity [5].

The metacentric height is highest (5.33cm) when the parameter is 0mm. The
metacentric height is a measurement of the static stability of a floating body. It is
calculated as the distance between the center of gravity a ship and its metacenter.
When the parameter is 0mm, the pontoon is in the neutral equilibrium, the weight of
the floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces and the center of
gravity of the body and the centroid of the displaced liquid are in the same vertical
line. The centroid of the displaced liquid is called the "center of buoyancy". A vertical
line through B1 will intersect the center line of the body at M and this point is known
as the metacenter of the body when an angle is diminishingly small. The distance GM
is known as the metacentric height. The force due to buoyancy acts vertically up
through B1 and is equal to weight. The weight of the body acts downwards through.
The below picture show the pontoon are in neutral equilibrium or stationary.

When the parameter increase from 0mm to 60mm, the GM decrease due to the
position of metacenter (M) is starting decline and it is closer to center of gravity. This
will result in unstable equilibrium. Furthermore, height of adjustable weight is also a
key point to determine the stability of pontoon. If it is adjusted to the height at 0mm and
50mm, the stability of pontoon at 0mm will higher compared to 50mm. This is because
when the center of gravity has been rise, it will create an overturning moment which
cause the pontoon to be unstable. Now, the center of gravity is greatly above the center
of buoyancy when the parameter increase. Thus, an overturning moment is produced
and the body is (unstable). The risk for overturning is highest when the height of
adjustable weight is 100mm.

Since GM is the distance between metacenter and center of gravity, therefore the
decreasing in GM will cause the pontoon to be unstable and finally overturn due to the
overturning couple. The below shows the result of overturning couple [6].

When the parameters and height of adjustable weight increase, the angle of list
will also rise since it is away from the original position. When the angle of list
increase, the couple moment will become stronger. Since  wj  dx so GM is
GM   
 W  d

inversely proportional to angle of list .When the angle of list rises, it will cause the
GM to decrease which will lead from stable to unstable equilibrium since the
stability of pontoon decrease[6].

.
CONCLUSION

As the conclusion for in the experiment, students already know how to conduct
experiments related to fluid flow by following standard operating procedure
effectively in a group. It can be conclude the key parameters of a pontoon and to
investigate its stability. When the parameters and height of adjustable weight increase,
the angle of list will also rise since it is away from the original position. When the
angle of list increase, the couple moment will become stronger. When the angle of list
rises, it will cause the GM to decrease which will lead from stable to unstable
equilibrium since the stability of pontoon decrease The start-up should be follow with
the correct procedure based on the manual guideline from the machine supplier to
ensure the efficiency of the equipment.

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this experiment, there are a few suggestions that can be point out. First of all,
during the experiment, make sure the general start-up procedures had been done
properly before conducting experiment, it is necessary to do the following checking to
avoid any misused and malfunction of equipment. This is to make sure that the
reading for all values is correct on this experiment. Errors founded and may be
affected on results in the experiment due to many reasons. Such as, zero error: If the
setup reading isn’t zero at zero load. Human error: if the experimenter red the outputs
and calculate incorrectly. It is recommended to make sure that there is no zero error.
REFERENCES

1. Sarah McQuade, Stuart Taute, Michelle Jeng (2019), Metacentric Height.

2. Eng. Motasem M. Abushaban, Eng. Fedaa M.Fayyad (2019), Buoyancy and
Floating Metacentric Height.
3. Dr Khalil M. Aslal, Eng. Mohammed Y. Mousa (2019) Metacentric height of
floating bodies.
4. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gwpda.org/naval/gmdefn.htm
5. Armfield.-(n.d.).-Retrieved-from
http://discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/f1-14/basic-metacentric-height
6. BUOYANCY & FLOTATION – METACENTRIC HEIGHT Report. (n.d.).
Retrieved
from-https://www.scribd.com/doc/140385509/BUOYANCY-FLOTATION-METAC
ENTRIC-HEIGHT-Report