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Hydraulics Prof. B.S.

Thandaveswara

29.1 Energy loss in the Jump


The loss of energy ∆E in the normal hydraulic jump is equal to the difference in specific

energies before ( E1 ) and after ( E2 ) the jump and can be shown to be equal to

3
∆E =
( y2 − y1 ) (29.1)
4 y1 y2

Show that

( y − y1 )
3

∆E = 2 for a Normal Hydraulic Jumps.


4y1y 2

Solution
Momentum equation can be written as

γQ
( V2 − V1 ) = p1 -p 2
g
γQ
( V2 − V1 ) = γ b ( y12 − y 22 )
1
g 2
Q = by1V1 = by 2 V2
Q Q Q
= q, V1 = , V2 =
b by1 by 2
γQ ⎛ Q Q⎞ 1
⎜ − ⎟ = γ ( y1 + y 2 )( y1 _ y 2 )
2
gb ⎝ y 2 y1 ⎠ 2
Q 2 ⎡ y1 − y 2 ⎤ 1
⎢ ⎥ = ( y1 + y 2 )( y1 _ y 2 )
gb 2 ⎣ y1y 2 ⎦ 2
Q 2 1 ( y1 + y 2 )( y1 − y 2 ) ( y1y 2 )
=
gb 2 2 ( y1 − y2 )
Q2 1
= ( y1 + y2 )( y1y 2 ) (1)
2gb 2 4

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Specific Energy Equation

V12 V2
y1 + = y 2 + 2 + ∆E
2g 2g
Q2 Q2
y1 + = y 2 + + ∆E
2gy12 b 2 2gy 22 b 2
Q2 ⎡ 1 1⎤
( y1 − y 2 ) + 2 ⎢ 2
− 2 ⎥ = ∆E
2gb ⎣ y1 y 2 ⎦
Q 2 ⎡ y 22 − y12 ⎤
( y1 − y 2 ) + ⎢ ⎥ = ∆E
2gb 2 ⎣ y12 y 22 ⎦
⎡ Q 2 ( y 2 + y1 ) ⎤
∆E = ( y1 − y 2 ) ⎢1 − 2 ⎥
⎣ 2gb y12 y 22 ⎦
Substituting equation (1)
⎡ 1 (y + y )⎤
∆E = ( y1 − y 2 ) ⎢1 − ( y 2 + y1 ) y1y 2 2 2 2 1 ⎥
⎣ 4 y1 y 2 ⎦
⎡ 1 ( y 2 + y1 )2 ⎤
= ( y1 − y 2 ) ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 y1y 2 ⎦⎥

=
( y1 − y 2 ) ⎡⎣ 4y1y 2 − y1 − y 2 − 2y1y 2 ⎤⎦
2 2

4 y1y 2
( y − y2 ) ⎡− ( y − y2 )
3

∆E = 1
4y1y 2 ⎣
(y2
1 + y + 2y1y 2 ) ⎦
2
2
⎤= 1
4y1y 2

or the relative energy loss can be written as

3
⎡ 2 − 3⎤
⎢⎣ 1 + 8F1 ⎥⎦
∆E 1
= (29.2)
E1 8 (2 + F 2 ) [ 1 + 8F 2 − 1]
1 1

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

( y2 − y1 )
3

∆E E1 − E 2 4y1y 2
= =
E1 E1 V2
y1 + 1
2g
3 3
⎛ y2 ⎞ ⎡ y13 ⎤ ⎛ y 2 ⎞ y12
⎜ − 1⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ y − 1⎟ 4y
= ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎣ 1 2⎦ =⎝ 1 ⎠
y 4y y 2

y1 ⎡ V ⎤
2 y
⎡⎣ 2 + F12 ⎤⎦
2+ 1 ⎥
1

2⎣ ⎢ 2gy1 ⎦ 2

{ }
3
⎡1 ⎤
⎢2 1 + 8F − 1 − 1⎥
1
2
2
= ⎣ ⎦ . y1 * 2
( 2 + F12 ) 4y 2 y1

{ }
3
⎡1 ⎤
⎢2 1 + 8F − 1 − 1⎥
1
2

= ⎣ ⎦ * 1
( 2 + F1 )
2
⎛y ⎞
2⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ y1 ⎠

( )
3
⎧1 ⎫
⎨ 1 + 8F − 1 ⎬ 1
2

= ⎩2 ⎭

( )
2
2 ⎡1 ⎤
( 2 + F1 ) ⎢⎣ 2 1 + 8F1 − 1 ⎥⎦
2

( )
3

∆E 1+ 8F12 − 3

( )
=
E1 8 ( 2 + F12 ) 1 + 8F12 − 1

It can be seen from Eq.29.2 that when F1 is 20, the relative loss would be 86% but to

dissipate 99.6 % of the initial energy a Froude number of 1000 is required !. The energy

in the jump is dissipated through the conversion of mean kinetic energy into turbulence

and through viscous action. Rajaratnam ( 1967 ) presented the following equation to

predict the energy profile along the jump.

x
y / y 1 + 0.632 F12 f" ( )
E y1
= (29.3)
E1 F2
1+ 1
2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

He evaluated the value of ( x / y1 ) using experimental results. Equation 29.3 shows

that the energy profile falls rapidly in the initial part of the jump and approaches the

downstream energy line asymtotically. This analysis includes the turbulent kinetic

energy and the work done by the Reynolds stresses.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

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