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6/5/2019 Electrical Q&A Part-3 | Electrical Notes & Articles

Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Electrical Q&A Part-3

1) What is the reason of grounding or earthing of equipment?

with a ground path, in case of short circuit the short circuit current goes to the body of the equipment
& then to the ground through the ground wire. Hence if at the moment of fault if a person touches
the equipment body he will not get a shock cause his body resistance (in thousands of ohms) will
offer a high resistance path in comparison to the ground wire. Hence the fault current will flow thru
the ground wire & not thru human body.
Providing a ground path helps in clearing the fault. A CT in the ground connection detects the high
value fault current hence the relay connected to the CT gives breaker a trip command.
Grounding helps in avoiding arcing faults. IF there would have been no ground then a fault with the
outer body can cause a arcing to the ground by breaking the air. This is dangerous both for the
equipment & the human beings.

2) A type-C MCB has thermo magnetic capability 5In to 10In that means a short circuit current will
be interrupted as the value will reach between 5In to 10In but the MCB breaking capacity is (for
example) define as 10kA.

5In to 10In is the pickup threshold for the magnetic trip element. The MCB will trip instantaneously
when the current is between these limits. 10kA is the short circuit withstands capacity of the MCB.
Under normal condition, a current limiting type MCB will trip on short circuit (magnetic trip) and
the current during circuit interruption will be much less than the prospective current. However, the
MCBs have to have a short circuit capacity more than or equal to the fault level at the location where
it is installed.

3) What is Ferrari Effect?

Ferranti Effect is due to the rise in voltage at the receiving end than that of the sending end. This
occurs when the load on the system reduces suddenly.
Transmission line usually consists of line inductance, line to earth capacitance and resistance.
Resistance can be neglected with respect to the line inductance .When the load on the system falls the
energy stored in the capacitance gets discharged. The charging current causes inductive reactance
voltage drop. This gets added vector ally to the sending end voltage and hence causes the voltage at
the receiving end to raise
A Long transmission line draws significant amount of charging current. If such line is open circuited
or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at the receiving end may become greater than
sending end voltage. This effect is known Ferranti effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line
inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both
capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon.
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The capacitance (charging current) is negligible in short lines, but significant in medium and long
transmission line. Hence, this phenomenon is applicable for medium and long transmission line.
The main impact of this phenomenon is on over voltage protection system, surge protection system,
insulation level etc.

4) Can single phase transformers be used for three phase applications?

Yes. Three phase transformers are sometimes not readily available whereas single phase transformers
can generally be found in stock. Three single phase transformers can be used in delta connected
primary and wye or delta connected secondary. They should never be connected wye primary to wye
secondary, since this will result in unstable secondary voltage. The equivalent three phase capacity
when properly connected of three single phase transformers is three times the nameplate rating of
each single phase transformer.

5) What is BIL and how does it apply to transformers?

BIL is an abbreviation for Basic Impulse Level. Impulse tests are dielectric tests that consist of the
application of a high frequency steep wave front voltage between windings, and between windings
and ground. The BIL of a transformer is a method of expressing the voltage surge that a transformer
will tolerate without breakdown.

6) Where Auto-recloser is used?

For Generator protection / Transformer Protection / Transmission Line / Bus bar protection.
Many faults on overhead transmission lines are transient in nature 90% of faults are used by birds,
tree branches. These condition results in arching faults and the arc in the fault can be extinguished by
de-energizing the lines by opening of CB on the both ends of the lines.
Open-0.3 second-Close-3minute-Close this is the sequence of AR. i.e.-OPEN,C-CLOSED
whenever faults occurs CB opens, then after 0.3 sec it closes automatically, if faults persists then it
will open after 3 min it closes and if still fault persists. It remains in open condition.
Auto reclosure is generally used for Transmission lines where the general types of faults are transient
in nature.
It can be three phase auto-reclosure or single pole auto-reclosure.
The single pole auto reclosures are generally for 400kV line below this three pole auto- reclosures are
used.
The reason for a line the single pole reclosures provides a be er stability of the system since some
part of power is still transferred through the healthy phases.
Also 400kV breaker till date has a independent drive/ trip/ close coils for the three poles, below that
all breakers have common drive/ trip / closing coils for the three poles.

7) What is difference between power transformers & distribution transformers?

Distribution Transformers are designed for a maximum efficiency at 50% of load. Whereas power
transformers are designed to deliver max efficiency ay 90% and above loads.
The distributions transformers have low impedance so as to have a be er regulation power
transformers have higher so as to limit the SC current.
Power transformers are used to step up voltages from 11 KV which is the generating voltage to 132 or
whatever will be the transmission voltage levels. Power transformers are having Star-Delta
connection. It will be located at power generating stations.

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Distribution transformers are used to step down voltages from transformer levels to 11 KV/415 V.
Will be having Delta-Star. It will be located in substations near load centers.
The main basic difference lies in the Design stage itself as power transformer are to operate at near
full load so there sensing is such that they achieve equal. of copper losses & iron losses at full loads
whereas this is achieved in the design itself at about 50% loading in dist transformer but friends there
is a dilemma as our dist. transformer are almost fully loaded & beyond so they never go operate at
their full eff. & also poor voltage regulation.
The difference between power and distribution transformers refers to size & input voltage.
Distribution transformers vary between 25 kVA and 10 MVA, with input voltage between 1 and 36
kV. Power transformers are typically units from 5 to 500 MVA, with input voltage above 36 kV.
Distribution transformer design to have a max efficiency at a load lower than full load. Power
transformer design to have a max efficiency at full load

8) What will be happen if the neutral isolator will be open or close during the running condition of
power?

During normal condition the neutral isolating switch should be kept close. In case it is kept open,
under balanced load conditions the current through neutral will not flow & nothing harmful will
take place but in case an earth fault takes place then there will be no earth fault current flowing
through the system & the generator will run as a ungrounded generator. Thus the earth fault will not
be cleared.
If more number of generators are connected parallel. We will have a close loop and hence negative
sequence current will flow. This will increase the rotor temperature. Hence if more number of
generators are connected then only one is earthed and others are open.
In case of Two or more generators connected to a common bus without a transformer in between,
basically in hydro stations, one of the Neutral Isolation Switch(NIS) is kept closed & rest are opened
to prevent circulating currents to flow between generators. Hence the above explanation will not be
valid for such systems.
Sometime we may want to test generator and may want to isolate the neutral from ground. like for
example meggaring etc. In such case we would like to open ground connection cable in case we want
to remove the NIS? we will certainly not like to open all the bolted connections for just a small test
like checking insulation with a meggar etc. for such things we need a NIS.
Neutral isolator is required if we have delta transmission system and at the time to connection with
the Grid Neutral isolation is required.
If we ungrounded the neutral then the generator is connected to the ground via Phase to earth
capacitances. Hence during faults arcing grounds can take place. Which are dangerous both to
human & equipment.
When we provide earthed neutral, for a fault, earth fault current will start flowing through the
neutral, which we can sense thru a CT & relay & hence can immediately identify & clear the fault in
about 100 ms by opening the associated breaker/prime mover/excitation. Quicker the fault clearance
less is the damage.

9) Why shorting type terminal required for CT?

During maintenance or secondary injection you will need to bypass the CT & for the same you need
shorting link. During sec. injection you will short circuit the main CT & bypass it. Open circuiting the
CT will saturate it & damage it.

10) Why fuse is given for only PT and not CT?

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Fuse if given for CT blows off due to a fault then rather than protecting the CT it will make it open
circuited hence it will be saturated & damaged. For PT it gives overload & SC protection.

11) Why is insulating base required for LA?

The LA is provided with a dedicated Prper earthing which may be in the form of a buried treated
electrode next to it.LA connection is securely made with the electrode via a surge counter. If we
directly earth the LA through structure then the surge counter will not be able to measure the no of
surges. For lesser rating the counter is not provided, hence we can bypass the insulated base. But
then proper earthing has to be assured.

12) Can 60 Hz transformers be operated at 50 Hz?

Transformers 1 KVA and larger, rated at 60 Hz, should not be used on 50 Hz service due to higher
losses and resultant heat rise. However, any 50 Hz transformer will operate on 60 Hz service.

13) Can transformers be used in parallel?

Single phase transformers can be used in parallel only when their voltages are equal. If unequal
voltages are used, a circulating current exists in the closed network between the two transformers
which will cause excess heating and result in a shorter life of the transformer. In addition impedance
values of each transformer must be within 7.5% of each other.

14) Can Transformers be reverse connected?

Dry type distribution transformers can be reverse connected without a loss of KVA rating, but there
are certain limitations. Transformers rated 1 KVA and larger single phase, 3 KVA and larger three
phases can be reverse connected without any adverse effects or loss in KVA capacity.

15) Why short circuit do not take place when electrode is touched to ground.

Basically during welding we force a short-circuit at the electrode tip. The fault condition produces
large magnitude currents. Greater the Current value have greater I2R heat produced. The arcing
energy elevates the temperature & hence melts the electrode material over the joint.
The transformer is designed to withstand such high currents. But welding is a very complex &
detailed phenomenon. Besides there are many principles on which welding operates. Some may be a
welding, dc welding, arc, constant voltage, constant current etc

16) What’s the difference between generator breaker and simple breaker?

Breaker is one which disconnects the circuit in fault condition and It is similar for all equipment.
Based on the equipment voltage and maximum short circuit current the ratings will be decided. For
be er understanding we call generator or transformer or line etc breakers.

17) What is accuracy Class of the instrument?

Generally the class indicates the accuracy with which the meter will indicate or equipment will
measure with respect to its input.
The accuracy of different equipment will depend on number of factors.
For example for a PT accuracy will depend on its leakage reactance & winding resistance. For a PT
accuracy gives the voltage & phase error & it varies with the VA burden of secondary. Also be er

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core material will give be er heat dissipation & reduce error. class of accuracy will give the voltage
error for a PT
different type of PTs available are:0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 5 & error values will be: class% voltage error(+/_)
phase displacement
Similarly indicating instruments shall have accuracies & accordingly application as depicted below
for testing the following values are generally used:
for routine tests : accuracy class 1
for type tests : accuracy class 0.5 or be er.
indicating meters generally will have accuracy of 1.

18) First pole to clear factor-Circuit breakers

The first pole to clear factor (kpp) is depending on the earthing system of the network. The first pole
to clear factor is used to calculating the transient recovery voltage for three phase faults. In general
following cases apply:-
1. kpp = 1.3 corresponds to three phase faults in system with an earthed neutral.
2. kpp = 1.5 corresponds to three phase faults in isolated or resonant earthed system.
3. kpp = 1.0 corresponds to special cases e.g. railway systems.
A special case is when there is a three phase fault without involving earth in a system with earthed
neutral. This case responds to kpp = 1.5 . This special case is however not normally considered in the
standards.

19) Why we use a resistance to ground the neutral when we need always low resistivity for the
grounding?

If we ground the generator directly then whenever a fault will take place at any phase with ground
the fault current flowing throw the faulted phase-to ground-to neutral will be very high cause there
will be no resistance to limit the value of fault current. Hence we insert a resistance in the neutral
circuit to limit this fault current. Also we need to reduce the fault current to such a value that the
protection CTs are able to identify the fault current without saturating the CTs. Communicate it to the
protection relays & hence the relays can then isolate the system from the fault; so that the system is
isolated from the fault before the harm is done by the fault current. That is the reason that all the
equipment will be designed for fault KA values for 1 sec so that the total operation(CT sensing-relay
functioning-circuit breaker operation ) time will be less than 1 sec. hence the Breakers will isolate the
fault before 1 sec i.e. within the time period the equipment are designed to carry the fault current.
Thus all your objectives of:
preventing the arcing.
limiting the fault current.
isolating the faulted system are achieved

20) Why are NGR’s rated for 10sec?

NGR are placed in the neutral circuit & hence will be energized only in the fault conditions thus their
continuous loading is not expected. Hence they are selected for intermi ent rating. Similarly when
we place a transformer in the neutral grounding circuit the KVA rating obtained after the calculation
is multiplied by a diversity factor to obtain smaller rating cause the therefore It will not be
continuously rated.
NIS is also provided to cut the circulating negative sequence current in 2 more generators connected
in parallel.
in some grid conditions they ask to keep neutral isolated after being connected to grid.
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21) How to calculate knee point voltage and significance of knee point voltage?

Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing curve (BH curve) where an increase of 10% in the
flux density (voltage) causes an increase of 50% in the magnetizing force (current). Its significance lies
mainly in PS class core of CTs used for diff protection

22) Design method for neutral grounding resistor?

NGR design basics:


Capacitive coupling of generator, equipment and the ground
-Generator to ground capacitance.
-Generator cable to ground capacitance (or bus duct as the case may be)
-Low voltage winding of trafo & ground capacitance.
-Surge arrestor capacitance.

The total capacitance is then obtained from the above values & then we calculate from that the
capacitive reactance. The capacitive current then produced is calculated from the generator voltage &
the capacitive reactance obtained above. Once the current is obtained we can then calculate the
electrostatic KVA from the current multiplied with voltage.

23) Criterion is there for selection of Insulation Disc in Transmission and Distribution Line.

11kV is the phase to earth voltage for 220kV =220/ (sqrt(3)*11)=12 No’s of disc are suitable.The
number can be increased to increase the creep age distance.
While selecting the disc insulators one has to keep in mind the following things:
1. EM-strength of the string. All the forces coming on to the string & the ability of the string to
withstand them.
2. Sufficient Cree page distance so as not to cause a flashover .
3. Interface with the type of conductor used (moose, tarantula, zebra etc)
So we will get the value of no of discs by dividing the phase to earth voltage with 1.732. Once that is
done then we need to see its suitability with respect to EM strength.
After this we need to consider the force that the stack has to bear. If we have a strain type of fi ing
i.e. the stack has to bear horizontal conductor tension, weight load of the conductor, wind load, ice
load etc then the number of insulator discs required may be more.
But for a suspension type system which has to bear only the weight then number of discs required
may be less than what we get by dividing by 11. That is the reason we have seen only 23/24 discs in
400 kv line cause in that case the creep age obtained must have been enough & also the strain
requirement.
33kv insulators are generally used in a vertical installation & are not stacked together because that
will make the suspension very rigid

24) Do taps work the same when a transformer is reverse fed?

Taps are normally in the primary winding to adjust for varying incoming voltage. If the transformer
is reverse fed, the taps are on the output side and can be used to adjust the output voltage.

25) Why may I get the wrong output voltage when installing a step up transformer?

Transformer terminals are marked according to high and low voltage connections. An H terminal
signifies a high voltage connection while an X terminal signifies a lower voltage connection. A
common misconception is that H terminals are primary and X terminals secondary. This is true for
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step down transformers, but in a step up transformer the connections should be reversed. Low
voltage primary would connect to X terminals while high voltage secondary would connect on the H
terminals.

26) Can a single phase transformer be used on a three phase source?

Yes. Any single phase transformer can be used on a three phase source by connecting the primary
leads to any two wires of a three phase system, regardless of whether the source is three phase 3-wire
or three phase 4-wire. The transformer output will be single phase.

27) Why in Double circuit wire are transposed (R – B, Y – Y, B – R)

This is done to avoid


1. Proximity effect
2. Skin effect
3. Radio interference
4. Reduction in noise in communication Signals

28) Selection of LA

The voltage rating of LA is selected as: Line voltage x sqrt(2)/ sqrt(3) so for 11kV line its 9kV
In that case also the values would not differ much if We takes the TOV factor as 1.4. However, we can
take the value of 1.56 as TOV to be more precise.

29) Which is more dangerous AC or DC

Low frequency (50 – 60 Hz) AC currents can be more dangerous than similar levels of DC current
since the alternating fluctuations can cause the heart to lose coordination, inducing ventricular
fibrillation, which then rapidly leads to death.
However any practical distribution system will use voltage levels quite sufficient to ensure a
dangerous amount of current will flow, whether it uses alternating or direct current. Since the
precautions against electrocution are similar, ultimately, the advantages of AC power transmission
outweighed this theoretical risk, and it was eventually adopted as the standard.

30) What all are the applications where high speed grounding switches are used.

Generator neutral is earthed directly or through distribution transformer. This neutral earthing is
through done through a switch. This is general practice for only one generator.
For two generators in parallel to a bus the neutral earthing is different. If both the neutral earthing is
closed the negative sequence current will be flowing though both the generator taking earth as path.
This leads to increase in loss and increase in temperature (This may leads to false tripping also).
Hence once the second generator is synchronized with the bus or grid the neutral is isolated.
Neutral grounding switch we do not need a high speed grounding switch. A normal switch with the
correct rating capacity would also work.

31) What is Skin Effect and how does it happen??

According to faradays law of electromagnetic induction, a conductor placed in a changing magnetic


field induces an emf. The effect of back emf is maximum at the centre because of maximum lines of
field there. Hence the maximum opposition of current at inner side of conductor and minimum

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opposition at the surface. Hence the current tries to follow at the surface. It is due to this reason that
we take hollow tube conductors in bus duct.
Taking into account the inductance effect, its simple consider the DC current. Since its constant & not
varying hence no back emf but if we gradually start increasing the frequency then the flux cu ing the
conductor goes on increasing, hence greater the frequency greater the alternating flux cu ing the
conductor & hence greater the back emf & therefore greater the skin effect.

32) Why we ground the sheath of single core power cables and to avoid grounded at both the ends?

A single core cable with a sheath is nothing but a conductor carrying current surrounded by another
conductor (sheath). Hence the Alternative current in the conductor induces voltages in the sheath or
the armour. Hence grounding these cables at both ends will cause the potential of the armour to be
same as ground potential & hence shall become safe for the personnel.
But grounding the cables at both the end will cause a problem. In that case the circulating currents
will start flowing with the armor, the ground & with the two ends of the grounding completing the
circuit. This will also provide path for the fault currents to flow. Hence this whole thing will cause
the cable to produce some I2R losses, hence heating & hence the current carrying capacity will be de
rated. This system of cable earthing is called both-end bonding. This system is suggested only when
one wants to avoid the voltage development because can either go with the de rated cable or if one
updates the cable in advance.
When only one end of the cable sheath is grounded then there is no path for the circulating current to
flow. Hence the current carrying capacity of the cable will be good. But in this case potential will be
induced between sheath & ground. This potential is proportional to the length of the cable & hence
this will limit the length of the cable used. This method is called single point bonding. This is thus
used only for short lengths.
There is another system called the cross bonding system in which the sheath are sectionaliosed &
cross connected so that the circulating currents are minimized. Although some potential will also
exist between sheath & ground, the same being maximum at the link boxes where bonding is done.
This method provides maximum possible current carrying capacity with the maximum possible
lengths.

33) What is EDO & MDO type breaker?

In the Breakers for the operation spring charging is must.


In EDO breaker the spring charging is done with a motor and draw out manually by hand. so EDO
means Electrically spring charged Draw Out breaker
In MDO breaker the spring charging is also done by hand manually and draw out about also by
hand only. so MDO means Manual spring charge Draw Out breaker

34) Why transformer rating is in KVA or KW?

Because power factor of the load is not defined in case of transformer that’s why it is not possible to
rate transformer in KW.
The losses (cu loss and iron loss) of the transformer depends on current and voltage purely, not on
load i.e, phase angle between the current and voltage i.e. why transformer rated in kVA
Transformer is not a load and having no effect on P.F (that’s why no change in its power factor) and
it only transfer the constant power from one voltage level to another voltage level without changing
frequency. since both the losses viz copper loss(depends on current) and iron loss(depends on
voltage) are independent of power factor, that is why a Transformers rating is not on kW, but on
KVA
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35) Why the secondary of CT never open when burden is connected on the CT.?

secondary of CT is never opened as because CT is always connected to the line so opening the
secondary will mean there will be no counter mmf to balance the primary current as a result of which
a very high induced emf may appear in the secondary as flux is very high and no counter mmf and
this will be dangerous for the personnel in the secondary side and for pt if it is shorted then with full
voltage applied to the primary.
If we short the secondary then much high current will circulate in the secondary due to high induced
emf much higher than the actual full load current as a result of which the transformer’s secondary
winding may burn out.

36) Distance relay se ing

Step1:
Get the conductor Details (i.e Positive Sequence Impedance (Z), Zero Sequence Impedance(Z0))
which is in Primary value. Convert in terms of secondary values.
Step 2 :
Based upon the calculated value divide into various zones
Zone 1 (Forward) means 80% of your protected line length.
Zone 2 (Forward) means 100% of protected line length + 20% Adjacent Shortest line
Zone 3 (Forward) means 100% of protected line length + 50% Adjacent Longest line.
Zone 4 (Reverse) means 10% of protected line.

37) Difference between CT class 0.2 and 0.2S?

0.2S & 0.5S: Special type of measurement CTs they guarantee the declared accuracy, even with
20% loading. And some definite error can be defined even with a load as low as 1%. Thus they are
suitable for industries where loads are commissioned in steps or stages. Also for tariff metering
purposes.
0.2S: Special class for metering. It is more accurate than 0.2 classes. Generally if we use 0.2s class CT
than VA burden of core is also come down.
In 0.2 classes CT, ratio & phase angle errors must be within the specified limits at 5%, 20%, 100% &
120% of rated secondary current. Whereas in 0.2s class CT, ratio & phase angle errors must be within
the specified limits at 1%, 5%, 20%, 100% & 120% of rated secondary current. Also in 0.2s class, Ratio
& Phase angle errors limits are lower than 0.2 classes.

38) Why we use inductors

Inductors have the property to oppose sudden changes in Current. When connected to the primary
side of transformer, if any sudden short circuit (very high) current flows due to some fault in the
system, the inductor will oppose the flow of that current saving the transformer.
Secondly, for the problem of lagging current. Capacitors are connected across the inductor to
improve the lagging current. So Mainly Inductor is used to (i) protected the transformer, (ii) solved
the problem of lagging current.

39) Why do we need a bigger breaker when reverse feeding a transformer?

Typically the output winding is wound first and is therefore closest to the core. When used as
exciting winding a higher inrush current results. In most cases the inrush current is 10 to 12 times the
full load current for 1/10 of a second. When the transformer is reverse fed the inrush current can be

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up to 16 times greater. In this case a bigger breaker with a higher AIC rating must be used to keep the
transformer online.

40) How many types of Neutral grounding system?

There are primarily three types of grounding system which are:


(1)Solid grounding – The neutral point of the system is grounded without any resistance. If the
ground fault occurs, high ground current passes through the fault. Its use is very common in low
voltage system, where line to neutral voltage is used for single phase loads.

(2) Low Resistance grounding (LRG) – This is used for limiting the ground fault current to minimize
the impact of the fault current to the system. In this case, the system trips for the ground fault. In this
system, the use of line to neutral (single phase) is prohibited. The ground fault current is limited to in
the rage from 25A to 600A.
(3) High Resistance Grounding (HRG) – It is used where service continuity is vital, such as process
plant motors. With HRG, the neutral is grounded through a high resistance so that very small current
flows to the ground if ground fault occurs. In the case of ground fault of one phase, the faulty phase
goes to the ground potential but the system doesn’t trip. This system must have a ground fault
monitoring system. The use of line to neutral (single phase) is prohibited (NEC, 250.36(3)) in HRG
system, however, phase to neutral is used with using the additional transformer having its neutral
grounded. When ground fault occurs in HRG system, the monitoring systems gives alarm and the
plant operators start the standby motor and stop the faulty one for the maintenance. This way, the
process plant is not interrupted. The ground fault current is limited to 10A or less.
There are other two types such as Corner Grounding (for Delta system) and ungrounded system but
they are not commonly used.

55 Responses to Electrical Q&A Part-3

Prakashan says:
May 20, 2011 at 7:17 am
Thanks Jignesh,

Its a woderful collection and question answers are very good…


Keep it up for your efforts..

Reply
Manikandan P S says:
June 26, 2011 at 5:30 pm
Hai This is Manikandan P S , now i am working as Electrical Estimation Engineer in Low Voltage
Switchgear,

I am really very happy to found this website, and I would like to know more details AMF panel,
Synchronization Panel.

Hope i am really looking for the same very soon

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Reply
siva says:
October 18, 2011 at 1:29 am
hi really very super …please provide the more q&a parts

Reply
Vijendra says:
November 29, 2011 at 1:41 pm
Dear sir i appreciate ur work as electrical engineer . I need how star delta starter reduce starting
current and voltage . And street light and building light. Induction motor controlled by plc

Reply
sanjay chand says:
January 27, 2012 at 5:24 am
sie will u provide this file in pdf also

Reply
Parvat Shekhawat says:
February 28, 2012 at 5:29 pm
Thanks,

Its a woderful collection and question answers are very good…& Very useful for us.

Keep it up for your efforts..

Rgds,
Parvat Shekhawat

Reply
D.Saravanan says:
March 24, 2012 at 2:28 pm
very good article to learn something about transformers

Reply
abhyudayghosh says:
June 23, 2012 at 5:25 pm
why question numbers not in serial…

Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
June 24, 2012 at 12:36 pm
Is it important the sequence of the serial number !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Reply
Akash B J says:
March 7, 2017 at 2:52 pm
what happens if i connect a single phase load to a 3 phase generator? and keep the remaining
2 lines as open????

Muthukumar.g 09282134690 says:


June 24, 2012 at 7:20 pm
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Muthukumar
Dear Jignesh It is very useful for electrical engg Wonder ful idea MORE Q&A will give

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sai says:
December 13, 2012 at 12:59 pm
Is it necessary to have grounding on High Voltage Generator , can,t find NGR,NGT ?

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PR. Jawahar says:
December 17, 2012 at 5:39 am
Part-3 Q.12 : A 60Hz transformer can be operated at 50Hz, provided the operation voltage is reduced
accordingly (i.e., (50/60)xrated V). Kindly confirm if my understanding is right..

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mathan says:
July 28, 2013 at 12:17 am
how to calculate phase to earth fault current in a resistance grounding transformer….?plz tell me…./

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Moin Vahora says:
August 3, 2013 at 10:37 am
Dear Sir,

Your articles are really very good. Can you please guide me what Inrush Current is? and how does it
generate??

Regards,

Moin Vahora

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raj says:
August 31, 2013 at 6:50 am
daer sir
thanks for your articles its realy very helpfull for electrical engineers.sir i need to know more about
harmonics and how it generates??????????

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rudramuni says:
September 4, 2013 at 2:57 pm
sir can you pkease explain me about what are positive negative and zero sequence components?

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rudramuni says:
September 4, 2013 at 3:30 pm
sir can you please explain me about positive negative and zero sequence components?

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abhijit says:
October 7, 2013 at 3:55 pm
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why 3rd harmonic current is so dangerous? Is this because it stays for a longer period than the other
higher order odd harmonics e.g. 5th, 7th etc.?

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Bala says:
February 15, 2014 at 7:04 am
Hello sir,
Very Good effort made by you , it is very useful for us. Great work ..

thanks
regards,
Bala

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naths says:
May 22, 2014 at 3:09 pm
great.

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Sasikarthick A says:
July 9, 2014 at 9:54 am
Mr. Jignesh,

It has been a wonderful site for electrical clarification behind with technical reasons.

Thanking You,

Sasikarthick A

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RENJITH says:
September 4, 2014 at 10:45 am
DEAR SIR ,

VERY NICE QUESTION AND ANSWER , SIR NEED METHODS OF TESTING SYSTEM OF
DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL EQUIP MENT EXPLANATION AM EXPECTING ,YOU
DOING GOD JOB ,

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Shashikant Salke says:
September 5, 2014 at 6:20 am
Sir, please explain, what will happen if PT secondary resistance is unequal at PT terminal & what are
the reasons for that.
For example: R ph 1S1-1S2=1.6kOhm (Old PT), Y ph 1S1-1S2=1.04 Ohm (Old PT), B ph 1S1-1S2= 0.8
Ohm.

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riyaan shawl says:
December 22, 2014 at 2:53 pm
Sir plzz tell me why one end is connected to the ground in potential xmers???

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francis person says:
February 6, 2015 at 7:22 pm
Where does an earth fault go to on a delta connected winding without a nec

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viral says:
February 9, 2015 at 6:18 am
Dear sir Please explain difference between chemical earthing and ordinary earthing used in industrial
plant.which one is ba er according to long life?

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P. Manoj Kumar Patro says:
February 24, 2015 at 11:02 am
If I connect a Ammeter in series with the Neutral point of a PT then what current it will show

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irfan247 says:
March 21, 2015 at 4:40 pm
What are the precautions that we have to take while installing the inverter????

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Jestin says:
April 2, 2015 at 3:08 pm
How can i protect my transformer when back feeding.

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jayabal says:
June 9, 2015 at 1:16 pm
i have 16A MCCB with 16A at downstream and GFR with 10A and 0.3sec at upstream, which will
trip first in this coordination??

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leonard says:
July 25, 2015 at 4:31 pm
Why step down delta star transformers 11000/400V doesn’t have edit relay and neutral earthing
resistor like 11000/550V step down transformers

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priyanka yadav says:
September 17, 2015 at 10:14 am
Sir plz tell me
Can we use suspension insulator for less than 33 kv?

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Cara Iisi Pulsa Listrik Lewat HP says:
November 16, 2015 at 9:50 am
Valuable information. Fortunate me I discovered your web site by accident,
and I am surprised why this accident didn’t came about earlier!

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I bookmarked it.

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Amit says:
December 16, 2015 at 10:59 am
We use line separator in distribution line not to touch and short circuit of lines.
But when their is heavy rain line separator can act as a conductive path and short the lines, but its not
true why???

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Beniam says:
January 4, 2016 at 2:58 am
Thank u. this is very helpful. but i were searching. if the three phase ECU monitored generator
frequency remains at 47 and rpm 1410. will that the cause of earthing?

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Avi says:
January 16, 2016 at 9:35 am
we see in three phase four wire LT system that distribution lines are sometimes separated with
wooden sticks. In rainy seasons the wood become wet and also there is water on surface of wood,
why it does not get shorted even when there is
path to short??

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Sdin says:
March 8, 2016 at 7:41 pm
Dear Sir

Can double pole VT used for for single pole to earth connection (used in 3 phase 4 wire system)?

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arun says:
March 28, 2016 at 11:55 am
For a ungrounded generator,whether phase current will flow towards ground if get touch with
ground?If not whether it will be considered as fault?How the fault current will pass through the
human body towards system neutral through earth if the system is ungrounded?
Please clarify.

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SDK says:
April 7, 2016 at 7:46 am
How to measure a large amount of current eg: 3000A without Ammeter? I think there is no such
instrument to measure such a high amount current(Correct me if I am wrong).. Plz help

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monideepa says:
April 15, 2016 at 7:14 am
dear Sir
can a long transmission line lg fault current depends on phase angle of generator, and how

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Jawaid Akhtar says:
April 26, 2016 at 3:28 pm
Q. If 3ph step down transfer shows one phase primary missing. How it will effect load etc.

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Rizwan Niazi says:
April 27, 2016 at 11:44 am
Awesome technical information.

How to design protection for IT earthing system with Transformer Neutral un-grounded (just open.
no use of HRG)?

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ankit says:
June 15, 2016 at 12:55 pm
why 3-phase fault level is low for capacitive load as compared to inductive load?

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Maheshwari Sanjay says:
July 20, 2016 at 5:39 am
Dear Sir,
why mili ammeter is added in surge counter

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Israel she iyar says:
September 24, 2016 at 3:06 pm
What is the effect on isolated bus duct of inductive and capacitive current as in our case support
structure is ge ing hot. Pl give me your kind support

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Rajendira.R says:
September 26, 2016 at 11:52 am
sir, please let me know the vertical clearance (between nearest earth contact to knife) of a 22kv single
break AB switch in a outdoor structure. what will happen if the clearance is much less.

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Svetaketu says:
September 27, 2016 at 6:00 am
Thank you sir for sharing your technical knowledge. It is very useful for us practising engineers in
solving day to day practical problems and I refer to your website regularly.

I have a question: If we have an option of Grounding using either ordinary Neutral Grounding
Resistor (100 Amps limit) or a Neutral Grounding Transformer (10 Amps limit), which is a be er
option? As per IEEE C37.102 (Clause 3.2.2), in case of an Alternator directly connected to the
distribution network, usually a Neutral Grounding Resistor is used. What is the reason for this?

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ARUN SINGH says:
January 2, 2017 at 5:26 pm

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Why transformer connected by cable to transmission line

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Priya says:
January 12, 2017 at 6:21 am
it’s really super please provide more Q&A parts. keep it up your efforts

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alex says:
February 4, 2017 at 12:32 am
SIR GOOD MORNING, IM ALEX FROM PHILIPPINES. I JUST WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS THE
EFFECT OR WHAT WE GAIN IN 400V SYSTEM IN TERMS OF FAULT CONDITION? THANK
YOU SO MUCH

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Yashpalsinh N Gohil says:
April 14, 2017 at 6:04 am
Very useful collection…
Can I get pdf file of all parts of q & a… Because at our area mobile network is poor so data not
continue on…therefore during free time I can’t get benefit of this wonderful collection…

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Sunil Kumar says:
May 7, 2017 at 7:42 am
hi
I have a 11kv HT panel with one incomer (ct-200/1) and two outgoing.
first outgoing (ct-75/1) feeding a transformer 11000/433 with 52A current at HT side.
second outgoing (ct-125/1) feeding a transformer 11000/433 with 105A current at HT side.

please tell me over current and short circuit se ings.

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Deepak Tyagi says:
August 12, 2017 at 6:14 pm
Very precise and useful information for electrical engineers. It really encourages me to read more and
more. Pls provide more information on Electrical, Electronics, HVAC and Mechanical Engg.
Thank you very much.

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Manohar says:
September 30, 2017 at 5:26 pm
Sir, can you please explain about DC grounding in substation?

Reply

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