Electrical Q&A Part-4

6/5/2019 Electrical Q&A Part-4 | Electrical Notes & Articles
Electrical Notes & Articles
Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.
Electrical Q&A Part-4
1) What value AC meters show, is it the RMS or peak voltage?
AC voltmeters and ammeters show the RMS value of the voltage or current. DC meters also show
the RMS value when connected to varying DC providing the DC is varying quickly, if the frequency
is less than about 10Hz you will see the meter reading fluctuating instead.
2) Why in the transmission tower construction Middle arm is longer than the upper and lower Arm.
Conductor of Upper Arm and Lower Arm will stay apart.

To prevent big birds (Ostriches etc) from bumping their heads against the conductor above when
they sit on the wire below.
Designed to maintain the mechanical requirement to prevent arching between conductors while
maintaining a tower height that is manageable, and of course preventing head injuries to birds
The arms are of different links to prevent a broken upper line from falling on one or more of the
phase lines below.
The clearance from other phase.
Mutual inductance minimization.
Preventing droplet of water/ice to fall on bo om conductor.
3) What is the difference between Surge Arrester & Lightning Arrestor
LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded, where as surge arrestor installed
inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge.
Transmission Line Lightning Protection:
The transmission line towers would normally be higher than a substation structure, unless you have
a multi-storey structure at your substation.
Earth Mats are essential in all substation areas, along with driven earth electrodes (unless in a dry
sandy desert site).
It is likewise normal to run catenaries’ (aerial earth conductors) for at least 1kM out from all
substation structures. Those earth wires to be properly electrically to each supporting transmission
tower, and bonded back to the substation earth system.
It is important to have the catenaries’ earth conductors above the power conductor lines, at a
sufficient distance and position that a lightning strike will not hit the power conductors.
In some cases it is thus an advantage to have two catenary earth conductors, one each side of the
transmission tower as they protect the power lines below in a be er manner.
In lightning-prone areas it is often necessary to have catenary earthing along the full distance of the
transmission line.
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/electrical-qa/electrical-qa-part-4/ 1/15
Without specifics, (and you could not presently give tower pictures in a Post because of a CR4 Server
graphics upload problem), specifics would include:
Structure Lightning Protection:
At the Substation, it is normal to have vertical electrodes bonded to the structure, and projecting up
from the highest points of the structure, with the location and number of those electrodes to be
sufficient that if a lightning strike arrived, it would always be a vertical earthed electrode which
would be struck, rather than any electrical equipment.
In some older outdoor substation structures, air-break isolator switches are often at a very high point
in the structure, and in those cases small structure extension towers are installed, with electrodes at
the tapered peak of those extension towers.
The extension towers are normally 600mm square approximately until the extension tower changes
shape at the tapered peak, and in some cases project upwards from the general structure 2 to 6
metres, with the electrode some 2 to 3 metres projecting upwards from the top of the extension tower.
The substation normally has a Lightning Counter – which registers a strike on the structure or
connected to earth conductors, and the gathering of that information (Lightning Days, number per
Day/Month/Year, Amperage of each strike)
4) How Corona Discharge Effect Occur in Transmission Line?
In a power system transmission lines are used to carry the power. These transmission lines are
separated by certain spacing which is large in comparison to their diameters.
In Extra High Voltage system (EHV system ) when potential difference is applied across the power
conductors in transmission lines then air medium present between the phases of the power
conductors acts as insulator medium however the air surrounding the conductor subjects to electro
static stresses. When the potential increases still further then the atoms present around the conductor
starts ionize. Then the ions produced in this process repel with each other and a racts towards the
conductor at high velocity which intern produces other ions by collision.
The ionized air surrounding the conductor acts as a virtual conductor and increases the effective
diameter of the power conductor. Further increase in the potential difference in the transmission lines
then a faint luminous glow of violet color appears together along with hissing noise. This
phenomenon is called virtual corona and followed by production of ozone gas which can be detected
by the odor. Still further increase in the potential between the power conductors makes the insulating
medium present between the power conductors to start conducting and reaches a voltage (Critical
Breakdown Voltage) where the insulating air medium acts as conducting medium results in
breakdown of the insulating medium and flash over is observed. All this above said phenomenon
constitutes CORONA DISCHARGE EFFECT in electrical Transmission lines.
5) Methods to reduce Corona Discharge Effect:
Critical Breakdown voltage can be increased by following factors

By increasing the spacing between the conductors:
Corona Discharge Effect can be reduced by increasing the clearance spacing between the phases of
the transmission lines. However increase in the phases results in heavier metal supports. Cost and
Space requirement increases.
By increasing the diameter of the conductor:
Diameter of the conductor can be increased to reduce the corona discharge effect. By using hollow
conductors corona discharge effect can be improved.
By using Bundled Conductors:
By using Bundled Conductors also corona effect can be reduced this is because bundled conductors
will have much higher effective diameter compared to the normal conductors.
By Using Corona Rings or Grading Rings:
This is of having no greater significance but i presented here to understand the Corona Ring in the
Power system. Corona Rings or Grading Rings are present on the surge arresters to equally distribute
the potential along the Surge Arresters or Lightning Arresters which are present near the Substation
and in the Transmission lines.
6) How to test insulators?
Always remember to practice safety procedures for the flash-over voltage distance and use a sturdy
enclosure to contain an insulator that may sha er, due to steam build-up from moisture in a cavity,
arcing produces intense heat, an AM radio is a good RFI/arcing detection device, a bucket truck AC
dielectric test set (130KV) is a good test set for most pin and cap type insulators. A recent article said
the DC voltage required to “search out defects can be 1.9 times the AC voltage.
Insulators have a normal operating voltage and a flash-over voltage. Insulators can have internal
flash-over that are/are not present at normal operating voltage. If the RFI is present, de-energize the
insulator (line) and if the RFI goes away, suspect the insulator (line). Then there can be insulators that
have arcing start when capacitor or other transients happen, stop when the line is de-energized or
dropped below 50% of arc ignition voltage. Using a meg-ohm-meter can eliminate defective
insulators that will immediately arc-over tripping the test set current overload.
7) How to identify the starting and ending leads of winding in a motor which is having 6 leads in
the terminal box
If it is a single speed motor then we have to identify 6 leads.

Use IR tester to identify 3 windings and their 6 leads. Then connect any two leads of two winding
and apply small voltage across it and measure the current.
Then again connect alternate windings of same two windings and apply small amount of voltage
(same as before) and measure current.
Check in which mode you get the max current and then mark it as a1-a2 & b1-b2. You get max
current when a2-b1 will be connected and voltage applied between a1-b2.
Follow the same process to identify a1-a2, b1-b2, c1-c2.now we will be able to connect it in delta or
star.
8) How to measure Transformer Impedance?
Follow the steps below:

(1) Short the secondary side of the transformer with current measuring devices (Ammeter)
(2) Apply low voltage in primary side and increase the voltage so that the secondary current is the
rated secondary current of the transformer. Measure the primary voltage (V1).
(3) Divide the V1 by the rated primary voltage of the transformer and multiply by 100. This value is
the percentage impedance of the transformer.
When we divide the primary voltage V1 with the full load voltage we will get the short circuit
impedance of the transformer with refereed to primary or Z01. For ge ing the percentage impedance
we need to use the formula = Z01*Transformer MVA /(Square of Primary line voltage).
9) Why Bus Couplers are normally 4-Pole. Or When Neutral Isolation is required?
Neutral Isolation is mandatory when you have a Mains Supply Source and a Stand-by Power Supply
Source. This is necessary because if you do not have neutral isolation and the neutrals of both the
sources are linked, then when only one source is feeding and the other source is OFF, during an earth
fault, the potential of the OFF Source’s Neutral with respect to earth will increase, which might harm
any maintenance personnel working on the OFF source. It is for this reason that PCC Incomers & Bus
Couplers are normally 4-Pole. (Note that only either the incomer or the bus coupler needs to be 4-
pole and not both).
3pole or 4pole switches are used in changing over two independant sources ,where the neutral of one
source and the neutral of another source should not mix the examples are electricity board power
supply and standalone generator supply etc. the neutral return current from one source should not
mix with or return to another source. as a mandatory point the neutral of any transformer etc are to
be earthed, similarly the neutral of a generator also has to be earthed. While paralling (under
uncontrolled condition) the neutral current between the 2 sources will crises cross and create tripping
of anyone source breakers.
also as per IEC standard the neutral of a distribution system shall not be earthed more than once.
means earthing the neutral further downstream is not correct,
10) Why Three No’s of Current transformer in 3 phase Star point is grounded.
For CT’s either you use for 3 phase or 2 phase or even if you use only 1 CT’s for the Over current
Protection or for the Earth Faults Protection, their neutral point is always shorted to earth. This is
NOT as what you explain as above but actually it is for the safety of the CT’s when the current is
passing thru the CT’s.
In generally, tripping of Earth faults and Over current Protection has nothing to do with the earthing
the neutral of the CT’s. Even these CT’s are not Grounded or Earthed, these Over current and the
Earth Faults Protection Relay still can operated.
Operating of the Over current Protection and the Earth Faults Relays are by the Kirchhoff Law
Principle where the total current flowing into the points is equal to the total of current flowing out
from the point.
Therefore, for the earth faults protection relays operating, it is that, if the total current flowing in to
the CT’s is NOT equal total current flowing back out of the CT’s then with the differences of the
leakage current, the Earth Faults Relays will operated.
11) What is tertiary winding of Transformer?
Providing a tertiary winding for a transformer may be a costly affair. However, there are certain
constraints in a system which calls for a tertiary transformer winding especially in the case of
considerable harmonic levels in the distribution system. Following is an excerpt from the book “The
J&P Transformer Book”.
Tertiary winding is may be used for any of the following purposes:
(A)To limit the fault level on the LV system by subdividing the infeed that is, double secondary
transformers.
(B)The interconnection of several power systems operating at different supply voltages.
(C) The regulation of system voltage and of reactive power by means of a synchronous capacitor
connected to the terminals of one winding.
It is desirable that a three-phase transformer should have one set of three-phase windings connected
in delta thus providing a low-impedance path for third-harmonic currents. The presence of a delta
connected winding also allows current to circulate around the delta in the event of unbalance in the
loading between phases, so that this unbalance is reduced and not so greatly fed back through the
system.
Since the third-order harmonic components in each phase of a three-phase system are in phase, there
can be no third-order harmonic voltages between lines. The third-order harmonic component of the
magnetising current must thus flow through the neutral of a star-connected winding, where the
neutral of the supply and the star-connected winding are both earthed, or around any delta-
connected winding. If there is no delta winding on a star/star transformer, or the neutral of the
transformer and the supply are not both connected to earth, then line to earth capacitance currents in
the supply system lines can supply the necessary harmonic component. If the harmonics cannot flow
in any of these paths then the output voltage will contain the harmonic distortion.
Even if the neutral of the supply and the star-connected winding are both earthed, then although the
transformer output waveform will be undistorted, the circulating third-order harmonic currents
flowing in the neutral can cause interference with telecommunications circuits and other electronic
equipment as well as unacceptable heating in any liquid neutral earthing resistors, so this provides
an added reason for the use of a delta connected tertiary winding.
If the neutral of the star-connected winding is unearthed then, without the use of a delta tertiary, this
neutral point can oscillate above and below earth at a voltage equal in magnitude to the third-order
harmonic component. Because the use of a delta tertiary prevents this it is sometimes referred to as a
stabilizing winding.
When specifying a transformer which is to have a tertiary the intending purchaser should ideally
provide sufficient information to enable the transformer designer to determine the worst possible
external fault currents that may flow in service. This information (which should include the system
characteristics and details of the earthing arrangements) together with a knowledge of the impedance
values between the various windings, will permit an accurate assessment to be made of the fault
currents and of the magnitude of currents that will flow in the tertiary winding. This is far preferable
to the purchaser arbitrarily specifying a rating of, say, 33.3%, of that of the main windings.
12) Why do transformers hum?
Transformer noise is caused by a phenomenon which causes a piece of magnetic sheet steel to extend
itself when magnetized. When the magnetization is taken away, it goes back to its original condition.
This phenomenon is scientifically referred to as magnetostriction.
A transformer is magnetically excited by an alternating voltage and current so that it becomes
extended and contracted twice during a full cycle of magnetization. The magnetization of any given
point on the sheet varies, so the extension and contraction is not uniform. A transformer core is made
from many sheets of special steel to reduce losses and moderate the ensuing heating effect.
The extensions and contractions are taking place erratically all over a sheet and each sheet is
behaving erratically with respect to its neighbour, so you can see what a moving, writhing
construction it is when excited. These extensions are miniscule proportionally and therefore not
normally visible to the naked eye. However, they are sufficient to cause a vibration, and consequently
noise. Applying voltage to a transformer produces a magnetic flux, or magnetic lines of force in the
core. The degree of flux determines the amount of magnetostriction and hence, the noise level Why
not reduce the noise in the core by reducing the amount of flux? Transformer voltages are fixed by
system requirements. The ratio of these voltages to the number of turns in the winding determines
the amount of magnetization. This ratio of voltage to turns is determined mainly for economical
soundness. Therefore the amount of flux at the normal voltage is fixed. This also fixes the level of
noise and vibration. Also, increasing (or decreasing) magnetization does not affect the
magnetostriction equivalently. In technical terms the relationship is not linear.
13) How can we reduce airborne noise?
Put the transformer in a room in which the walls and floor are massive enough to reduce the noise to
a person listening on the other side. Noise is usually reduced (a enuated) as it tries to pass through a
massive wall. Walls can be of brick, steel, concrete, lead, or most other dense building materials.
Put the object inside an enclosure which uses a limp wall technique. This is a method which uses two
thin plates separated by viscous (rubbery) material. As the noise hits the inner sheet some of its
energy is used up inside the viscous material. The outer sheet should not vibrate.
Build a screen wall around the unit. This is cheaper than a full room. It will reduce the noise to those
near the wall, but the noise will get over the screen and fall elsewhere (at a lower level). Screens have
been made from wood, concrete, brick and with dense bushes (although the la er becomes
psychological)
Do not make any reflecting surface coincident with half the wave length of the frequency. What does
this mean? Well, every frequency has a wave length. To find the wave length in air, for instance, you
divide the speed of sound, in air (generally understood as 1130 feet per second) by the frequency. If a
noise hits a reflecting surface at these dimensions it will produce what is called a standing wave.
Standing waves will cause reverberations (echoes) and an increase in the sound level. If you hit these
dimensions and get echoes you should apply absorbent materials to the offending walls (fibreglass,
wool, etc.)
14) What is polarity, when associated with a transformer?
Polarity is the instantaneous voltage obtained from the primary winding in relation to the secondary
winding. Transformers 600 volts and below are normally connected in additive polarity. This leaves
one high voltage and one low voltage terminal unconnected. When the transformer is excited, the
resultant voltage appearing across a voltmeter will be the sum of the high and low voltage windings.
This is useful when connecting single phase transformers in parallel for three phase operations.
Polarity is a term used only with single phase transformers.
15) What is exciting current?
Exciting current is the current or amperes required for excitation. The exciting current on most
lighting and power transformers varies from approximately 10% on small sizes of about 1 KVA and
less to approximately 2% on larger sizes of 750 KVA.
16) Can a three phase transformer be loaded as a single phase transformer?
Yes, but the load cannot exceed the rating per phase and the load must be balanced. (KVA/3 per
phase)
For example: A 75 kVA 3 phase transformer can be loaded up to 25 kVA on each secondary. If you
need a 30 kVA load, 10 kVA of load should be supplied from each secondary.
17) What are taps and when are they used?
Taps are provided on some transformers on the high voltage winding to correct for high or low
voltage conditions, and still deliver full rated output voltages at the secondary terminals.
Standard tap arrangements are at two-and-one-half and five percent of the rated primary voltage for
both high and low voltage conditions.
For example, if the transformer has a 480 volt primary and the available line voltage is running at 504
volts, the primary should be connected to the 5% tap above normal in order that the secondary
voltage be maintained at the proper rating.
18) What is the difference between “Insulating,” “Isolating,”and“Shielded Winding” transformers?
Insulating and isolating transformers are identical. These terms are used to describe the isolation of
the primary and secondary windings, or insulation between the two.
A shielded transformer is designed with a metallic shield between the primary and secondary
windings to a enuate transient noise.
This is especially important in critical applications such as computers, process controllers and many
other microprocessor controlled devices.
All two, three and four winding transformers are of the insulating or isolating types. Only
autotransformers, whose primary and secondary are connected to each other electrically, are not of
the insulating or isolating variety.
19) Can transformers be operated at voltages other than nameplate voltages?
In some cases, transformers can be operated at voltages below the nameplate rated voltage.
In NO case should a transformer be operated at a voltage in excess of its nameplate rating, unless
taps are provided for this purpose. When operating below the rated voltage, the KVA capacity is
reduced correspondingly.
For example, if a 480 volt primary transformer with a 240 volt secondary is operated at 240 volts, the
secondary voltage is reduced to 120 volts. If the transformer was originally rated 10 KVA, the
reduced rating would be 5 KVA, or in direct proportion to the applied voltage.
20) Can a Single Phase Transformer be used on a Three Phase source?
Yes. Any single phase transformer can be used on a three phase source by connecting the primary
leads to any two wires of a three phase system, regardless of whether the source is three phase 3-wire
or three phase 4-wire. The transformer output will be single phase.
21) Can Transformers develop Three Phase power from a Single Phase source?
No. Phase converters or phase shifting devices such as reactors and capacitors are required to convert
single phase power to three phases.
22) Can Single Phase Transformers be used for Three Phase applications?
Yes. Three phase transformers are sometimes not readily available whereas single phase
transformers can generally be found in stock.
Three single phase transformers can be used in delta connected primary and wye or delta connected
secondary. They should never be connected wye primary to wye secondary, since this will result in
unstable secondary voltage. The equivalent three phase capacity when properly connected of three
single phase transformers is three times the nameplate rating of each single phase transformer. For
example: Three 10 KVA single phase transformers will accommodate a 30 KVA three phase load
23) Difference between Restricted Earth Fault & Unrestricted Earth Fault protections?
Restricted earth fault is normally given to on star connected end of power equipment like generators,
transformers etc. mostly on low voltage side. For REF protection 4 no’s CTs are using one each on
phase and one in neutral. It is working on the principle of balanced currents between phases and
neutral. Unrestricted E/F protection working on the principle of comparing the unbalance on the
phases only. For REF protection PX class CT are using but for UREF 5P20 Cts using.
For Differential Protection CTs using on both side HT & LV side each phase, and comparing the
unbalance current for this protection also PX class CTs are using.
24) Can transformers be operated at voltages other than nameplate voltages?
In some cases, transformers can be operated at voltages below the nameplate rated voltage. In NO
case should a transformer be operated in excess of its nameplate rating unless taps are provided for
this purpose. When operating below the rated voltage the KVA capacity is reduced correspondingly.
25) How many types of cooling system it transformers?
ONAN (oil natural,air natural)

ONAF (oil natural,air forced)
OFAF (oil forced,air forced)
ODWF (oil direct,water forced)
OFAN (oil forced,air natural)
26) What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit breaker?
when breaker is close at one time by close push bu on, the anti pumping contactor prevent re close
the breaker by close push bu on after if it already close.
27) There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same supply. For which
device the load current will be maximum?
The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes real
power.. and the transformer is only producing the working flux and it’s not consuming. Hence the
load current in the transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum.
28) Where the lighting arrestor should be placed in distribution lines?
Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incoming feeder of 33kv and near
power transformers in sub-stations.
29) Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star winding. and this
lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases.
To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta /
star transformer is used for lighting loads.
30) NGR grounded system vs. solidly grounded system
In India, at low voltage level (433V) we must do only Solid Earthing of the system neutral. This is by
IE Rules 1956, Rule No. 61 (1) (a).Because, if we have opt for impedance earthing, during an earth
fault, there will be appreciable voltage present between the faulted body & the neutral, the
magnitude of this voltage being determined by the fault current magnitude and the impedance
value.
This voltage might circulate enough current in a person accidentally coming in contact with the
faulted equipment, as to harm his even causing death. Note that, LV systems can be handled by non-
technical persons too.
In solid earthing, you do not have this problem, as at the instant of an earth fault, the faulted phase
goes to neutral potential and the high fault current would invariably cause the Over current or short
circuit protection device to operate in sufficiently quick time before any harm could be done.
31) Why Do not We Break Neutral in AC Circuits?
Neutral is connected to earth at some point, thus it has some value as a return path in the event of say
and equipment earth being faulty. It’s a bit like asking ‘why don’t we break the Earth connection’
It was stupid and dangerous, as it was possible for the neutral fuse to blow; giving the appearance of
‘no power’ when in fact the equipment was still live.
32) What is Minimum Value of Insulation Resistance / Polarization Index?
Motor Insulation Resistance:

The acceptable meg-ohm value = motor KV rating value + 1 (For LV and MV Motor).
Example, for a 5 KV motor, the minimum phase to ground (motor body) insulation is 5 + 1 = 6 meg-
ohm.
Panel Bus Insulation Resistance:
The acceptable meg-ohm value = 2 x KV rating of the panel.
Example, for a 5 KV panel, the minimum insulation is 2 x 5 = 10 meg-ohm
IEEE 43 – INSULATION RESISTANCE AND POLARIZATION INDEX (min IR at 400C in MΩ)
Minimum
Insulation TEST SPECIMEN
Resistance
For most windings made before about 1970, all field windings, and others not
R1 min = kV+1
described below For most dc armature and ac windings built after about 1970 (form
R1 min = 100
wound coils)
For most machines with random -wound stator coils and form-wound coils rated
R1 min = 5
below 1kV
33) What is service factor?
Service factor is the load that may be applied to a motor without exceeding allowed ratings. For
example, if a 10-hp motor has a 1.25 service factor; it will successfully deliver 12.5 hp (10 x 1.25)
without exceeding specified temperature rise. Note that when being driven above its rated load in
this manner, the motor must be supplied with rated voltage and frequency.
Keep in mind, however, that a 10-hp motor with a 1.25 service factor is not a 12.5-hp motor. If the 10-
hp motor is operated continuously at 12.5 hp, its insulation life could be decreased by as much as
two-thirds of normal. If you need a 12.5-hp motor, buy one; service factor should only be used for
short-term overload conditions.
34) Calculate the size the CT on the neutral point of the secondary side of 11/0.415 kV Transformer
For high impedance relays (differential or restricted earth fault relays), ‘Class X’ current transformers
are recommended to be used.
Please note that both CTs (neutral & phase) shall have the same characteristics. The following is an
example to size the CT:
Input data: 11/0.415 kV ,2500 KVA Power transformer ,Transformer impedance is 6% ,Length of cable
from neutral CT to the relay is 200 m ,Cross section of CT cable to be used is 6 mm² -copper and
resistance is 0.0032 Ω/m
Step 1: Calculation of CT Rated Primary Current
I = kVA/ (0.415×1.732) = 2500/ (0.415×1.732) = 3478.11 A, CT with primary current of 4000 A to be
selected.
Select the secondary current of the CT 1 or 5 A. selecting 1 A secondary current, as the cross section
and length of pilot wires can have a significant effect on the required knee voltage of the CT and
therefore the size and cost of the CT. When the relay is located some distance from the CT, the
burden is increased by the resistance of the pilot wires.
Step 2: Calculation of maximum Fault Current
Ift = kVA/ (0.415×1.732x Z)
Ift = 2500/ (0.415×1.732×0.06) = 57968.59 A (say 58000 A)
Step 3: Calculation of the Knee Voltage of the CT (Vkp)
Vkp = (2x Iftx (Rct+Rw)/CT transformation ratio)
Where: Rct is the CT resistance (to be given by the manufacturer), Here Rct is1.02 Ω.
Rw: total CT cable resistance= 2x cable length (200 m) x wire resistance= 2x200x0.0032= 1.28 Ω
CT transformation ratio = CT Primary Current/CT Secondary Current
CT transformation ratio = 4000/5= 800 A, for CT with 5 A secondary current; or,
CT transformation ratio = 4000/1= 4000 A, for CT with 1 A secondary current. We will use 1 A in this
example.
Vkp = (2x58000x (1.02+1.28)/4000)= 66.7 V.
The Vkp of the CT should be higher than the se ing of relay stability voltage (Vs), to ensure stability
of the protection during maximum Through fault current.
To calculate the stability voltage,we should follow the related formula given by the relay
manufacturer, as each relay manufacturer has its own formula.
we may calculate the Vkp as above using a CT with secondary current of 5 A, and you will notice the
difference in the Vkp.
35) When should we use Molded Case Circuit Breakers and Mini Circuit Breakers?
MCB is Miniature Circuit Breaker, since it is miniature it has limitation for Short Circuit Current and
Amp Rating MCB:
MCB are available as Singe module and used for :-
Number of Pole :- 1,2,3,4 – 1+ N , & 3 + N
Usually Current range for A.C. 50-60 HZ, is from 0.5 Amp – 63 Amp. Also available 80A, 100A, and
125 Amp.
SC are limited 10 KA
Applications are as: – Industrial, Commercial and Residential application.
Tripping Curve:
(1) B Resistive and lighting load,
(2) C Motor Load,
(3) D Highly inductive load.
MCCB:
MCCB: – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker.
MCCB are available as Singe module and used for:
Number of Pole :- 3 pole , & 4 Pole
Current range for A.C:

For 3.2 /6.3/12.5/25/50/100/125/160 Amp and Short Circuit Capacity 25/35/65 KA.
For 200 250 Amp and Short Circuit Capacity 25/35/65 KA
For 400 630/800 Amp and Short Circuit Capacity 50 KA
Protection release :
Static Trip :- Continuous adjustable overload protection range 50 to 100 % of the rated current Earth
fault protection can be add on with adjustable earth fault pick up se ing 15 to 80 % of the current.
Micro processor Based release:
Over load rated current 0.4 to1.0 in steps of o.1 of in trip time at 600 % Ir (sec) 0.2.0.5,1, 1.5 , 2 ,3
Short Circuit :-2 to10 in steps of 1 lr , short time delay (sec) 0.02.0.05,0.1, 0.2 ,0.3
Instantaneous pick up :2 to10 in steps of 1 in Ground fault pick up Disable: 0.2 to 0.8 in steps of 0.1 of
in Ground fault delay (sec): 0.1 to 0.4 in steps of 0.1
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) Trip characteristics normally not adjustable, factory set but in case
of MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker) Trip current field adjustable.
33 Responses to Electrical Q&A Part-4
SYUKRI says:
August 12, 2012 at 1:25 pm
need to know the overhead line HT can a ach together at same pole with LV ….please comment
ASAP
Reply
PR. Jawahar says:
December 17, 2012 at 5:46 am
No problem in having the HT and LV on the same pole as long as the required clearances are
maintained. However maintenance could be an issue as failure on HT or LV could lead to taking
shutdown on the other healthy circuit as well.
Reply
anil says:
January 20, 2013 at 7:10 am
is ac power or dc power danger for human body ? and why ?
Reply
bheem reddy bhanu teja reddy says:
April 19, 2013 at 9:45 am
why the current problems? we have enoromous number of facilities why we cant utiise
Reply
G A Suthar says:
July 12, 2013 at 5:44 pm
How unrestricted earth fault scheme work? in medium voltage system
and unrestricted earth fault and neutral E/F same or different?
Reply
chandan pandit says:
July 29, 2013 at 6:04 am
i am very like this site.because everything is available on this site.wich is knowledgeable for electrical
engg.but please give the option for asking new quistion.thanks.
Reply
Sathya Narayana says:
July 31, 2013 at 5:57 pm
Dear Sir, can you explain why transformer are rated in KVA and Generating Power in wa s?
Reply
VIRUPANNA K says:
August 8, 2013 at 6:54 am
WHAT IS A LOW FREQUENCY TAN DELTA TEST FOR CABLES?
Reply
Surajit says:
August 14, 2013 at 4:37 pm
How will u come 2 know the direction of power flowing if u r standing below a transmission line??
When neutral breaks in domestic wiring all the appliances put off except FAN…why???
Reply
Madhavan Ku y says:
September 23, 2013 at 2:53 pm
Dear sir,
How can I check an ISI mark on a wiring cable packing?
The No is Is:694 CM/L-8818293
Please confirm is it fake or not
Thank You
Reply
rizwan shahid says:
September 29, 2013 at 7:15 pm
what wil happen to transformer if we gave 5hz input instead of 50/60hz???
Reply
Uday says:
December 9, 2013 at 3:57 am
You have shown MCCB for 3 P and 4P only? Is it correct?
Reply
Shahwaz Rizvi says:
December 28, 2013 at 12:38 pm
Hello Sir,
You are doing a great job for us.your each & every article is very usefull for me.Thanks a lot from the
core of my heart.I am having one problem could you please solve or you can give me an idea to
resolve it.
Reply
Shahwaz Rizvi says:

Question : There is three feeder from outgoing of the transformer each connected with 400 ampere of
breaker & 3 phase energy meter.All feeder goes in 3 different location almost all have same load but
the problem is that,2 of them have working load & 1 of them have sometime working,or almost I can
say in stand by.So the 3 phase energy meter reading varies so much apart from all these electricity
bill also becomes very low for that standby feeder & high for others.
So,I want to equal all these KWH could you please suggest me.
Awaiting for your valuable response
Reply
rakesh says:
August 1, 2014 at 2:04 pm
What is the minimum distance between transformer and lighting arrester….
Reply
Jester Tabucbuc says:
October 22, 2014 at 9:55 am
What is the minimum distance of the vibration damper into the clamp in a 230 kV transmission line?
Reply
faizan says:
February 15, 2015 at 7:04 am
which type of LV earthing standard u use (TT,IT)
Reply
irfan says:
March 4, 2015 at 7:51 am
For HT Panels we are giving 110DC, but now adays these ba eries are ge ing heated even though i
have checked over current and shortage of supply. but i dint get any thing. can any body please help
me??/
Reply
Prashant Choudhary says:
March 8, 2015 at 2:53 pm
Thankyou MR Jignesh your collection is awesome.
Reply
Vinod Khajuria says:
October 1, 2015 at 7:20 am
Will you please share if the 11/0.415 kV Distribution Transformer installed indoor requires a 11kV
Ligtening Arrestor.If so,at which location indoor or outdoor
Reply
Mike says:
Hi I have a tire shop in antlers one of my lightning resistors exploded on a no storm day while in my
shop and noticed after a while had no air checked out back and my compression quit running they
worked up until it happened could it cause for voltage change interfering with my 3 phase
Reply
swapnil shridhar sapte says:
March 16, 2016 at 3:31 am
why use for LT 3phase 4wire system overhead line neutral conductor size small?
Reply
SOUGATA says:
April 23, 2016 at 2:32 pm
SIR I AM REALLY IMPRESSED WITH THIS QS AND ANS……THANK YOU VERY MUCH SIR…
PLS SHARE THIS TYPE OF MORE INTERESTING QS & ANS
Reply
Jawad Amjad says:
April 28, 2016 at 6:48 pm
Dear Sir,
We have a 250mva auto transformer, the problem with it is that it has a high leakage current from
11kv tertiary to ground connections through surge arrester like 50A , normal current is like 1mA , we
have even replaced the surge arrester and performed a series of tests on transformer, the results are
accurate plz help what could be reason for this?
Reply
Mahendra says:
May 24, 2016 at 1:44 pm
How many Space require (L x B x H) for installation of 3 x 1500 KVA Indoor type (Dry Type
Transformer
Reply
komal umak says:
August 18, 2016 at 8:46 pm
how to calculate the distance between two transmission poles plz ans me
and distance between two substation
Reply
Aneesh Mohanan says:
October 19, 2016 at 10:03 am
Sir,
What would happen if an earth fault of equal magnitude occurs on all three phases ?
Reply
GIBRIL MOHAMED says:
November 21, 2016 at 6:48 pm
DEAR
CAN I USE 50HZ OVERCURRENT RELAY AND 50HZ CURRENT TRANSFORMER ON 60HZ
SYSTEM ?
Reply
bachali says:
February 18, 2017 at 5:20 pm
Why earth cable is required at pipeline from plunge to plunge. Any way there is continuity from
metal to metal
Reply
Barendra Majhi says:
June 17, 2017 at 5:40 am
Why incoming line CT ratio is larger than the CT ratio used before transformer
Reply
PRAVINBHAI CHANDUBHAI PARMAR says:
June 29, 2017 at 6:08 am
sir very good work you have been doing ……..thank you…
Reply
DR MUKESH KUMAR says:
November 25, 2017 at 7:49 pm
Thanks from bo om of my heart for posting such a nicely designed questions with answers. These
are very helpful. My I request you to answer one of my doubt from electrical field of Marine field.
The Emergency Generator on board merchant ship is always fi ed with Electronics Governor for
Prime Mover [Diesel Engine[. Why? Whereas the Main Generators are fi ed with either
Electromechanical Governor e,g, Woodward UG8.
Mukesh Kumar
mukesh63.k@gmail.com
Reply
syed ali muzaffar says:
January 22, 2018 at 10:33 am
why is there is unbalance in the currents when an LT generator is tied to a utility bus
Reply
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6/5/2019 Electrical Q&A Part-4 | Electrical Notes & Articles

Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.