6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2)

MARCH 1, 2015 8 COMMENTS

(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2015/03/01/VARIOUS-ROUTINE-TEST-OF-
POWER-TRANSFORMER-PART-2/#COMMENTS)

(3) Turns Ratio / Voltage Ratio Test:

Test Purpose:

Turns Ratio Test / Voltage Ratio Test are done in Transformer to find out Open Circuited turns, Short
Circuited turns in Transformer winding.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turn’s ratio in a transformer (V1/V2=N1/N2). Using this principle, the
turn’s ratio is measured with the help of a turn’s ratio meter. If it is correct , then the voltage ratio is
assumed to be correct
This test should be made for any new high-voltage power transformer at the time it is being installed.
With use of Turns Ratio meter (TTR), turns Ratio between HV & LV windings at various taps to be
measured & recorded.
The turn’s ratio is measure of the RMS voltage applied to the primary terminals to the RMS Voltage
measured at the secondary terminals.
R= Np / Ns
Where,
R=Voltage ratio
Np=Number of turns at primary winding.
Ns= Number of turns at secondary Winding.
The voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping in the no-load condition.

Test Instruments:

Turns Ratio meter (TTR) to energies the transformer from a low-voltage supply and measure the HV
and LV voltages.
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Method No1 Turns Ratio Testing:

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 1/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

Test Procedure:

Transformer Turns Ratio Meter (TTR):

Transformer ratio test can be done by Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR) Meter. It has in built power
supply, with the voltages commonly used being very low, such as 8, 10 V and 50 Hz.
The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer (i.e. R-Y & r-n) are connected to the
instrument, and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null indication on the detector.
Values are recorded at each tap in case of tapped windings and then compared to calculated ratio at
the same tap.
The ratio meter gives accuracy of 0.1 per cent over a ratio range up to 1110:1. The ratio meter is used
in a ‘bridge’ circuit where the voltages of the windings of the transformer under test are balanced
against the voltages developed across the fixed and variable resistors of the ratio meter.
Adjustment of the calibrated variable resistor until zero deflection is obtained on the galvanometer
then gives the ratio to unity of the transformer windings from the ratio of the resistors.
Bridge Circuit:

(h ps://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/untitled4.png)

A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the ratio of
induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring instrument is < 0.1 %
This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer turn ratio tested or TTR by the adjustable
transformer as shown in the figure above and it should be changed until a balance occurs in the
percentage error indicator. The reading on this indicator implies the deviation of measured turn ratio
from expected turn ratio in percentage.
Theoretical Turns Ratio = HV winding Voltage / LV Winding Voltage
% Deviation = (Measured Turn Ratio – Expected Turns Ration) / Expected Turns Ration
Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is an
associated high excitation current.
Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low exciting current and no output voltage since open
turns in HV winding causes no excitation current in the winding means no flux hence no induced
voltage.
But open turn in LV winding causes, low fluctuating LV voltage but normal excitation current in HV
winding. Hence open turns in LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current, but
very low levels of unstable output voltage.
The turn ratio test of transformer also detects high resistance connections in the lead circuitry or high
contact resistance in tap changers by higher excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 2/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

bridge.

Test Caution:

Disconnect all transformer terminals from line or load.

Neutrals directly grounded to the grid can remain connected

Method No 2 Voltage Ratio Testing:

This test is done to check both the transformer voltage ratio and tap changer.
When “Turns Ratio meter” is not available, Voltage Ratio Test is done at various tap position by
applying 3 phases LT (415V) supply on HT side of Power transformer. In order to obtain the required
accuracy it is usual to use a ratio meter rather than to energies the transformer from a low-voltage
supply and measure the HV and LV voltages.
At Various taps applied voltage and Resultant voltages LV side between various Phases and phases&
neutral measured with precision voltmeter & noted.

Test Procedure:

With 415 V applied on high voltage side, measure the voltage between all phases on the low voltage
side for every tap position.
First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are kept open.
Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on each phase
(Phase-Phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously.
After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer should be
raised by one position and repeat test.
Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.
At other taps values will be as per the percentage raise or lower at the respective tap positions.
In case of Delta/Star transformers the ratio measure between RY-rn, YB-yn and BR-bn.
Being Delta/Star transformers the voltage ratio between HV winding and LV winding in each phase
limb at normal tap is 33 KV OR 33x√3 = 5.196 ,11 KV / √3 11
At higher taps (i-e high voltage steps) less number of turns is in circuit than normal. Hence ratio
values increase by a value equal to.5.196 + {5.196 x (no. of steps above normal) x (% rise per each tap)}
100
Similarly for lower taps than normal the ratio is equal to 5.196 – {5.196 x (no. of steps above normal) x
(% rise per each tap)}100

Test Acceptance Criteria:

Range of measured ratio shall be equal to the calculated ratio ±0.5%.

Phase displacement is identical to approved arrangement and transformer’s nameplate.
The IEEE standard (IEEE Standard 62) states that when rated voltage is applied to one winding of the
transformer, all other rated voltages at no load shall be correct within one half of one percent of the
nameplate readings. It also states that all tap voltages shall be correct to the nearest turn if the volts
per turn exceed one half of one percent desired voltage .The ratio test verifies that these conditions
are met.
The IEC60076-1 standard defines the permissible deviation of the actual to declared ratio
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 3/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

Principal tapping for a specified first winding pair: the lesser ±0.5% of the declared voltage ratio
or 0.1 times the actual short circuit impedance. Other taps on the first winding pair and other
winding pair must be agreed upon, and must be lower than the smaller of the two values stated
above.
Measurements are typically made by applying a known low voltage across the high voltage winding
so that the induced voltage on the secondary is lower, thereby reducing hazards while performing
the test .For three phase delta/wye or wye/delta transformer, a three phase equivalency test is
performed, i.e. the test is performed across corresponding single winding.

Test can detect:

Shorted turns or open circuits in the windings.

Incorrect winding connections ,and other internal faults or defects in tap changer

(4) Polarity / Vector group Test

Purpose of Test:

The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of
transformers. Hence every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector group test of
transformer at factory site for ensuring the customer specified vector group of transformer.

Test Instruments:

Ratio meter.
Volt Meter. A Ratio meter may not always be available and this is usually the case on site so that the
polarity may be checked by voltmeter.

Test Circuit Diagram:

(h ps://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/untitled5.png)

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 4/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

Test Procedure:

The primary and secondary windings are connected together at one point.
Connect neutral point of star connected winding with earth.
Low-voltage three-phase supply (415 V) is then applied to the HV terminals.
Voltage measurements are then taken between various pairs of terminals as indicated in the diagram
and the readings obtained should be the phasor sum of the separate voltages of each winding under
consideration.

Condition:(HV side R-Y-B-N and LV Side r-y-b-n)

R and r should be shorted.

Apply 415 Volt to R-Y-B
Measure Voltage between Following Phase and Satisfy Following Condition

Vector Group Satisfied Following Condition

Rb=Rn+Bn
Dyn1 Bb=By
Yy<Yb
Ry=Rn+Yn
Dyn11 Yb=Yy
Bb<By
RN=Ry+Yn
Ynd1
By=Yy
Yy<Yb
Bb=Yy
Ynyn0
Bn=Yn
RN=Rn+Nn
FILED UNDER UNCATEGORIZED

About Jignesh.Parmar
Jignesh Parmar has completed M.Tech (Power System Control), B.E(Electrical). He is member of
Institution of Engineers (MIE) and CEng,India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 16 years
experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-
Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently
associate with one of the leading business group as a Deputy Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has
published numbers of Technical Articles in “Electrical Mirror”, “Electrical India”, “Lighting
India”,”Smart Energy”, “Industrial Electrix”(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer
Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC,
IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages.
He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions
and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 5/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

8 Responses to Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2)

angelito Cortez says:

March 4, 2015 at 8:56 am
Thanks a lot for the information. Regards, Angelito

Reply
Omar Faruk says:
April 5, 2015 at 3:39 am
Mr. jignesh.parmar ur really a superman to me.Plz continue ur super informative writing and let us
learn….Thank u very much..

Reply
santhosh kumar says:
April 9, 2015 at 9:50 am
IS THERE ANY NEED FOR VECTOR GROUP CHANGEABLE TRANSFORMERS IN PRESENT OR
FUTURE ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Reply
ssrai says:
November 6, 2015 at 1:22 pm
sir very usefull note

Reply
Kashyap says:
February 26, 2016 at 1:58 pm
Shree Jigneshbhai
Your each and every notes are superb abd very informatie it is very useful in dy to day routen
work.and also satisfies my tehnical doubts.
Thank you very much..

Reply
Ashish Saini says:
April 23, 2016 at 7:46 am
Jignesh sir, you are truly awesome.

Reply
usman says:
October 9, 2016 at 6:59 am
Transformator Ratio Test

name plate: 6 MVA

rated voltage: 10.5 / 6.6 KV
Vector Group: Dyn1
for calculation Theoritical Ratio:
= High Voltage / (Low Voltage / 1.73)
= 10500 / (6600 / 1.73)
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 6/7
6/6/2019 Various Routine Test of Power Transformer-(Part-2) | Electrical Notes & Articles

= 10500 / 3.81
= 2.755
my question: is it true the calculation for turn ratio ?

Thanks

usman

Reply
JOHNMARK BOLLO says:
December 21, 2016 at 1:56 pm
Hello Mr.Parmar,i think uv made some error in condition no. 1 for Dyn11 connection i.e Ry=Rn+Yn.It
should be RY=Rn+Yn.Note the capital Y in my equation.

Reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2/ 7/7