Reasearch PPR Healing Architecture

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank all the people involved in the making of this
dissertation a reality.
I am really grateful to my advisor and guide Ar. Toyesh Mondal who
has been a constant support since the beginning of this dissertation. He
was patient enough to read every draft, reviewed every idea and new
and strange protocol with which I approached him. He helped me
focus my ideas, respond to the problems I grappled with and was ever
flexible in the face of process.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my other dissertation

committee members, Ar. Rajshree Mathur and Ar. Deepak Kumar and
Ar. Ankita Mishra for their support, guidance and editing.
Thanks to my friends and family for helping me a lot throughout the
process of writing this dissertation.
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Table of Contents
Candidates’ Declaration i
Acknowledgements ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
Abstract x
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Aim 1
1.2: Objective 1
1.3: Scope and Limitation 1
1.4: Research Methodology 2
Chapter 2: Existing Knowledge
2.1: Literature Review 3
2.1.1: Introduction 3
2.1.2: Concept 4
2.1.3: Defining: Healing 4
2.2 : Architecture And Human Psychology 6
2.2.1: The Relationship Between Human And Light In 8
Architecture Spaces
2.2.2: The Relationship Between Human And Color In 17
Architecture Spaces
2.3: Healing Components 23
2.3.1: Phenomenology 23
2.3.2 Lighting and Daylight 24
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2.3.2.1 Daylighting 24
2.3.2.2 Light from the Sky 25
2.3.2.3 Sunlight 25
2.3.2.4 Inference 27
2.3.3 Color 27
2.3.3.1 Color-Coding 28
2.3.4 Landscaping Strategies 29
2.3.4.1 Landscaping of Outdoor Spaces 30
2.3.5 Landscaping Elements In The Environment 33
2.3.6 Outdoor Design Criteria 34
2.3.7 Healing Power of Trees 36
2.3.8 Transitional Spaces 39
2.3.9 Inference- Understanding Healing Components 41
Chapter 3:
3.1: Precedent Architecture: Case-studies 45
3.1.1: Dutch Rehabilitation Centre 45
3.1.2: Addis Football Centre For Hope 50
3.1.3: Kamalaya Koh Samui 54
3.1.4: Teenage Cancer Ward 56
Chapter 4:
4.1: Comparative Analysis of Case-studies 59
4.2: Conclusion 60
Reference and Bibliography
iv
List of figures
 Figure 1: Showing that how daylight is important for making a space

brighter and happier.
Source - https://www.springwise.com/fake-window-reproduces-sunlight-world/
 Figure 2: Illustrates the natural light through the opening.

Source - https://weburbanist.com/2015/02/17/new-artificial-lighting-tricks-human-brain-
into-seeing-sunlight/
 Figure 3. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1954 Bachman-Wilson House in New

Jersey
Source - https://www.pinterest.com/present4u/frank-lloyd-wright/
 Figure 4. Showing natural light in a room

Source - www.interiordesign.com
 Figure 5. Showing artificial light in a room

Source - https://housely.com/20-amazing-living-rooms-with-plenty-of-natural-light/
 Figure 6. Showing how colors in street and façade makes it beautiful.

Source - https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1163773
 Figure 7. Coordination between the colours.

Source -https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2ioqzu/why_do_we have_a_
color_wheel_when_the/
 Figure 8. The three thories of psychological implication of colors stimuli

 Figure 9. Implication of colours
Source - fst.org/aura2.htm
 Figure 10. Daylight penetration in a room.

Source - www.archnet-ijar.net
 Figure 11. Even if courtyards are internal and do not receive

Source - www.en.e4g.org
 Figure 12. Surrounding windows can control sky glare by reducing

the contrast between window and wall much light, they can give a
view out and contact with the outside, particularly if planting is
provided
Source - www.en.e4g.org
 Figure 13. Illustrates the regular path

Source - http://www.homeepiphany.com/19-backyards-with-amazing-landscaping/
 Figure 14. Illustrates the irregular path

Source - http://www.homeepiphany.com/19-backyards-with-amazing-landscaping/
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 Figure 15. Landscaped setbacks
Source - www.municode.com
 Figure 16. Roof garden

Source - www.hortweek.com
 Figure 17. Roof garden and courtyard garden

Source - www.hortweek.com
 Figure 18. Paved hard landscaping using tiles and stones

Source - landscaping.about.com
 Figure 19. Sculpture garden and artificial lake


 Figure 20. Mini open amphitheatre
 Figure 21. Illustrates fountain in the park

 Figure 22. Illustrates soft landscape including trees, hedges

 Figure 23. Illustrates the transitional area (stair hall)

Source - https://www.pinterest.com
 Figure 24. Illustrates the transitional area (ramp)

 Figure 25. Illustrates the closed room

 Figure 25. Illustrates the open room

 Figure 27. Types of senses
 Figure 28. Circulation / Accessibility

Source - https://www.archdaily.com
 Figure 29. Dutch rehabilitation centre elevation

 Figure 30. Dutch rehabilitation centre day view

 Figure 31. Dutch rehabilitation centre night view

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 Figure 32. Dutch rehabilitation centre library view (shows full height
glazing)
 Figure 33. Light well/ Voids room roof to ground and so terrain level
 Figure 34. The glazed at entrance level results in abundance of natural

daylight, prospect and transparency
 Figure 35. The glazed view

 Figure 36. Continuous staircase enables visual relation from roof garden
into valley
 Figure 37. Corridor view (showing color contrast)

 Figure 38. Corridor view (showing color contrast)

 Figure 39. Conceptual plan analysis

 Figure 40. Site plan

Source - https://www.issuu.com
 Figure 41. Orientation

 Figure 42. Illustrates how light in penetrates (sections)

 Figure 43. Illustrates how light in penetrates (sections)

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 Figure 44. Conceptual sketch
 Figure 45. Shows the wall cut outs

 Figure 46. Resort top view

Source - www.kamalaya.com
 Figure 47. Resort pool view

 Figure 48. Yoga pavilion

 Figure 49. The atrium

Source - https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk
 Figure 50. The corridor area

 Figure 51. Waiting lounges

 Figure 52. Patients’ ward

 Figure 53. OPT room

 Figure 54. Common patient room

 Figure 55. Outside OPT waiting area

viii
List of Tables
 Table 1 : Inference table (light)
 Table 2 : Comparative analysis of case studies
ix
Abstract
Healing environment satisfies the user’s emotional and aesthetic needs.

In 21st century we are going to design buildings that are “user focused”.
These spaces are created for the sole purpose of serving the needs of
people.
This research has emphasized on the various qualities of architecture

and how they can be applied to create a salved environment. Users
cannot be isolated from his/her environment which he/she is part and
parcel of. The true self has a profound identity as compared to that of
the outer world which is ever changing. The tactile nature of
architecture is of major importance in creating a place marvelled by
the individual’s interaction and experience.
Healing environment, for any type of buildings, describes that the built
environment has a significant influence over our physical,
psychological and spiritual well beings. We perceive our environment
through our five senses; sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. The
information we pick up from our senses is relayed to the brain which, in
turn, will affect our psychological, emotional, physiological condition.
The whole exploration shows that a whole range of environmental
factors- including lighting, color, aroma, views, art, scale, proportion,
sound, texture and materials have a powerful healing and
therapeutic effect on the users.
The aim of this dissertation is to study the relationship between healing
components and health are architecture. The research also explores
how architecture affects the human psychology and how healing
components can be used to design positive spaces and more
aesthetical buildings and also to examine the qualities of architecture
that will influence the human psychological and well-being of the
users.
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1.1 Aim
Integrating Healing Process in Architecture. The aim of this dissertation is

to examine the aspects of architecture that will influence the human
psychological and well-being of the users.
1.2 Objectives
The main focus of this study is the relationship between humans,

architecture and natural environment. And how nature can help in
healing process in architecture.
First, how architecture is affecting the users’ and going to help in

multiple levels (i.e. Mental, physical and spiritual).
Second, to understand the natural elements that can be incorporated

for healing process for bringing architecture closer to the landscape.
Third, also in architecture, we need to explore the two factors i.e.

Interior and landscape.
It is important to understand that here healing does not mean cure.

The terms curing and healing are often used interchangeably but have
distinct definitions. The term healing refers to the alleviation of a
person’s distress or anguish. This research is to understand that where
this healing process in architecture is needed the most.
1.3 Scope and Limitations
 In the proposed study i will only study the relationship of

architecture and humans.
 Study about the components – light, color, and landscape.
 Need to understand the psychological health of the users.
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 The study will limit only the mental health of the users.
 The study will limit to the interior and landscape part of the
architecture.
1.4 Methodology
 Study of historic evolution of healing architecture – source :

article, books , newsletter and pdfs
 Understanding the meaning of healing and defining it according
to my research context.
 Then, studying the psychological problems, the impacts and the
solutions of maximum issues through nature.
 In depth study of landscape elements and their purposes.
 Study of healing architecture concept through the international
Case-studies.
 Comparing the relationship of architecture, nature and users in
context of different building typologies.
 Making inferences and analysis.
 Finally making conclusion.
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2.1
2.1.1 Introduction
Healing environment, for healthcare or any other buildings, describes a

physical setting and organizational culture that supports patients, users
and families. One perceives his/her environment through our five
senses; sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. The information we pick
up from our senses is relayed to the brain which, in turn, will affect our
psychological, emotional, physiological condition.
A whole range of environmental factors- including lighting, colour,

aroma, views, art, scale, proportion, social spaces, sound, texture and
materials have a powerful healing and therapeutic effect on users.
Healing environment satisfies the users’ emotional and aesthetic needs.

In 21st century one should design buildings that are “users focused”. The
spaces created should be for the sole purpose of serving the needs of
people. The mission should be to help patients to get well and to stay
well. In order to accomplish the mission, today’s building recognize that
they are dealing with the whole man who has mind and soul as well,
and hence one can stay that our built environment has a significant
influence over our physical, psychological and spiritual well beings.
Healing environment may lead to:
 Reduced anxiety.
 Reduced stress.
 Reduced irritation and anger.
 Reduced fear.
 Attraction and retention of quality user’s work.
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2.1.2 Concept
The healing architecture is based on the concept of bio philia. The bio
philia hypothesis suggests that there is an instinctive bond between
human beings and other living systems. The incorporation of nature into
human beings and found in the earliest man-made structures and
cultures around the world have found ways to bring nature into homes
and public spaces. It has been poetically expressed for millennia and
scientifically explored for decades. As such, biophilic design is not a
new phenomenon; rather, it is the codification of human intuition for
what makes a space a good place for humans.
2.1.3 Healing –
What is healing?
Healing is not the same as curing, which is about fixing problems,

eradicating disease, and decreasing symptoms. Healing is a process in
which a person heals naturally and slowly over a period of time and for
that they need a healing space.
What is a healing space?
Healing space has a unique approach to wellness. It is an environment

which is designed to promote harmony of mind, body and spirit. A
space in which a recipient being connected to nature and further
nature helps in healing.
How it is important?
“Space is the relative position of one three-dimensional object to

another”. Space is one of the most important considerations an
architect must think about designing a building, because a space can
affect how we feel and could influence healing outcome.
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Why it is important?
Because:
 Eliminates environmental stressors such as noise, glare, lack of

privacy and poor air quality;
 Connects users to nature with views to the outdoors, interior

gardens, aquariums, water elements, etc.;
 Offers options and choices to enhance feelings of being in

control – these may include privacy versus socialization, lighting
levels, type of music, seating options, quiet versus ‘active’
waiting areas;
 Provides opportunities for social support and positive distractions

building setting;
 Engenders feelings of peace, hope, reflection and spiritual

connection and provides opportunities for relaxation, education,
humour and whimsy.
What is the Architectural space?
An architectural space, in its simplest definition, is the theory and

practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer
space.
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2.2 Architecture and Human Psychology
“Architecture is a form of human expression, portraying the psychology

of the collective or the individual creator.”
In 1912, Switzerland the father of analytical psychology Carl Jung

described a building as “a structural diagram of human psyche”. Like
art, architecture offers a vehicle for conveying the deepest thoughts.
Human psychology is the science of studying human nature and
behaviour. It includes both mind and body. Every individual in this world
is different from one another and so is there behaviour. Architecture is
both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing
forms, space and ambiance.
Moreover architecture is an art of creating a space be it closed or

open architecture can have a profound effect upon those that
experience it.
In order to understand this relationship between human

psychology and architecture with space, we first need to know how
we become aware of it. Firstly of course we see it, since it is largely
evident to us visually. It’s a complex interaction of the eye and brain.
Human psychology is directly related with architecture. The building
form, the function incorporated in it, the color, lighting, landscape,
materials, negative and positive spaces in and around it but
architecture is directly attached with human psychology from
conscious to subconscious level. It is the influence of the environment
on human behavior.
“ Architecture can have a profound effect upon those that experience

it”- Maria Lorena Lehman.
Spencer, the realist, and Emerson, the idealist, each affirm

that the nature of the inner man determines the outer, that the spirit
moulds the body.
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“Buildings had souls- The plan, the purpose, the inner soul of the
building, determine the exterior, its forms and features.”
In architecture and spatial design, Atmosphere refers to the

sensorial qualities that a space emits. Vitruvius noted that since the
human body is the measure of architecture, it is also that which
determines atmospheric qualities. It is the human body that emanates
the structural qualities of architecture.
The design of their buildings impact the consciousness of the users and
it becomes a part of people’s lives. For example, it has been found that
patients in rooms with views of a tree out of their window actually
recover faster than patients in rooms with no views of nature. There is
reciprocity between humans and the built environment. The
architecture affects our behavior, but at the same time we also
influence the architecture in order to make it suit the activities that we
want to carry out in certain buildings. In this context, Architectural
Psychology can contribute with a number of methods that can be
used in order to consider different forms of behavior and therefore
achieve well-functioning buildings.
Human problems
Three levels of problems are there:
1. Mental level
2. Physical level
3. Spiritual level
Here in my study, focused on mental level problem i.e. psychological

issues.
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2.2.1 The Relationship Between Human And Light In Architecture
Spaces
Light creates a feeling of emotions. The origin of light is natural light,

which is also known as daylight. There must always be space for natural
light; even when people design artificial light, they will want it to look
like natural light.
Light controls people’s behavior and emotions. It can make people

even happier. When people design light for space they need to put in
position of people working in that space. Even lighting seems very
functional.
Fig 1. Showing that how daylight is important for making a space brighter
and happier.
For example when people in the park, the streetlight and underground
artificial light make people feel uncomfortable. But if it were natural
light, people would feel comfortable. Users will create a new space
from the feeling, which combines the comfort provided by natural
light, and the users own feelings and emotions.
 What is light?
Light is the soul of architecture design. Light allows us to see, to know

where we are and what around us. Beyond exposing things to view
and feel, light models those objects to enhance visual and to help us
define the physical world. Nothing would be visible without light, light
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also makes it possible to express and show to the mind’s eye things that
eludes the physical one. Light helps us redefine the relationships of
people with the environment and with themselves. It is divided into
natural light and artificial light.
Natural light is a gift of nature. Civilized man learns to use artificial light
sources which free him from total dependence on daylight, we also
learn to appreciate the value of daylight and become aware of its
special advantages.
Artificial light is seeing both during the day as well as after dark. It is
made by human. It is very useful when lack of natural light.
2.2.1.1Relationship between light, space and human
Light is fundamental for space and essential for human well-being and
it is the success of any building. Light quality affects human behavior,
health, comfort and mood.
“Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as
much as they need bread or a place to sleep”
-Le Corbusier, August27, 1965
Light, space and human they effect and work with each other. Space
needs light to illuminate; light needs space to receive it, light within the
space change human experience. They are close relation like people
need bread or place to sleep.
2.2.1.2 Human Factor And People Prefer Natural Light
Human factor is equal importance. People like natural light more than
artificial light and prefer to work in daylight and choose to locate close
to a window. Natural is essential in provide a pleasant visual
environment; contribute to a feeling of wellbeing.
During day times in a work situation where people are in a fixed

position most of the time and those situations where people work in
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whole artificial light conditions are liable to lead to ill health and
absenteeism.
Fig 2. Illustrates the natural light through the

opening.
Some people believe that the most important reason to natural light is
the psychological and physiological impact natural light seems to
have on people.
2.2.1.3 Relationship Between Light And Architecture
“More and more, so it seems to me, light is the beautifier of the

building.”
-Frank Lloyd Wright
Fig 3. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1954 Bachman-Wilson

House in New Jersey
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Most of the architectures like to amplify use of natural light. Natural light
makes architectural more harmony between exterior and interior,
nature and human. They think light work with some element like colors
can make space more dynamic and beautifier and it is a major natural
element in architecture design.
Some of architectures would regard light design as a matter of

common sense and experience. Understanding and use of light goes
to the heart of the architecture plan. Vision is most important sense
through which we experience architecture, and light is the medium
that reveals space, form, texture and color to our eyes. More than that,
light can be employed through design to evoke an emotional
response to increased sensibilities. Light is related to the visual
experience of form and space. Architecture and light are close
relation.
Light work in space influence moods and emotions. In turns of color,

lines forms. It is very sensitive to the balance of light. For example if your
go into a space that is completely equally light, it directly affects how
you feel the space. Light can have a very positive influence. It can be
an emotional reaction and also about how people look in the space.
That evokes the emotion. It is the way light makes people look in that
space.
When it comes to color changing, there are certain colors that people
react to strongly and like. So, if you put any color into the space work
with light you will find it changes people perception.
Color created a sense of awe in these buildings, adding to the sense of

theatre generated by the scale of the space and the structure. For
example medieval church designers saw color and light as direct
representations of the divine spirit.
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Geometry is one of the architect’s primary tools for making statements
in space. It is make extensive use of lines of light. It is combining the
basic form with light results in powerful spaces.
Window glass creates the least boundary between inside and outside.
Its transparency glass allows light to penetrate into interior space while
maintaining a visual connection with the outside world.
Daylight can be explored as an element of form making in

architecture. Architecture has used the natural light effect in buildings
to create a specific atmosphere. Light and different shadows casted
give a sense of motion. Shadows create drama and emphasize light
and moving forms that depend on a source of light for their stability. As
the sun makes its daily transit from east to west, shadows convey sense
of time. Daylight is inextricably linked with windows.
Sky frames bring the sky down into the building interior, creating a
frame for it, and making a story from how the heavens are presented
through a painted cycle on the face of the dome, was a central focus
for these buildings.
Reflection generates reflections of light that are bent, fractured and

dispersed, lending a special quality to light.
Man cannot live without sunlight. Daylight gives a more variety of

different emotions and feelings as compared to artificial light. It is
essential and cannot be replaced. Natural light promotes human
health, influences the human spirit to make people feel relaxed and
satisfied.
“Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of volumes

brought together in light”
-Le Corbusier
Most of the architectures use different elements to work with light in the
space to create different atmospheres. Natural light provides us with
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the means to show spaces and volumes and interact with our
environment to make people enjoy the space.
2.2.1.4 Natural Light Better Than Artificial Light
Using as much natural light in interior spaces as much as possible has

many advantage over using artificial light. Artificial light is unable to
replace some effect of natural light, for example, in the morning when
you wake up, natural light go through the window come to interior
space. It will make people feel warm, comfortable, and festive. Natural
produces positive effects, both physiological and psychological.
Making good use of natural light cuts the need of artificial lighting and
helps provide a feeling of wellbeing to our everyday life. We need to
maximize use of natural light.
Fig 4. Showing natural light in a room Fig 5. Showing artificial light in a room
In order to begin considering the inclusion of daylight in a building, a

designer must have one or more compelling reasons for doing so. Most
often daylight is used as either a primary or a secondary interior
illuminant; but even if it is used only to provide a particular design
effect, the designer must consider the impact of the light on all aspects
of the building and its occupants.
Many reasons can justify considering daylight as a light source both

residential and commercial buildings, although some of the reasons
may apply more to one building category than the other. Among the
reasons is quality of the light, importance of daylight as a design
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element, energy conservation from the use of daylight as a primary
illuminant. Natural light is a design element that some designers use as
the central design determinant in their work. These designers use the
need for varying quantity of natural light in different space of the
building to establish the general form, spatial arrangement, and
massing for the building.
2.2.1.5 Quality Of Natural Light
The quality of daylight as an illuminant is an important reason to use

natural light in a building. Natural light combination of sunlight and
skylight is the one light source that most closely matches human visual
response. Natural light is a full-spectrum light. Quality of daylight is good
for vision. It is provide a good visual environment. A good visual
environment also affects people ability to see objects and feeling of
space.
Natural light adds a sense of spaciousness to a room; because natural

light can make the room seems larger. Spaciousness is thought to give
a feeling of openness produced primarily through visual perception of
a space, is a phenomenon that has been studied by a number of
building environment researchers.
2.2.1.6 Natural Light And Architecture
Natural light keeps changing through times. Most of architects can be

accurately determined and can determine the size of the space to
determine the spatial orientation of light to selected materials and
processing methods, artificial lighting designed space.
However, architects cannot control natural light, which from morning

to night, day after day changes. Its existence gives life of space,
modeling the spatial sensibility. Natural light for the space, like the air of
life, these two have symbiotic relationship. Architects respond to
natural light and space collision exhibited by the rich content to be
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thinking, attention to natural light in the space of visual forms of
expression and the spirit of the great potential of creating situations,
not just considered as a means to eliminate the dark.
Bring natural light into interior design that many positive effects,
including the considerable financial savings in energy and overall
effects natural light has on well-being, as well as the challenges natural
light presents.
Natural light is considered a beneficial design for many reasons: human

health, comfort and satisfaction, energy conservation, view.
 Lack of natural light in a space, what will happen?
Some of the modern architectures do not have windows, they use

artificial lighting and ventilation by air condition, when people work in
this kind of space they feel unhealthy. If there is a lack of natural light in
a space, people are not able to see out to have a view cut. They will
feel cooped-up, isolated and claustrophobic. It also makes people feel
depressed and tensed.
 Natural light promotes human health
Lack of natural light also impacts on the health of building occupants.

It becomes ever more important as light itself is nourishment. Too much
artificial lighting and too little natural light affect the human health.
Human’s psychological needs may include spirit, mood, atmosphere,

and perception. Light creates spirit of space change atmosphere to
control human emotion.
Natural light creates spirit of space which changes atmosphere to

control human emotion.
Natural light was employed to arouse feelings of mysticism and to give

the blessedness of a place. Commonly identified with spiritual forces
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and beings due to its awing powers over life on earth, light could
manifest a divine presence for believers.
The best example to using natural light create spirit should be church.
Most of church design have a dark corridor, when people enter it, light
from outside go through the roof enter the space attract your eyes to
look up, you will feel that light is holy and warm; they believe that god
is watching over them. It is the use of visual effects that has played the
role of psychological change.
Natural light is the only light; because it has mood and it provides a
common agreement for man and it is the only light that makes
architecture. Architects had started to question whether light exists in its
own right, visible in itself and not only for making other things visible.
Some people believe that spiritual and mystical light, apart from
having a materialistic aspect due to its non-physical characteristics, is
considered a kind of bond between God and man in a spiritual.
Vitalizing light provides mystical atmosphere. It played an active role; it

lent the various, consciously selected materials every conceivable
facet, modulation, and nuance of color and there by produced the
atmospheric moods of light
 Light influence mood
The psychological factors should not be overlooked. People need to

change perspective in order to relax the eyes and mood.
 Light create atmosphere
Light creates atmosphere. Many factors affect the building

atmosphere. Natural light is one of the most important factors. In the
film, a sad, mysterious and gloomy atmosphere is difficult to use bright
light illumination. In space, it is the same. Architecture needs to use light
to create a different order and rhythm change the spatial effect gives
different atmosphere.
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 Light change human perception
For example – Tadao Ando is one of the most famous architect that
likes to use simplest and most neutral cement surfaces. The softness of
these, contrast the light that comes in to bathe them or to caress and
to nuance them. He also likes to use light and reflection.
He likes to use natural light to highlight, giving them space to transverse

entire room as an independent design element.
The way the cross of light opens the wall into the infinite and by
contrast to the interior, the striking light source gives us the impression of
an infinite beyond.
He believes light gives objects existence objects and connects space

and form. Light need space to display it.
Light gives space luminance and energy. It is a most vivid and

elements in architecture.
The church of the light shows the sense of natural element of light.
Space is completely surrounded by concrete walls. Inside is darkness, in
that darkness floats a cross of light itself. Outdoor light that has been
rendered abstract by the opening in the wall impacts tension to the
space and makes it sacred.
2.2.2 Relationship Between Humans And Color In Architectural Spaces
Color can clarify and define space, form and structure, yet in many
architectural practices is often considered only at the final stages of
the design process. This tendency to subordinate color reflects an
attitude held by many design professionals since the Renaissance.
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The premise that color is secondary to form, the ‘disegno colore’
theory, was established by Aristotle in his ‘Poetics’ during the
Renaissance. Further reinforcing this belief, the architect Le Corbusier
influenced the role of color in architectural design still upheld by many
today. He considered whiteness to convey order, purity, truth and
architecture. His views were further supported by contemporaries such
as Adolf Loos who considered white to be the color of heaven, while
Theo van Doesburg believed it the spiritual color of the period (Minah
2008). White became the epitome of modern architecture. While Le
Corbusier latterly modified his attitude toward the relationship of color
in architecture, the color rules established in his work ‘Purism’.
Fig 6. Showing how colors in street and façade makes it beautiful.
The importance of color within architectural space and its ability to

influence mental well-being through its sensory and physiological
properties.
2.2.2.1 Experiencing Color
What is fundamental in understanding the use of color and light in

interior space? Why do some spaces bring joy, while other do not?
Many would judge it simply a matter of taste, while others an
expression of artistic skill, use of precise color theory or scientific
18
research. It is a complex combination of many factors, both human
and scientific.
Color is perceived by the eye through different wavelengths of light

carried to us by our surroundings and interpreted by the brain (Nassau
1998). Without light there would be no color. Light reflects off surfaces,
triggering an electromagnetic response in the eye, which in turn
translates into color within the brain (Miller 1997). Our perception of
color is dictated by its hue (actual color), its intensity or depth of tone
(saturation) and its brightness, creating shade and shadow (Miller
1997).
In the psychological meaning color has been prevalent for centuries.
The scope of the research will focus on mood and associative response
to color and its implications on our experience of interior space.
2.2.2.2 Biological Reactions Of A Color Stimulus
There is a reoccurring theme in published literature on human response

to color, namely, the association of hues at the long or warm end of
the visible spectrum (red, orange and pink) with arousal and excitation,
and those at the short or cool end (green, blue violet) with calmness
and relaxation (Goldstein 1942; Gerard 1958; Wilson 1966; Jacobs and
Hustmyer 1974) which crosses multi-cultural boundaries. Although not
all results have shown identical outcomes in respect of systolic blood
pressure, skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, eye-blink frequency
and electrical brain activity, the emotional responses have been
similar.
Further studies have used word associations with color, such as blue
being associated with “tender, soothing, secure and comfortable” and
orange with “disturbing, distressed, upset” (Wexner 1954). A more
recent study attempted to replicate the findings of Gerrard, with a
focus on the effect on cardiovascular function (Yglesias, Stewart et al.
19
1993). Whilst the effect on the heart could not be replicated the
individual’s mental expectations of the consequence of the colors was
in accord with previous literature. Jacobs and Seuss similarly found the
effects of 4 primary colors projected onto a large screen produced
high anxiety levels for red and yellow, consistent with earlier studies
(Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974)
Schauss claimed that pink colors acted as a natural tranquilizer and

had successfully subdued prison inmates. Similarly, Kwallek found that
an individual’s ability to screen colors for irrelevant stimuli had an
impact on the effect of color. High screeners were more productive in
a red working environment, while low screeners performed better in a
blue-green office. In addition, Kwallek found saturation of color was a
significant predictor of differences in mood between males and
females. However, In a study of almost 1000 workspaces in four
countries, interior color was recognized as an important influencing
element of mood and performance.
2.2.2.3 Cognitive Response to Color
The way we respond to color can also be a result of conscious

symbolism or associated actions. Yglesias showed that we have
expectations in respect of our response to certain colors, regardless of
involuntary physiological responses. These may be learned through
culture or tradition, memory, preferences or fashion.
Color associated with actions can be seen in the red, amber and
green of traffic lights conveying stop, yield and go, respectively. When
these colors are used in isolation from their connection with traffic, they
can still influence their association (Hutchings 2004). Red is commonly
used to signify danger, or to command attention and is the most
pervasive color signal in nature (Humphrey 1976). It can, however,
have a somewhat ambiguous meaning as it is the color of edible
20
berries, signifies love, lust, anger and blood; a combination of both
positive and negative symbolism.
Color associations also appear to rely on an individual’s previous

knowledge and experience, combined with personal emotional
connections. Kaya and Crosby found color schemes were
remembered in alliance with known interiors, such as restaurants,
schools or their homes and, subsequently deemed appropriate colors
for specific building types or rooms. For example, some related the
color blue with feelings of relaxation, calmness, comfort and peace,
with an associated link to hotels and residences (Kaya and Crosby
2006). Red, a color frequently aligned with stimulation and arousal, was
often coupled with places of entertainment, such as restaurants (Kaya
and Crosby 2006).
2.2.2.4 Color Therapy In Mental Health And Well Being
Color therapy is the use of color in a variety of ways to promote health

and healing. The different colors we see in the world around us are the
result of the eye perceiving light vibrating at different frequencies.
Sunlight, or full-spectrum light, holds all the wavelengths of color in the
visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, and
magenta) as well as infrared and ultraviolet light, which cannot be
seen. Used to treat both physical and emotional problems, color
therapy may involve exposure to colored lights, massages using color-
saturated oils, contemplating and visualizing colors, even wearing
colored clothing and eating colored foods.
21
2.2.2.4.1 Principles In Color Therapy:
Color has such a subtle effect on our lives that we rarely give it a
second thought. Color comes from daylight which contains all eight
colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, turquoise, blue,
violet and magenta. It is also a form of radiation.
Research has begun to validate the importance of color in treating

disease. For example, looking at blue light has been shown to lower
blood pressure by calming the autonomic nervous system, while red
light causes it to rise.
Each color is associated with one of the seven chakras of the body,
and every color has its complementary color. Single colors or
combinations of complementary colors can be used to treat
imbalances in the chakras or illness associated with that bodily region.
Fig 7. Coordination between the

colours.
2.2.2.4.2 Psychological Implication Of Color
According to many reseachers, the Theory Response to color

paper that was reviewed (Hettiarachhi, A Learnt and subjective
Aniskha and De silva), studies these B General and innate
three scenarios. And the surveys held, C A combination
responses to color seem to be general Fig 8. The three thories of psychological
implication of colors stimuli
and innate(B)”red and orange(79%)
was dominating in their imaginations as appetizing and blue as least
appetizing(60%). None(0%) imagined red as calming color and blue
(2%) as a violent color. The study also revealed certain learnt emotional
22
responses. For instance, white (51%) was found to be calming, suspect
to be religiously and socially learnt emotion.”
2.2.2.4.3 How Colors Affect Us?
Fig 9. Implication of colours
2.3 HEALING COMPONENTS
2.3.1Phenomenology
In phenomenology, the environment is concretely defined as “the

place”, and the things which occur there “take place”. The place is
not as simple as the locality, but comprises of concrete things which
have physical substance, shape, texture, and color, light, landscape
and interior and together join to form the environment’s personality, or
setting. It is this setting which allows certain spaces, with similar or even
matching purposes, to embody very diverse properties, in accord with
23
the unique cultural and environmental situations of the place which
they exist (Bachelard). Phenomenology is considered as a “return to
things”, manoeuvring away from the abstractions of science and its
unbiased objectivity. Phenomenology engages the concept of
partiality, making the thing and its unique conversations with its place
the relevant topic and not the object itself. The man-made constituents
of the setting become the settlements of opposing scales, some large –
like cities, and some small like the house.
2.3.2 Lighting and Daylight

Lighting plays critical importance in building spaces.
But good lighting can and should be much more than this. Carefully
designed lighting can transform the appearance of a space, making it
attractive, and welcoming. It can enhance the architectural
appearance of the space and contribute to orientation and way-
finding.
Of all the human senses, vision is by far the most powerful in providing
information about the world around us. It also informs us about the
environment around us, not just in an objective way by determining
things such as a room’s shape, size and coloring but by creating a
psychological sensation which can induce feelings of comfort, security,
stimulation and much more.
2.3.2.1 Daylighting
Windows and daylight give a building a variety and interest that can
rarely be achieved in any other way of windows in buildings.
There are three main benefits:
• Contact with the outside world, especially a view out.
• Light from the sky, which people tend to prefer to electric lighting in
most situations.
• Sunlight, which is seen as therapeutic and invigorating.
Of course, windows have other non-visual benefits, such as fresh air.
24
2.3.2.2 Light from the Sky
Light from the sky is particularly important in spaces. It gives excellent

color rendering, making many types of tasks easier. It can also give
significant energy savings by displacing the need for electric lighting.
The following strategies are needed:

• Appropriate control of electric lighting is essential, so that lighting can
be switched off or dimmed when daylight is sufficient controls should
be zoned according to how
much daylight is available.
• Choose shading devices and glazing so that daylight can still be
admitted where possible.
• Zone spaces so that activities which do not require daylight are
located in the non-day lit core, leaving other areas to be attractively
day-lit.
Fig 10. Daylight penetration in a

room.
2.3.2.3 Sunlight
For this opinions can be divided about sunlight. According to the study
it is found that 91% of users questioned thought sunlight was a pleasure,
while 62% of users thought it was a nuisance. Users like sunlight because
it gives light and warmth, and is seen as having a therapeutic effect.
25
For many building areas, therefore, the appropriate strategy is to
provide access to not only sunlight but also adjustable shading to
control overheating and glare.
Access to sunlight will depend on window orientation and on

overshadowing by obstructions.
In general, spaces lit solely by windows facing within 45 degrees of due

north will be perceived as poorly sunlit.
Windows within 90 degrees of due north are also likely to give little sun if
there are significant obstructions to the south.
Fig 11. Even if courtyards are Fig 12. Surrounding windows can control sky
internal and do not receive glare by reducing
much light, they can give a view out and the contrast between window and wall
contact with the much light, they can give a view out and
outside, particularly if planting is provided
contact with the outside, particularly if
planting is provided
26
INFERENCES
1. Daylighting • Window positions and
dimensions
• Number and size of windows in
a
room
• Appropriate shading devices
2. Task lighting • Appropriate task luminance
• Use lamps
• Avoid glare
• Examine task requirements
3. Lighting appearance • Visual lightness
• Visual interest
• Meaningful pattern of light
4. Energy efficiency • Use of task lighting
• Reduce hours of lighting
• Ensure compliance with
Building
Regulation.
Table 1. Inference for lighting
much light, they can give a view out and

contact with the
outside, particularly if planting is provided
2.3.3 Color
Color design for interiors covers all materials and surfaces, including
everything from light and paint to art and ambience, from aesthetics
to functionality. It is an inherent property of materials and an
inseparable component of design.
Color design can play a part in the healing process and add to a sense
of well-being.
Color preference is a very subjective and vary one to one, but

selectively color according to individual can make a place very
27
unpleasant solution to the environment. Creative color scheme can
help.
Like, for walls and floors to be of different light reflections. Contrast does
not necessarily have to be black and white. As a general Rule, a 20–
30% difference in light reflectance value is sufficient for most people to
understand environments more easily. Color and contrast are the most
economical and effective tools for Designing functional environments
that are easy to use. Using color Contrast can be beneficial in helping
visually impaired and elderly users to understand the spatial orientation
of surfaces such as stairs, floors or Doors.
A successful color design strategy for an environment is based, first, on

a combination of balancing color requirements with an understanding
of the different types of light source. After that, many color schemes
involve concepts of “harmony” or “adjacency” or “opponent” color
theory; the structure of a color reference system can provide a useful
strategy or Framework on which to build.
2.3.3.1 Color-Coding
If orientation, wayfinding and navigation are the activities involved in
using a building, coding, zoning and signage are the tools used to
negotiate a building then color-coding can be used to make sense of
the environment and help simplify the site into wings, blocks and even
internal “streets”. Users of the building can differentiate between areas,
departments and even buildings to get their bearings and find their
way around.
Zoning, the definition of an area or section of the building by color, is
an important aspect of this. But even in a simple building where coding
is not needed, color design still has an important impact on signage.
This Includes:
• CLARITY – use of optimum impact and legibility for communication
• CONTRAST – ensuring all users can perceive objects and signs
28
• VISUAL NOISE – ensuring that signs stand out from their surroundings
and are not lost in, or contribute to, “clutter”.
Coding, zoning and signage are required at four stages in the journey
through a space:
1. OVERALL VIEW – at the beginning, to provide a sense of orientation
in Maps or guides to the site. This requires careful planning of the way in
which color will be used to convey spatial orientation.
2. SUPPORT – in signposting, to help the user make choices about
directions; this must be both simple and informative without giving
more information than is actually required at that point.
3. SETTING OUT – correctly placed or designed information to aid
decision-making and confirmation of correct routes.
4. ARRIVAL AT DESTINATION – details at the destination to verify
reaching the target.
2.3.4 Landscaping Strategies

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of
an area of land, including: living elements, such as flora or fauna; or
what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing
plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the
landscape. Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and
elevation, or bodies of water; and abstract elements such as the
weather and lighting conditions.
Psychology Benefit – Being able to choose between having privacy

and interacting socially may assist in the process of recovery of users
anxiety.
Through landscape, we can also create experience for the users and
visitors by planting trees and by creating a directionality through the
connection of pathways and walkways. Can help body movement in
any direction will exercise on it, a degree of acceleration.
29
This acceleration will be negative if the body attempts to climb up the
surface and it will be positive if the same body attempts to go down
the slope. A negative acceleration imposed on the body creates a
fatigue on the body whereas a positive one triggers an exhilaration.
One could thus argue that only half of the potential movements on this
surface provide a joy when the other half provokes sadness. The slope
is expressing its power of existence.
Fig 13. Illustrates the regular Fig 14. Illustrates the irregular
path path
“. . . It is not the rectangle which is the problem, but its life-sapping

characteristics. Where materials, textures, colours, light, living line and
human activity can reinvest such forms and spaces with life, the
materially practical and culturally normal characteristics of rectangles
can be used to advantage. None the less, in general, one feels on
much safer ground with non-rectangular, or shape-moderated
spaces.” –Roger Ulrich
2.3.4.1 Landscaping of Outdoor Spaces
2.3.4.1.1 Landscaped Grounds

The green areas left between the buildings that are primarily used as
waiting areas or as eating places should be linked to the architecture
with walking paths; however, they may be expensive to maintain.
30
2.3.4.1.2 Landscaped Setbacks
These are usually planted areas in front of the main entrance, which
are visually pleasant and serve to separate the building from the street.
Fig 15. Landscaped setbacks
2.3.4.1.3 Courtyards
Courtyards are the central and most often used spaces in a building
complex, because of their proximity to the dining area; they tend to be
used more by visitors and users if they are easily visible, and should be
sufficiently large to prevent overcrowding. Courtyard features may
include landscaped tree-shaded areas, water features, flowerbeds
and moveable seats; for reasons of privacy and security as well as
aesthetics.
2.3.4.2.4 Plazas
These outdoor areas, which are typically paved and furnished, should
allow easy access to wheelchairs, walkers and crutches. They should
include shade from flowering trees or spreading evergreens, and at
least a quarter of the trees should be above the minimum specified
size. A plaza should have shaded seating areas decorated with
plants, colored shrubs and ground cover, and perhaps a water feature.
Because these areas are largely paved, landscaping and gardening
maintenance costs are low. These places help in social interaction
among the users.
31
2.3.4.2.5 Roof Gardens
Gardens located on roofs are visually attractive, enabling uses to look
out from their space and have a comforting view of grass, paving
stones, benches and people. Roof gardens enable major energy
savings that will more than compensate, in time, for the costs of
building, structure, waterproofing, and landscape maintenance; and
they also minimize the environmental impact of a building.
2.3.4.2.6 Meditation Gardens

This type of small, enclosed, quiet garden is designed with a central
focal point to help users concentrate and relax as part of the healing
process. It is a space for quiet contemplation, removed from
distractions and private – that is, not visible from other indoor spaces.
Meditation gardens are labelled as such and purpose-designed, and
their layout is usually simple and minimalist, comprising, for example, a
circle representing life, a square symbolizing order, or symbols such as
the Celtic knot, which represents travel. They usually have a lawn
and/or a comfortable seating area with a focal point, typically a water
feature, to encourage meditation.
Fig 16. Roof garden Fig 17. Roof garden and

courtyard garden
32
2.3.5 Landscaping Elements In The Environment
The natural state of the environment is

considered as the base of life. the exterior
space can be seen as infinite; the design
can reach the horizon up to the sky. The
outdoor spaces should not be limited by
structural and fabricated elements. They
Fig 18. Paved hard landscaping
should be accompanied by natural using tiles and stones
materials in the raw or refined level. HARD

LANDSCAPING elements constitute of
‘pavements, street furniture, mountains,
rocks, sculptures and monuments’. The main
construction materials used are concrete,
brick and stone to create hard landscape
forms which can be used as a catalyst for Fig 19. Sculpture garden and
artificial lake
social activities. For instance, pedestrian
pathways or covered walkways can be
used as an alley of interaction between the
users. Open-air activities can be carried out
in the outdoor spaces that are designed
with hard landscaping Moreover, street Fig 20. Mini open amphitheatre
furniture such as benches provides a similar
engagement with lamp posts, plant boxers,
and signboards enhancing that space.
Monuments) and sculptures are
concentrated to attract users in a space
that can be linked to educational
knowledge especially about history or they
Fig 21. Illustrates fountain in the
are symbolical. park
symbolizing freshness
33
For example, walls can act as a solar control element and provide shade
during a certain period of the day for those activities to take place. In
addition, massive walls absorb heat during a hot day and release it at
night when it is cooler; hence a night activity can be effective as it
provides human comfort as well. Trees, hedges and grass form part of
SOFT LANDSCAPING that includes water elements as well.
Fig 22. Illustrates soft landscape including trees, hedges

Trees are used
and to provide shade apart from the benefits
grass of refreshing
the atmosphere. Grass is used as lawn areas that often become
spaces of socialization and relaxation. Soft landscaping can be used to
create framed views from an interior space. Colours, textures and
smells of the soft landscape are beneficial in terms of psychology.
Green landscape is largely used as parks in the urban districts for social
interaction. Parks are places of human integration. Spiritual practices
can be performed in that kind of an environment where nature, fresh
air and quietness are necessary
2.3.6 Outdoor Design Criteria
2.3.6.1 Accessibility
This is an essential requirement, both within the building and in its
environment. Gardens may be designed and set up attractively, but
people need to be aware that they exist, that they are easily
accessible through entrances and paths. Within the garden, visitors
follow internal circulation routes, typically between walls, but crossing
open spaces occasionally. It helps people to find their way in buildings,
and differentiating them can help users and visitors find their way.
34
2.3.6.2 Visibility
The more a garden is visible and people are aware of it, the more its
activity areas and paths will be preferred. At least one outdoor space
should be visible or its location clearly indicated from the main
entrance. Users’ space should have views of the garden so they can
enjoy it even if they are unable to visit it due to their task.
2.3.6.3 Feeling of Security
users often feel both physically and psychologically vulnerable in
space, and a feeling of security should be provided. This includes
sufficient lighting and public telephones in isolated areas so people
can call for help, and other facilities and design elements in the
garden that make them feel safe. Features should include handrails
and seating at frequent intervals, particularly near the entrance, to
assist the elderly, the disabled or mobility-impaired, and an avoidance
of paving materials like asphalt that reflect a strong glare .
2.3.6.4 Flexibility
Exterior spaces should attract people, invite them in and engage them;
they should be designed based on when (i.e. at what times and in
what weather conditions) by whom (i.e. what groups), and how they
are currently used (for example, for a lunch break, exercise, or
socializing), and also on how their usage may be shaped in the future.
To maintain interest and year-round interaction, for instance, they
should be studied to see how they are used in different seasons, and
then designed with different seasonal blooms and colors and different
weather conditions taken into account.
2.3.6.5 SUSTAINABILITY
Resources should be allocated intelligently when designing outdoor
spaces: every material used does not have to be green, and some
hard surfaces like concrete can help prevent storm water run-off.
Xeriscaping (designing with low water-use plants) together
with native vegetation also helps reduce water use and maintenance.
35
Nature trails enable users to have exercise, education and a natural
aesthetic at a minimal cost; and solar-powered lights and water
features that recycle rainwater can also be cost effective and
sustainable.
2.3.7 Healing Power of Trees
There are trees that give positive energy(+) and that take negative
energy(-).
1. The apple tree(+) symbolizes healing, love and beauty. It is

excellent for detoxification, eliminating toxins on all levels and
brings spiritual energies. It can also transform negative emotions.
2. The Ash tree(+) symbolizes strength and a deep understanding of

how all things are linked and connected. It unties the past,
present and future and the continual cycle of birth and rebirth.
It gives harmony, gives a feeling of being in tune and promotes
flexibility and security.
3. Aspen(-) is a strong taker of negative energy. It can liberate from

the energy congestion and initiate healing processes.
4. Almond tree(+) blooms while the snow is still on the ground, and
is known as the Tree of Life. It is the pre-eminent symbol of the
Masculine force in its creative aspect, and a wand of Almond
wood can be used for creative work of a masculine nature, such
as business ventures. It is very appropriate for a Priest or Circle
leader. The almond nut represents the seed of the universe, and
Almond milk is a symbol of the Generative Principle.
36
5. Cherry(+)The rich color of these woods will continue to deepen
and grow richer as the year goes by. Cherry, like any flowering
and fruiting tree, is beloved of the faery folk and so is eminently
suitable for wish making; This wood just buzzes with joyful energy!
6. The cedar tree(+) reduces turmoil by physically cleansing and

bringing a fresh breath of air to anyone resisting a necessary
change. It clarifies messages from the higher self and the
universe and promotes a peaceful flow.
7. Beech tree(+) helps to free the mind from limitations and helps
you to reconnect with your higher purpose. It gives confidence
and hope, it promotes clear self-expression. It also helps
relaxation and releases held in trauma.
8. Birch(+) symbolizes new starts and beginnings. This is a great

healing tree and gives you the ability to experience beauty and
tranquillity. It helps with the tolerance of others and the self; it is
excellent for difficulties with self-expression.
9. Fir tree(- +) takes energy on summertime it's good time to ask the
tree to take your pain, stress and fear. Fir tree consume a lot of
energy on summer and become a strong source of bioenergy on
wintertime, ready to share. On winter time it's given energy tree.
10. Linden(+) has gentle but empowering energy. Linden creates the
feeling of peace and warmth.
37
11. Maple(+) is a tree of balance; in contact with a maple tree we
become more peaceful and more self-confident.
12. Willow(-) teaches you to take control of your destiny. It is

particularity good for clearing discontentment with others and
yourself. Because it is strongly associated with water, it also
strengthens intuition and gives inspiration.
13. Oak(+) is perhaps one of the most honoured healing trees and
was once considered the father of mankind. The king of the
forest, the roots of the oak are said to extend as far underground
as its branches do above, making it a symbol of the law "as
above so below” .The Oak tree symbolizes the growth energy of
the Earth and Sun, Royal Majesty, and the force of Truth.
14. Pine(+) gives energy from the sun. Pine reduces stress, improves
the respiratory activity and tones the body.
15. Hazel(+-) is a tree of immortality and wisdom at makes an

excellent all-purpose wand. It can help to unfold creativity as
well as direct inspiration and inner guidance. It gives you the
ability to receive and communicate wisdom.
38
2.3.8 Transitional Spaces
The trails between the settlements and the many features which make
the cultural environment develop the secondary defining
characteristics of the place. The approach is to succeed inside and
outside, or the connection of earth-sky. The major step is to measure
character, or how things are complete and occur as participants in
their environment.
Fig 23. Illustrates the transitional area (stair hall)
Fig 24. Illustrates the transitional area (Ramp)

This can be used to help design healthy settings for Spaces that must
be learned activate the mind and become challenging for the
occupant to occupy. The nature of this type of environment also
makes it atypical to the average spaces one occupies on a regular
basis in the real world. Thus the person arranges their own mental
construct of the space giving them the opportunity to engage with the
built environment and utilize their mind. One can observe that the first
mode of perception is necessarily occurring as gravity forces the
bodies’ parts to interact with the architectural surface’s parts.
However, in the difference of architectures which proceed only with
39
flat floors, in the Oblique Function, gravity imposes an additional effect
on the bodies, a directionality.
 Inference-
The language of forms in architecture also has a correlation to the

feeling one obtains from the space. For example the natural
environment has soft edges, but no right angles (Redstone). However,
the right angles in our everyday life are endless in the built
environment. The architecture of a healing environment can take on
the qualities of natural conditions through imitation in form. While one
might feel constrained and boxed in rectilinear spaces, the fluidity of
an organic space creates no such feeling. Without right angles, the
spaces become seemingly less harmful and comforting to the human
eye.
Fig 25. Illustrates closed room
Fig 26. Illustrates open area
The integration of all the senses helps complete the highest potential of
an environment to allow for healing to emerge. For example, the sound
of moving water is one aspect of a space that can elicit emotions for
relaxation and tranquillity. Thus, the architecture can integrate the
40
water as an aspect of the design to allow for a healing environment to
emerge. Lighting design in healthcare environments is a major factor in
creating healing situations. It is proven that people who are surrounded
by natural light are more productive and live healthier lives. When
patients are sick, and surrounded by medical equipment and white
walls, the last thing they need is a dark, stuffy room. These is why it is
important for every room to have a window for natural light to come
into and help create a healing environment for the patient (Tyson).
Also by bringing nature indoors, it has many psychological benefits.
Plants are soothing and restful. Plants represent life, growth, and hope.
They can provide interest and diversion. Plants are used as a
therapeutic tool.
Fig 27. Types of senses
41
2.3.9 Understanding Healing Components
There are aspects of space and place that have also been found to
have a measurable impact on healing.
1. Quiet places
When one listen to the silence in a quiet place, the tiny sounds that are
usually drowned out by background noise: dry leaves blowing across
the pavement, the call of a bird, the wind in trees all these things gives
an eternal relaxation. It’s also possible to create sound experiences
that heal- e.g. music therapy.
2. A place in the sun
The rhythms of our bodies are in tune with the rhythm of the sun. When
the amount of sunlight we receive changes, either seasonally or with
travel, these patterns get disrupted, and poor sleep and moods often
follow.
The immune system is also activated by sunlight. Exposure to moderate

amounts of the sun activates vitamin d molecules amount in the skin,
which is essential for the health and also helps uplift the irritation which
occurs due to deficiency.
3. The presence of loved ones
Most of us take for granted that we feel better in the presence of

people we love, but there is a measurable reason for the comfort they
provide. Just as there are hormones behind powerful feeling of
attraction and passion, there are also hormonal components to
feelings of love and security- and these chemicals have a powerful
effect on health and healing.
4. Places that smell good
Fragrant oils have long been used for the healing effects on mood.
Florence nightangle moistened the foreheads of wounded soldiers with
42
lavender oil, famed for its relaxing effects. Several recent studies show
that a number of fragrant oils like lavender can indeed tension,
improve mood, and induce sleep.
5. Walking paths
When we walk at a regular pace, the beating of our heart and the
tempo of our breathing synchronize in calming undulating waves. As
you let it out, our heart speeds up just a bit. The very brief time between
beats increases and decreases in sync with these breaths. Our blood
pressure falls, and instead of blood vessels clamping down to keep up
blood flow to the vital organs, our heart pumps more strongly and
effectively. The brake to our stress response has been engaged.
6. Places of belief
The place is bathed in prayer. And the atmosphere is intensely warm

with the love. It is absolutely magical. Two essential elements that can
help an individual heal are expectation and social support.
7. Wayfinding Design
Wayfinding is a decision-making and problem-solving process. To

provide information in the right way for users of a building is the goal of
successful wayfinding. Comprehending the way spaces relate to one
another and being able to see the underlying organizational principle
of the circulation system are vital.
Thus, the research holds that improvement in these areas reduce stress
and improves user outcomes:
 Increase connection to nature to reduce stress, anger and fear

and to have a complex impact on emotions and also to
increase pleasant feelings.
43
 Offer users options and choices as to increase user’s sense of
control, which can significantly lessen stress.
 Better way finding reduces disorientation and also allow users to
walk more freely.
 Enhance social support helps more in recovery and emotional
wellbeing and quality of life for stressed people.
 Reduce environmental stressors such as noise, glare, and poor
air quality as it helps in improving stress and high blood pressure
and anxiety problems.
 Provide pleasant diversions as it reduces stress and anxiety and
fear. Diversions may include: artworks of nature, views, fireplaces,
artificial art and graphics.
44
2.3: Precedent Architecture
2.3.1 Dutch Rehabilitation Centre
The Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal, outside the Dutch city of

Arnhem (south west of Amsterdam), specialises in the rehabilitation of
patients with injuries or disabilities.
Built on the edge of Arnhem, adjacent to a forest, the three-storey

building by Dutch architect Koen van Velsen includes a clinic, sports
facilities, restaurant and swimming pool.
Fig 28. Circulation / Accessibility
Fig 29. Dutch rehabilitation centre elevation
45
Its large windows bring the
outside in. The centre’s
care concept is based on
the idea that a positive and
stimulating environment
increases the wellbeing of
users (patients) and has a
beneficial effect on their
rehabilitation. Fig 30. Dutch rehabilitation centre day view
It helps to reduce the user’s

psychoses because –
Full height glazing along the

central space connecting
the various different internal
elements of the building
ensures an almost seamless
continuity between interior
and exterior. Fig 31. Dutch rehabilitation centre night view
A combination of large and

small voids and light wells
ensure a spatial connection
between different levels
and allow natural daylight
deep in the heart of the
30metres wide building.
Interplay of striking but
subtle colours and direct
and indirect (artificial)
lighting enlivens the interior.
Fig 32. Dutch rehabilitation centre library view
(shows full height glazing)
46
Fig 33. Light well/ Voids room roof to ground and so terrain level
The meandering facade in the restaurant results in a building in

between trees and invites the forest inside the building. The surrounding
nature has a strong visual and tangible presence everywhere in the
building; it allows the user to revalidate whilst walking.
Fig 34. The glazed at entrance level results in abundance of

natural daylight, prospect and transparency
Fig 35. The glazed view
47
It fulfils the wayfinding design concept and helps to not make the users
more anxious because of the planning of the building.
Like, a shallow timber staircase runs the full internal height of the
building and is typical for the new integral way of working. It facilitates
a direct route between the different floors but also enables a variety of
alternative routes roaming the building and thus forms an invitation to
undertake physical exercise.
Fig 36. Continuous staircase enables visual relation from roof garden into valley
The design is visualized in bright and soothing colours with the concept
of ‘nature’ with landscape backdrop. And the colour contrast in the
transitional spaces helps to give directionality, acts as a tactile. The
ambience created is spiritual and comfortable that alleviates the spirit
of the patient.
Fig 37. Corridor view (showing color contrast)
48
Fig 38. Corridor view (showing color contrast)
Fig 39. Conceptual plan analysis
Transparency, continuity, layering, diversity, the play of light and

shadow and the experience of nature are all ingredients of this
stimulating environment.
49
2.3.2 Addis Football Centre For Hope
It is located in Addis Ababa which is a low income, high density area.

The site is surrounded by mostly urban area with business and
residential properties. The residential and small domestic industry are in
self-made buildings using sheet metal, timber or local wall construction
(mix of mud and chaff).
Fig 40. Site plan
Safety
The site is at Jan Meda, stone walls run along its north east direction.
Which separates it from roads and traffic through their corrugated
metal fence. Therefore, removing the walls next to the roads will
eliminate the barrier between the children attending the centre and
the traffic. Although the children are used to presence of the traffic but
here through proper fencing they segregate the children from the
danger by the roads and also guard at the night time.
50
Orientation –
Fig 41. Orientation
Arrangement of large openings ensure a spatial connection between

landscape and the building and allow natural daylight sweep into the
building. Interplay of striking but subtle colours and direct and indirect
(artificial) lighting enlivens the interior.
Fig 42. Illustrates how light in penetrates (sections)
51
Fig 43. Illustrates how light in penetrates (sections)
Wall openings – no glazing or window frames in the classroom and

library. The openings on the wall are covered with an external hood
which is operated manually. The inside of the centre is made from
metal and painted in primary and secondary colours that bas positive
effects on the mood of the children.
Ambience –
Fig 44. Conceptual sketch
52
Interaction
The ‘fabric’ wall is wall that has multi openings that provides daylight as
well as natural ventilation for the required space which creates an
interaction between external and internal spaces.
‘Fabric’ arrangement
arrangement Pattern of light
pattern of open and and dark
closed courses
Fig 45. Shows the wall cut outs
53
3.1.3: Kamalaya Koh Samui Resort, Thailand
Kamalaya has a beautiful beachfront location, overlooking the pristine

southern coastline of koh samaui, Thailand. To enhance its individual
wellness programs and personalized health journeys, Kamalaya has
now introduced small group retreats. Each retreat has been
developed collaboratively with the retreat leaders who hold a deep
appreciation for Kamalaya’s philosophy of holistic wellness, combining
life enriching insights with carefully selected wellness treatments. All
retreats are results-oriented and approach the integral wellness
concept – of mind, body and soul – from a distinct perspective to
create a unique experience that could only be delivered at Kamalaya.
It is an award-winning Wellness Sanctuary and Holistic Spa resort.
Fig 46. Resort top view Fig 47. Resort pool view
Centred around a monk’s cave that once served Buddhist monks as a
place of meditation and spiritual retreat, Kamalaya’s essence is
expressed in its name, ‘Lotus (kamal) Realm (alaya)’, an ancient
symbol for the growth and unfolding of the human spirit.
Yoga Pavilion
The Hilltop Yoga Pavilion is perched

atop Koh Samui’s rugged coastline. The
open-air, natural wood-flooded spaces
is perfect for yoga practice and for
fostering a connection with nature.
Nestled amidst giant, granite boulders Fig 48. Yoga pavilion
And
and trees, the yoga pavilion draws in all elements of nature, offering
a stunning panorama of the sea and outlying island and mountains,
and the perfect sunset view and its capacity is 30.
54
The Healing Power of Nature
Natural Healing with Natural Environment at Kamalaya’s an inspiring

palate of sights, sounds, aromas and textures, empowers and amplifies
the healing experience.
Kamalaya was carefully designed to embrace the diverse elements of

the very special piece of land on which it rests. This considered
approach went beyond maintaining the integrity of the land;
Kamalaya was created so that the various elemental themes were
available to nourish and inspire you. Within Kamalaya, there are
different landscapes – sea, earth, streams, ponds, open skies,
bouldered hilltops – so one can find your own place of comfort; a
place that resonates with an energy that nurtures and reconnects us
with nature through all of our senses.
Environmental Initiatives
The architectural brief for Kamalaya centred on the importance of

preserving as much of the natural environment as possible.
Environmental care extended to the transplanting of over 150 trees,
which were relocated one by one to a nearby nursery until
construction was finished and they could be brought ‘home’ to
Kamalaya.
Sustainable use of resources is actively encouraged, and
accommodations have been designed to allow the natural air flow to
minimise the use of air conditioning.
Informing guests of ways to conserve energy and water a special hosts
committee has been formed to research, develop and implement
environmental initiatives.
Water is recycled and dispersed back in the gardens. Organic waste is
used for composting we use environmentally friendly termite control.
55
3.1.4 Teenage Cancer Ward, Birmingham, Uk
This teenage cancer ward at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in

Birmingham was designed to give the comfort of a boutique hotel.
Designed by Lucy and Tobie Snowdown, the duo behind the British
studio, to create the ward that can accommodate 12 cancer patients.
To creates architectural design idea came from interviews with the

patients themselves – each time a patient may need to visit, perhaps
for chemotherapy, they can have a new experience which does not
resemble traditional healthcare.
Each room is styled differently, including a 1960s-inspired ‘Pop’ room

and a New York-style ‘Loft’. Classic furniture pieces and carefully
chosen objects were illustrated and then converted into vinyls stickers
as backdrops for the rooms. All the rooms have iPod docks and AV
facilities.
The design is visualized in bright and soothing colors with the concept
of ‘nature’. Green building concepts are incorporated within the
project. The efficiency with which the building uses resources, energy,
water and materials while reducing the building impacts on human
health and the environment are increased through better design,
construction, operation and maintenance. The ambience created is
spiritual and comfortable that alleviates the spirit of the patient.
Fig 49. The atrium
56
Fig 50. The corridor area
Fig 51. Waiting lounges
Fig 52. Patients’ ward Fig 53. OPT room
57
Fig 54. Common patient room
Fig 55. Outside OPT waiting area
The clinic has used color as its tool. The vibrant use of colors in some
areas does not gives the feeling of a hospital. These bright colors such
as green, orange, red, yellow, brown, blue gives this place a hotel like
appearance which these people think will ultimately help the children
in healing. As the patients won’t be getting the feeling of a hospital,
they will feel alive and hence heal faster. Every area is marked with a
different color with signboards of the same colors leading towards the
specific area. They have a big atrium with a large amount of artificial
lighting. In patient rooms they blended the natural light with the
artificial light and made the room much livelier.
58
4.1 Comparative Analysis
Components Light Color Landscape Transitional Overall Impact

Case Studies
areas
1. Dutch 1. abundance 1. blend of dull 1. worked on 1.wood used as 1. It provides free

of natural and bright colors forest area for a tool movement due to
Rehabilitation
daylight – – white and dark landscaping, everywhere which it help the
Centre
through full blue makes it a public 2. spatial users to have a
height glazing Used (corridor) park landscape connection clear thought.
windows (60:40 - white and between 2. It also emphasis
window wall orange different levels wideness
ratio) (stairhall) 3. Creates visual
experience
2. Addis 1. wall openings 1. subtle colors 1. Not much 1. simple interiors 1. It brings tangible
provided to used work done in 2. direct and and positive
Football Centre
enter daylight – white , off landscape but indirect changes within
inside the space white and green buffer (artificial) children
(40:60 cutouts exposed brick with pitch views lighting enlivens 2. It also provides
wall ratio) finish used from children’s the interior the users to move
home space freely
3. Kamalaya 1. blend of 1. no contrast in 1. worked on 1. simple – basic 1. Fostering the

daylight and colors landscape, interiors connection with
Koh Samui
artificial lighting 2. peaceful provided various (well nature
– terraces, open colors used – gardens and connected) 2. It spreads
galleries White , off white activity zones on 2. huts given to calmness
viewing the and lemen monks caves visitors 3. Ambience
beach makes it yellow colors makes it more 3. public and created is spiritual
more bright used happening with private spaces and comfortable
beach view divided that alleviates –
front spirit
4. Teenage 1. no proper 1. different zones 1. no emphasis 1. spaces are 1. It reduces

Daylighting – with different given on well defined by patients’ psychoses.
Cancer Ward
very few colors (color landscape use of colours 2. It helps to
windows contrast) – blue 2. atrium is apprehend ones
2.Excess use of and white , provided visual senses
artificial lighting green and white
, red and white
Table 2. Comparative analysis of case studies
59
4.2 Conclusion
This research has illustrated the various aspects of architecture and

how they can be applied to create a salved environment. The tactile
nature of architecture is of major importance in creating a place
marvelled by the individual’s interaction and experience.
The analysis section will be useful in setting up a healing spaces’

framework towards the design of a building through natural daylight,
colours and landscape.
Like Natural daylight should be given into the room by providing full
height glazing windows or by creating wall openings or having skylights,
terraces, galleries etc. as per the usage of the space, but these
openings should have shading devices so that the users and the visitors
can enjoy the daylight and sun without facing the scorching sun and
the glare, which will create negative impact on the users psychology.
Because light controls people’s behavior and their emotions and also
make a space look bigger and brighter. It can make them happier
and less stressful by lightening their mood. So we should provide glazing
and windows accordingly. Size windows used to provide enough light
from the sky.
As we came know that color is also a powerful force which can be

used in different way to motivate and stimulate, to control our actions,
to create an environment of joy or misery. So we should provide colors
accordingly to avoid visual confusion and a feeling of unease.
Therefore, we should coordinate colors of all finishing materials (floors,
walls, textiles and even noticeboards) for color harmony. Do not
overuse one particular color as it makes the environment boring. Blue
and white tend to be preferred colours, as it makes a blend of dull and
bright colors to enhance the space. Also we should avoid blood red,
hot bright yellow types of colors in most of the areas because they a
strong mental association of red with blood, violence, fire and hatred.
60
And also the landscaped part plays a very crucial role in healing as we
know that there are some special types of trees which has a power of
healing like willow, maple, birch, hazel and apple trees etc. and also
connecting the users with natural element like forest, beachfront and
valley makes the users to heal or feel calm automatically and
architects use this as a another aspect in creating healing spaces.
These elements enhance the experience of the space as well as the

wellbeing of the users. Hence, upon interacting in a serene
environment the users are welcomed in a healing world as their sensory
experience augment in space.
61
References And Bibliography
Articles and Pdfs –
1. Therapeutic Landscape and Healing Gardens.pdf

2. StannardProspectus2016.pdf
3. Healing_Gardens_Thesis_Vapaa.PDF
4. YUAN SHI_2014-01-16.pdf
5. 31295014877483.pdf
WWW Documents -
1. www.archdaily.com
2. www.architectsjournal.co.uk
3. www.pinterest.com
4. www.peterraisbeck.com
5. www.voices.no
6. www.davedowling.net
7. www.ilucension.com
8. www.sciencedaily.com
9. www.omicsonline.org
10. www.thedaylightsite.com
11. www.brikbase.org
12. www.archinect.com
13. www.info.soundofarchitecture.com
14. https://www.ukessays.com
62

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my other dissertation

1.3: Scope and Limitation 1

1.4: Research Methodology 2

Chapter 2: Existing Knowledge

2.1: Literature Review 3

2.1.3: Defining: Healing 4

2.2 : Architecture And Human Psychology 6

2.2.1: The Relationship Between Human And Light In 8

2.2.2: The Relationship Between Human And Color In 17

2.3: Healing Components 23

2.3.2 Lighting and Daylight 24

2.3.2.2 Light from the Sky 25

2.3.4 Landscaping Strategies 29

2.3.4.1 Landscaping of Outdoor Spaces 30

2.3.5 Landscaping Elements In The Environment 33

2.3.6 Outdoor Design Criteria 34

2.3.7 Healing Power of Trees 36

2.3.8 Transitional Spaces 39

2.3.9 Inference- Understanding Healing Components 41

3.1: Precedent Architecture: Case-studies 45

3.1.1: Dutch Rehabilitation Centre 45

3.1.2: Addis Football Centre For Hope 50

3.1.3: Kamalaya Koh Samui 54

3.1.4: Teenage Cancer Ward 56

4.1: Comparative Analysis of Case-studies 59

Reference and Bibliography

 Figure 1: Showing that how daylight is important for making a space

 Figure 2: Illustrates the natural light through the opening.

 Figure 3. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1954 Bachman-Wilson House in New

 Figure 4. Showing natural light in a room

 Figure 5. Showing artificial light in a room

 Figure 6. Showing how colors in street and façade makes it beautiful.

 Figure 7. Coordination between the colours.

 Figure 8. The three thories of psychological implication of colors stimuli

 Figure 10. Daylight penetration in a room.

 Figure 11. Even if courtyards are internal and do not receive

 Figure 12. Surrounding windows can control sky glare by reducing

 Figure 13. Illustrates the regular path

 Figure 14. Illustrates the irregular path

 Figure 16. Roof garden

 Figure 17. Roof garden and courtyard garden

 Figure 18. Paved hard landscaping using tiles and stones

 Figure 19. Sculpture garden and artificial lake

 Figure 21. Illustrates fountain in the park

 Figure 22. Illustrates soft landscape including trees, hedges

 Figure 23. Illustrates the transitional area (stair hall)

 Figure 24. Illustrates the transitional area (ramp)

 Figure 25. Illustrates the closed room

 Figure 25. Illustrates the open room

 Figure 27. Types of senses

 Figure 28. Circulation / Accessibility

 Figure 29. Dutch rehabilitation centre elevation

 Figure 30. Dutch rehabilitation centre day view

 Figure 31. Dutch rehabilitation centre night view

 Figure 34. The glazed at entrance level results in abundance of natural

 Figure 35. The glazed view

 Figure 37. Corridor view (showing color contrast)

 Figure 38. Corridor view (showing color contrast)

 Figure 39. Conceptual plan analysis

 Figure 40. Site plan

 Figure 41. Orientation

 Figure 42. Illustrates how light in penetrates (sections)