Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brent Carper, PE
Engineering Manager – Relay Application Innovation, Inc.
Adjunct Professor – Washington State University
Brent.C@RelayApplication.com
Outline
Protection System Failures and Breaker Failures
BF Protection versus BF Relaying
BF Relay Schemes and Logic
Special BF Situations
BF Settings and Timing
Impacts from Changing Technology
Testing and Maintenance of BF Schemes
Primary Reference:
C37.119 -2005 IEEE Guide for Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers
What is a Breaker Failure?
Protection Failure
Protection System Failures Breaker Failures
Relay failure Fails to trip
Settings failure Trips too slow
Control system failure Fails to interrupt fault current
CT/PT failure Fails to interrupt load current
Battery system failure Flashover when open
Catastrophic control house failure (fire) Fails to close
Auxiliary contact problems
Catastrophic failure
Outline
Protection System Failures and Breaker Failures
BF Protection versus BF Relaying
BF Relay Schemes and Logic
Special BF Situations
BF Settings and Timing
Impacts from Changing Technology
Testing and Maintenance of BF Schemes
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Simple – No extra equipment Slow
Simple – No risk of misoperation May not be possible for the backup relaying at [A] to
Ultimate protection. Covers ALL failures, not just see all faults
Breaker Failure (failure of breaker, relay, settings,
controls and wiring, battery, etc.)
Conclusions:
Common practice for Distribution, but typically not sufficient for Transmission.
There is “Breaker Fail Protection” even though there is not “Breaker Fail Relaying”.
Breaker failure protection is built-in to good protection practices.
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
T M 3
5
Breaker Failure Protection by Coordination
T A B
T M 3
[A] can probably back up [B] and see a minimum fault all the way at the end of the line.
[M] may not be able to fully back up the feeder breakers for an end of line fault.
Example: Assume 200A load per feeder section, and 800A minimum fault current at the end of line.
[A] has 400A max load and needs to pickup on an 800A fault.
[M] has 1000A max load, so it cannot be set to pickup on an 800A fault.
IEEE Example
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Proper Clearing
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Proper Clearing
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Breaker Failure
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Breaker Failure
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Remote Backup
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Remote Backup
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
Advantages: Disadvantages:
C o m p l ete l y i n d e p e n d e nt o f S u bs ta t i o n B . S l o w – sy s te m i n s ta b i l i t y
S l o w – v o l ta g e d i ps
W i d e a re a o u ta g e
M ay n o t b e p o s s i b l e fo r t h e
b a c ku p re l ay to s e e a l l fa u l t s
IEEE Example
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Breaker Failure Relaying
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Breaker Failure Relaying
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
IEEE Example – Breaker Failure Relaying
B C
A 3 4
A 1 2 5 6 C
Load Load
7 8
Load
What else?
Transfer Trip to breaker [4]
Cancel reclose of [4]
Outline
Protection System Failures and Breaker Failures
BF Protection versus BF Relaying
BF Relay Schemes and Logic
Special BF Situations
BF Settings and Timing
Impacts from Changing Technology
Testing and Maintenance of BF Schemes
Breaker Failure Relaying
01
21
87B
Z1
21
Z2
21
Z2
67
G 86B
67
G
50 BFI
62 trip all
bkrs on bus
DTT/RC to
86BF
remote bkrs
trip all
adjacent bkrs
Breaker Failure Relaying
21 21
87B
P B
BFI
BFI 50 BFI
86B
62
86BF
BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING
1 2 3
87B 87B
BF BF
1 2
21
B
21
P
BF
3
21
B
21
P
Example Logic: BE1-50BF
Breaker Failure Logic
1. Basic Breaker Failure Scheme
2. 50BF Torque Control
3. Breaker Re-Trip Logic
4. BFI Control Timer
5. BFI Seal-In
6. Minimal Current Scheme
7. Timer Bypass Scheme
8. Dual Timer Scheme
9. Special Schemes
Breaker Failure Logic – Basic
Relay Techs Beware! These schemes commonly make relay techs famous!
Breaker Failure Logic – Timer Bypass Scheme
Note: This logic is for illustrative purposes only. Not intended as a complete scheme. The timer bypass scheme should be supervised by a fault detector, which may not be
compatible with torque controlled 50BF.
Breaker Failure Logic – Dual Timer Schemes
Use fast BF timer for multi-phase faults (L-L, L-L-G, 3P)
Use slower BF timer for single-phase faults (SLG)
BY COMPANY POLICY
PROPER OPERATION
FAULT CLEARED
FAULT
CONTROL TIMER
SETTING
BY COMPANY POLICY
PROPER OPERATION
FAULT CLEARED
FAULT
CONTROL TIMER
SETTING
21 21
87B
P B
BFI
BFI 50 BFI
86B
62
86BF
Impact of Changing Technology
21 21
87B
P B
BFI
BFI BFI
BF 86B
86BF
Impact of Changing Technology
21 21
87B
P B
BFI
BFI
BFI
BF BF 86B
86BF
Impact of Changing Technology
21 21
87B
P B
I
BF
BFI
BF BF 86B
86BF
Impact of Changing Technology
21 21 BFI
BF 87B
P B
BFI
BFI
BF BF 86B
86BF
Impact of Changing Technology
1 2 3
87B 87B
BF BF
1 2
21
B
21
P
BF
3
21
B
21
P
Impact of Changing Technology
1 2 3
BF BF
87B 87B
1 3
BF 21 BF
1 B 2
BF 21 BF
1 P 2
BF 21 BF
2 B 3
BF 21 BF
2 P 3
Impact of Changing Technology
Digital Relay Timing and Logic
Precise timing eliminates relay misoperations due to calibration drift
Precise timing and logic allows reducing “design margins”