Matter is objects that take up space and have mass

A. Pure substance

1. Element
 A substance made up of atoms of the same type.
 cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either
physical or chemical means
 can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules (e.g.,
nitrogen).

Example 1 : Element existing Example 2 : Element existing in the form of diatomic

in the form of atoms molecules (i.e. molecules formed from two atoms).

Element as molecule

Categories of Elements
 METAL ELEMENT NON METAL ELEMENT
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Zinc Zn Mercury Hg Helium He Fluorine F
Silver Ag Strontium Sr Neon Ne Oxygen O
Gold Au Magnesium Mg Argon Ar Chlorine Cl
Cobalt Co Lithium Li Krypton Kr Bromine Br
Nickel Ni Platinum Pt Xenon Xe Iodine I
Lead Pb Titanium Ti Sulfur S Selenium Se
Tin Sn Uranium U Phosphorus P Hydrogen H
Calcium Ca Manganese Mn Carbon C Nitrogen N
Iron / Fe Sodium/ Na
Ferrum Natrium
Copper/ Cu Potassium/ K
Cuprum Kalium

2. Compound
 A pure substance that contains atoms of two or more chemical elements in definite
proportions .
 Cannot be separated by physical means and are held together by chemical bonds.

No Compound Formula Uses

1 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Non-prescription drug for relief from acid
indigestion and heartburn
2 Sodium Chloride NaCl to season food
3 Methane CH4 natural gas, fuel
4 Baking soda NaHCO3 cooking
5 Ammonia NH3 fertilizer, household cleaner when
dissolved in water
6 Hydrochloric Acid HCl production of batteries, photoflash bulbs
and fireworks. It's even used to process
sugar and make gelatin.
7 Carbon dioxide CO2 carbonating agent in soda
8 Ethanol C2H5OH disinfectant, alcoholic beverages
9 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 antacid
10 Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 lead-acid batteries for cars
11 Caustic soda (sodium NaOH manufacture of oven cleaners and drain
hydroxide) cleaners, detergents, soaps
12 Water H2O cooking, cleaning, drinking and for sanitation
13 Glucose C6H12O6 Source of energy
14 Acetic acid (ethanoic CH3COOH vinegar for cooking, and it even helps unclog
acid) sinks

B. Mixtures
 Substance consisting of 2 or more substances physically combined together
 Components : Elements or/and compounds
 Components can be separated by physical means like filtration, evaporation,
distillation, etc.
 Mixtures divide into 2 groups; homogenous and heterogeneous mixture.

1. Homogeneous mixtures
 The components mixed are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture
 Homogeneous mixtures are also called as solutions
 A solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture. Solutions are
homogeneous because the ratio of solute to solvent remains the same throughout
the solution. For example  salt water, sugar water
  example : air, rain water, vinegar, alloys (two or more metals are mixed together)
 brass, bronze, steel

2. Heterogeneous mixtures
 All the components are completely mixed and all the particles can be seen under
a microscope. We can easily identify the components and more than one phase
can be seen by naked eyes.
 Particles are distributed non uniformly
 We can judge a heterogeneous mixture by just seeing it
 Non-uniform composition
 Example: sea water, pizza, etc

Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture
It has uniform composition
It has only one phase
It can’t be separated out physically
‘homo’ means same
Example: mixture of alcohol and
water
Heterogeneous mixture
It has non uniform composition
There are two or more phases
It can be separated out physically
‘hetero’ means different
Example: mixture of sodium
chloride and sand