Grundfos Technical Guide HVAC

GRUNDFOS TECHNICAL GUIDE
HVAC
CONTENTS
Mission
Technical Data
Centrifugal Pumps page 4
Pump Performance page 5
Power Efficiency & Energy page 10
Viscosity page 13
Affinity Laws page 14
Speed Torque Relationships page 16
System Head Curve page 17
Parallel & Series Operation page 18
Min Flow - Temperature Raise page 18
Axial Thrust - Max Flow page 20
Power Consumption and Cost page 22
Frequently used Formulas page 24
Altitude VS. Barometric Pressure
and Boiling Point of Water page 30
Elevations for Various Municipalities page 30
Aqueous Solutions page 32
Velocity Chart
Feet per Second page 34
Pressure Loss Charts page 35
Velocity Charts & Friction of Water
Copper, Brass & S.P.S. page 39
New Steel Pipe page 47
Friction Losses page 56
Hydronic Water Flow Calculator page 57
Heat Losses from... page 58
Typical Symbols page 59
Affinity Laws page 60
Freezing & Boiling Point page 61
ANSI Steel Flange Dimensions page 62
Gasket & Machine Bolt Dimensions page 63
Unit Conversion Tables page 64
2 1
MISSION
- to successfully develop, produce, and sell high quality

pumps and pumping systems worldwide, contributing to a
better quality of life and healthier environment
Bjerringbro, Denmark
Fresno, California Olathe, Kansas
Monterrey, Mexico Allentown, Pennsylvania Oakville, Ontario
• One of the 3 largest pump companies in the world with over 11,000 employees worldwide
• World headquarters in Denmark
• North American headquarters in Kansas City - Manufacturing in Fresno, California
• 60 companies in 40 countries
• More than 10 million pumps produced annually worldwide
• North American companies operating in USA, Canada and Mexico
• Continuous reinvestment in growth and development enables the company to
BE responsible, THINK ahead, and INNOVATE
1 3
TECHNICAL DATA
Centrifugal Pumps. In a centrifugal pump, pumping action is generated by means of centrifugal force. The
essential components of a centrifugal pump are the pump volute, impellers and pump/shaft; all driven by an
electric motor prime mover. A simplified pump diagram is illustrated in Figure 2-3 below:
Centrifugal Pump -
Theory of Operation
As the impeller rotates, liquid
is taken in at the eye of the
impeller and forced out along
vanes to its tips. The liquid
moves faster at the tips of the
impeller than at the eye. The
fluid is then gathered in the
pump volute, where velocity
energy is converted to
pressure energy in
progressive stages until
discharge. The rapid outward
movement of fluid from the
eye of the impellers creates a
low pressure region within
the eye, which pulls more
fluid into the intake at the
same rate as discharged.
Pressure and flow
performance of a centrifugal
pump is a function of
impeller diameter, speed,
width of internal
impeller/pump house water
passages and vane
configuration.
Impellers are generally

classified as open, semi-open
or enclosed. Enclosed
impellers can be of the
floating or fixed type based
Figure 2-3 on the industry or application
requirements.
4 2
TECHNICAL DATA
Pump Performance Characteristics and Curves

General. Centrifugal pumps have head-flow characteristics, just as motors have speed-torque characteristics. At a
fixed speed, the head developed by a pump will decrease as the flow is increased. Different pump designs will
produce different characteristics, as illustrated in Figure 2-5 below:
Reading a pump
Figure 2-5: Pump Characteristic Illustration curve is fairly
straight forward.
Pump/performance
curves consist of a
simple graph with
flow rates (Q) along
the horizontal axis
and pressures/head
(H) along the vertical
HEAD
axis. The data

graphed on the curve
is typically based on
Pump A
a fixed speed.
Pump B
FLOW
Performance Characteristics. Performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps are described in curves developed
by pump manufacturers. Typical performance curve presentations are illustrated in Figure 2-7 and describes the
relationships between (1) capacity and total dynamic head, (2) capacity and efficiency, (3) capacity and brake
horsepower, and in some cases, (4) capacity and net positive suction head (NPSH). Individual curve parameters are
discussed below.
Performance Curves
1. Total dynamic head- capacity curves show the total head developed by the pump at a given capacity. Figure 2-6
shows that a pump will operate over conditions ranging from shutoff (no flow) to maximum flow. Maximum
total head usually occurs at shutoff. As capacity increases, total head developed decreases. Maximum flow will
occur with minimum head.
2. Efficiency-capacity curves describe the relationship between pump efficiency and capacity. Efficiency is
maximized at the design capacity where hydraulic, mechanical, and leakage losses within a pump are
minimum. These losses included leakage between impeller and pump house; fluid friction losses in all flow
passages such as rotor chamber, impeller, pump house and thrust bearing friction. If the pump operates at
capacities greater or less than at the design capacity, pump efficiency will decrease.
3. Brake horsepower-capacity curves show the brake horsepower required by the pump at a given capacity within
its performance range. They can be used to select and properly size a motor, as well as quantify the impeller
loading characteristic as nonoverloading or overloading. In the nonoverloading case, BHP varies slightly over
the pump s operating range with the maximum BHP occurring at or near the point of maximum efficiency.
3 5
TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 2-6: Elementary H-Q of Performance A change in operating conditions will not overload the
motor if the motor is sized for maximum efficiency
35 conditions. Overloading curves are characterized by large
changes in BHP over a pump's operating range such that a
30
motor selected for one set of operating conditions may
25 become overloaded if changes in these conditions occur.
20
4. Net Positive Suction Head - Capacity curves show the
Head (Feet)
15
required NPSH (NPSHR) for a particular pump design to
operate without cavitation. Pump NPSH requirements
10 increase as capacity increases. Pump NPSH requirements
5
are determined by the manufacturer.
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flow (GPM)
Figure 2-7: LM2.5LM6 Performance Curve
H [m] H [ft]
2.5 LM 6
55 50% 60% 60 Hz
65%
1750 RPM
16 68%
50
65%
14
45
60%
12 40
55% 55%
35
63%
10 /6.9
30
8
25
6 20 50%
/6.2
15
NPSH
4
[ft]
10 10
2
5 5
NPSHR
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Q [US GPM]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Q [m³/h]
P2 [hp]
2.4 /6.9
2.0 /6.2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
TK02 4967 1902
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Q [US GPM]
6 4
TECHNICAL DATA
Shape of Pump Curve. There are three types of H-Q curves steep, flat and drooping. Steep curves are
characterized by a large change in total head between shut off and capacity at maximum efficiency, while a
small change occurs for flat curves. Drooping curves are characterized by an increase in total head to some
maximum value as capacity increases, then a decrease as capacity continues to increase; maximum head does
not occur at shutoff.
Figure 2-9: Pump Characteristic Curve Shapes Steep and flat curves are called stable
curves because only one capacity
exists for a particular head. Drooping
curves are called unstable curves, as
Steep drooping
two operating capacities for given
head are possible on either side of the
Steep rising maximum head point. The instability
created by the existence of two
HEAD
possible discharge rates at the same

head can cause a system to hunt
back and forth between capacities.
Performance curves also may have
Flat rising
irregularities or flat regions which can
cause unstable performance if the
DISCHARGE
pump operates within the unstable
region.
Hydraulic Characteristic and Curve Standards. The head (in feet of liquid) developed by a centrifugal pump is
independent of the specific gravity. Water at normal temperatures (60°- 70°F) with a specific gravity of 1.0 is the
liquid almost universally used in establishing centrifugal pump performance characteristics. If the head for a
specific application is determined in feet, then the desired head and capacity can be read without correction as
long as the viscosity of the liquid is similar to that of water. The horsepower (BHP) curve, which is also based on
a specific gravity of 1.0, can be used for fluids other than water (if viscosity is similar to water) by multiplying the
horsepower for water by the specific gravity of the liquid being handled.
The hydraulic characteristics of centrifugal pumps usually permit considerable latitude in the range of operating
conditions. Ideally, the design point and operation point should be maintained close to the best efficiency point
(BEP); however, substantial variations in flow either to the right (increasing) or to the left (decreasing) of the BEP
are usually permissible, operating back on the curve at reduced flow, or at excessive run out may result in radial
thrust, or cavitation, causing damage.
For pumps in the centrifugal range of specific speeds the relationships between capacity, head and horsepower
with changes in impeller diameter and speed can be predicted using the affinity laws.
The most crucial application parameters to be established for the proper selection and sizing of pumping
equipment are capacity (Q), total head (H) and Power-Horsepower (HP) requirements. Additional factors to be
considered when selecting a pump and motor are:
1. Downthrust: The thrust bearing of an electric motor for pumps is designed to carry the weight of the rotating
elements of the pump and motor assembly, as well as the hydraulic thrust created by the pump while it is
operating. Each manufacturer has a specific method for determination of hydraulic thrust loads. The
maximum hydraulic thrust plus the pump rotating element weight should not exceed the thrust capacity of
the motor.
2. Upthrust: Upthrust may occur when pumps are operated at flow rates greater than those suggested by the
manufacturer. If the pump is to be operated under these conditions, consult the pump or motor manufacturer
for recommendations.
5 7
TECHNICAL DATA
This is not an attempt to present a course in Hydraulics, but rather a review of the terms and formulae commonly
encountered in the centrifugal pump industry. The science of hydraulics is the study of the behavior of liquids at
rest and in motion. We are interested in the information and data necessary to aid in the solution of problems
involving the flow of liquids commonly pumped by electrically driven centrifugal pumps.
The fluid of primary interest is water in the temperature range of 32 -300°F, other selective fluids are glycol/water
mixtures. In most hot water pumping applications, variations in water viscosity and density associated with
temperature variations must be accounted for if proper system sizing and pump/system operation is expected.
In order to move (pump) water against gravity or to force it into a pressure vessel, and/or to simply overcome pipe
friction and associated losses, work must be expended. The various hydraulic and pumping application principals
relative to this objective are discussed throughout this section.
Density, Specific Gravity and Specific Weight

Density. The density of a liquid is its weight per unit volume. Fresh water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic
foot (lbs./cu. ft.) or 8.34 pounds per gallon (lbs./gal.). A liquid has many different numerical terms to describe its
density but only one specific gravity (sg).
Specific Gravity. Specific gravity (sg) is a relative measure of a fluid's density as compared with water at a
standard temperature (most often 60°F). The sg of water at 60°F is 1.0. If the density of the fluid is greater than
water, its specific gravity will be greater than 1. A sg of 1.2 means its density is 20% greater than water. The sg of
liquid does not affect the performance of a pump except for the horsepower which is required.
Specific Weight. The specific weight of a fluid can be determined by multiplying the fluid density by the sg of
the fluid relative to the density of water (8.34 lbs./gal.). Gasoline with a sg = .72, weighs approximately 6.0
lbs./gal. (.72 x 8.34 lbs./gal.)
Pressure and Head

Pressure. Pressure is a force per unit area and is commonly expressed in terms of pounds per square inch (psi).
The pressure existing at any point in a liquid at rest is caused by the atmospheric pressure exerted on the
surface, plus the weight of liquid above the point in question and/or any externally applied pressurization. The
pressure is equal in all directions and acts perpendicularly to any surface in contact with the liquid.
Head and pressure are related in a very simple and direct Figure 8-F: Relationship between head & pressure.
manner. Since water has known weight, we know that a 231
foot long, one-inch square pipe holds 100 pounds of water.
At the bottom of the one-inch square pipe we refer to the
pressure as 100 pounds per square inch (psi). For any
diameter pipe 231 feet high, the pressure will always be 100
psi at the bottom. Refer to Figure 8-F.
Head. Is usually expressed in feet and refers to the height, or

elevation, of the column of water. In Figure 8-F we see that a
column of water 231 feet high creates a pressure reading of
100 psi. That same column of water is referred to as having
231 feet of head. Thus, for water, 231 feet of head is
equivalent to 100 psi. Or, 2.31 feet of head equals 1 psi.
It should be noted that head and pressure readings for non-

flowing water depend on the elevation of the water and not
on the volume of water nor the size or length of piping.
8 6
TECHNICAL DATA
In the vernacular of the pump industry, when the term pressure is used it generally refers to units in psi;
whereas, head refers to feet of the liquid being pumped.
Head and pressure are related mathematically by the formula: Head (ft.) = psi x 2.31 _.. specific gravity
The head (expressed in feet) at the base of a given column of liquid will always be the same, regardless of
what liquid is used. The pressure (expressed in psi) at the bottom of the column will vary with the specific
gravity of the liquid. Pressure and head are simply a different way of expressing the same value in the
most advantages form for the hydraulic application.
Gauge and Absolute Pressure. “psig” and “psia” are the abbreviations for pounds per square inch - gauge
and pounds per square inch - absolute. Respectively Zero psig is the pressure above atmospheric pressure,
which is 14.7 psia at sea level. Zero psia is the absolute pressure above a perfect vacuum. A pressure gauge
calibrated to read in psia would show a reading 14.7 psi greater than a gauge calibrated in psig. A through
understanding of this difference is essential for calculating involving NPSH, suction lift, siphons, etc. When
the term psi is used alone, it refers to psig.
Velocity Head. Velocity head expressed by the formula V2/2g can be defined as the equivalent head,
measured in feet or meters, of a stream of liquid with velocity ( V ) , if the kinetic energy involved were
completely converted to head. Hv losses are a factor in caluculating the total dynamic head (TDH). Their
value is relatively small and in most cases can be neglected when velocity is less than 10 feet per second
(fps) (ie. Hv = .10 @ 10 fps). Hv losses are normally ignored in calculation of total dynamic head (TDH) in
most applications; however, they re often included in compiling manufacturer test data.
Fluid Flow
Water is practically incompressible with a compressibility of approximately .33% volume reduction for every
1000 psi. Because of the relative incompressibility of water, there is a definite relationship between the
quantity of liquid flowing in a conduit and the velocity of flow. The relationship is known as the continuity
equation and is expressed as follows:
Q = AV or V = Q/A = 0.410 (gpm)/(ID) Where;
Q = Capacity in cubic feet per second (cfs)

A = Area of conduit in square feet (sq. ft.)
V = Velocity of flow in feet per second (fps)
ID = Internal diameter of circular conduit/pipe (in.)
Volume. The standard volume unit for water pumping application in the U.S. in the gallon (gal.) and to a
lesser degree the cubic foot (cu. ft.). The rate of flow is expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) and in cubic
feet per second (cfs) where large volumes of water is being moved.
Volume flow rates in gpm can be converted to a heat output rate in BTUs per hour (BTUs./hr.) utilizing the
formula:
gpm = (lbs./hr.) /* 500 (sg)
Note: 1. * One gallon of water weighs 8.43 lbs./gal. @ 60°F; therefore, 60 x 8.34 = 500 BTU s
7 9
TECHNICAL DATA
Friction Loss
When water moves through a pipe, it must overcome resistance to flow caused by friction as it moves along the
walls of the pipe as well as resistance caused by its own turbulence. Added together, these losses are referred to
as friction losses and may significantly reduce system pressure.
Figure 8-G illustrates the relationship of flow and friction loss. For any flow through a level pipe the gauge
pressure at the pipe inlet will be greater than the gauge pressure at the pipe outlet. The difference is attributed
to friction losses caused by the pipe itself and by fittings.
In general, friction losses occur or are increased under the following conditions:
1. Friction losses result from flow through any size or length of pipe (Figure 8-G).
2. Friction losses increase as the flow rate increases or as the pipe size decreases (if the flow rate doubles for a
given pipe size, friction losses quadruple, Figure 8-G).
Power is required to push water to a higher

Figure 8-G: As Shown in these illustrations friction losses increase
with additional flow rates and the addition of valves and fittings. elevation, to increase outlet pressure, to
increase flow rates, and to overcome friction
losses. Good system design and common sense
indicate that friction losses should be
minimized whenever possible. The costs of
larger pumps, bigger motors, and increased
power consumption to overcome friction losses
must be balanced against the increased cost of
larger, but more efficient, system piping. In
either case, unnecessary valves and fittings
should be eliminated wherever possible.
Vapor Pressure
The best way to understand vapor pressure is to
consider a container which is completely closed
and half filled with liquid. If the container is
completely evacuated of air, a portion of the
liquid will vaporize and fill the upper half of the
container with vapor. The pressure of the vapor
in the upper half of the container, is by definition, the vapor pressure of the liquid at that liquid temperature. The
concept of vapor pressure is illustrated in Figure 2-13.
Vapor pressure is measured in pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and is generally a function of the
temperature of the liquid. It can be thought of as the pressure at which the liquid molecules begin to separate,
forming a vapor. At 60°F, the vapor pressure of water is approximately 0.3 psia. At the boiling point of water,
(212°F), the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia.
10 8
TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 2-14: NPSHA and Suction Conditions
A. Flooded Suction B. Suction Lift
NPSH = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf NPSHA = Ha -Hs - Hvp - Hf
Discharge
head Static
head
Total
head
Total
head
Suction
Suction lift
head
Power, Efficiency and Energy

Power. Power is defined as a time-rate of doing work. Horsepower (Hp) is the most common unit used to express
power requirements for pumping equipment in the United States. One Hp is equal to the work performed over
time when a weight of 33,000 lbs. is lifted on foot in one minute (ie. 1 Hp = 33,000 ft.-lbs./min. or 550 ft.-lbs./sec.).
Water Hp (WHp). Horsepower in pumping applications is a function of the fluid density, flow (Q or m) and total
head (TH or H) or differential pressure to be developed. Taking water as the basis for calculation at 70°F and
atmospheric pressure (sg = 1.0 and density = 8.34 lbs./gal.), the following formulas can be used to express
hydraulic/theoretical Hp (usually called water Hp (WHp):
WHp = m x H WHp = Q x H x sg where; m = mass flow (lbs./min.)

33,000 or, 3960 Q = flow (gpm)
H = TH = total head (ft.)
Note: (1) 3960 gal.-ft./min. = (33,000 lbs.- ft./min.) / (8.34 lbs/gal.) = 1.0 Hp
(2) WHp = (gpm x psi) / 1714
9 11
TECHNICAL DATA
BHP. The actual or brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the WHp by the amount of losses
incurred within the pump through friction, leakage and recirculation. Such losses are accounted for by the pump
efficiency (PE). The BHP (shaft Hp - power delivered to the pump) can be expressed as:
BHP = WHp/PE BHP = Q x H x sg where;

or 3960 x PE PE = Pump efficiency
Note: (1) PE = WHp / BHP,

(2) BHP = gpm x psi / (1714 x PE)
EHp. Electrical Hp input (EHp) to the motor is used for calculating the overall efficiency (OE) of a pumping unit and
motor.
EHp = WHp EHp = BHP EHp = Q x H x sg where;

OE or, Em or, 3960 x PE x Em Em = motor efficiency
Note: 1 Hp = 0.746 kW
Note: If a variable frequency drive (VFD) is used between the pump and motor, the VFD efficiency should be
included in the numerator. Typical VFD efficiencies range from 90-98%.
Efficiency. The efficiency concepts developed previously in the discussion of Horsepower are summarized as
follows:
PE = WHp/BHP Pump efficiency (PE). PE is the ratio of energy delivered by the pump to the energy supplied
to the pump shaft.
OE = WHp/EHp Overall efficiency (OE). OE is the ratio of the energy delivered by the pump to the energy
supplied to the motor input terminals, and takes into account motor and pump efficiency
(ie. OE = PE x ME).
Energy. Energy is normally expressed in terms of kilowatt - hours (kWh) per unit volume. Typical units of measure
and the associate calculations are presented as follows.
kW = Ehp x 0.746 kW = BHP x 0.746

or ME
12 10
TECHNICAL DATA
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) is that property which offers resistance to flow due to the existence of
internal friction within the fluid.
Pumping viscous liquids can present difficult problems for centrifugal pumps. Fortunately, the viscosity changes
relative to water in the temperature range commonly encountered in hot water applications pose no problems
for centrifugal pumps.
Water is classified as Newtonial fluid, which exhibits decreasing viscosity with temperature. Viscosity changes
over the temperature range of interest do have impact on pump performance; however, pipe friction losses
decrease from a maximum value at 32°F by approximately 40% over the temperature range of 32 - 212°F. Piping
friction loss tables for water are typically based on a reference temperature of 60°F and require correction for
viscosity for water at higher temperatures.
A fluid can be broadly classified as Newtonian, where viscosity remains constant regardless of changes in shear
rate or agitation. As pump speed increases, flow increases proportionately. Liquids displaying Newtonian
behavior include water, mineral oils, syrup, hydrocarbons and resins.
Viscosity is described in terms of absolute (dynamic) or kinematic values. Absolute viscosity is technically
described as the shear stress (force) divided by the shear rate (velocity gradient minus max fluid velocity divided
by the distance from pipe wall). Kinematic viscosity is a product of the absolute viscosity divided by density of
the fluid and is the most common viscosity reference in the pump industry.
One of the most common units of measure of kinematic viscosity is Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) This refers
to the length of time it takes for a measured quantity of fluid at a specific temperature to drain from a container
with a measured orifice in the bottom. Water has a viscosity of approximately 31 Saybolts seconds universal
(SSU) at 60°F. Kinematic viscosity is also commonly expressed in metric units as stokes or centistokes.
Pumping Viscous Liquids with Centrifugal Pumps. Centrifugal pumps are generally not suitable for pumping
highly viscous liquids. They can be used to pump liquids with viscosities less than 2000 SSU. The volume and
pressure capabilities of the pump will be reduced with increasing viscosity. Table 2-2 lists the percent increase in
power required along with the percent reduction in flow and head when pumping liquids of increasing
viscosities.
Table 2-2: Viscosity Affect on Pump Performance
Viscosity (SSU) > > > > 30 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000
Flow reduction (gpm) % – 3 8 14 19 23 30 40

Head reduction (feet) % – 2 5 11 14 18 23 30
Horsepower increase % – 10 20 30 50 65 85 100
Note: Fluid should be corrected for specific gravity prior to applying viscosity corrections
11 13
TECHNICAL DATA
Affinity Laws - Pump Speed

In a standard centrifugal pump the characteristic curve for the pump can be changed by either (1) keeping the
speed constant and varying the impeller diameter or by (2) keeping the impeller diameter constant and varying
the speed. The relationship between these variables are known as the affinity laws and can be expressed
mathematically as shown in Table 2-3 below:
Table 2-3: Affinity Laws - Speed / Diameter Relationships
(1) Imp. Dia. Constant / Speed Variable (2) Speed Constant / Imp. Dia. Constant
Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2 Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2
H1 /H2 = (N1) 2 /(N2) 2 H1 / H2 = (D1) 2 / (D2) 2
BHp1 / BHp2 = (N1) 3 / (N2) 3 BHp 1 / BHp2 = (D1) 3 / (D2) 3
Q1, H1, BHp1, D1 and N1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and
Speed (rpm).
Q2, H2, BHp2, D2 and N2 = New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and
Speed (rpm).
In certain pump applications, where the pump is driven by an electric motor, and impeller trimming (diameter
changes) are not available, speed changes are most commonly accomplished through the use of a variable
frequency drive (VFD). Frequency (Hz) can be interchanged with the speed (N) in the application of the affinity
laws, as they are directly proportional. This relationship makes it possible to calculate pump performance with
reasonable accuracy, at any speed, if the performance at the initial speed/ frequency is known. The use of
frequency in predicting pump performance is illustrated in Table 2-4 below:
Table 2-4: Affinity Laws - Frequency Performance Relationship
(3) Imp. Dia. Constant / Frequency Variable Q1, H1 and BHp1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and
Q2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) Q 1 Brake Horsepower (Hp)
Hz2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) 2 H21 Q2, H2 and BHp2 = New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and
BHp2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) 3 BHp1 Brake Horsepower (Hp)
The affinity laws are theoretical and do not always give the same results as an actual test, as they do not take into
consideration various dynamic factors such as intake losses and motor slip. They do serve as an excellent guide for
calculating unknown performance characteristics from known values when test data is not available. These laws
(frequency variable) are summarized as follows:
1. The capacity varies directly with the speed. (Q is proportional Hz)

2. The head varies with the square of the speed. (H is proportional Hz2)
3. The horse power varies with the cube of the speed. (BHp is proportional Hz3)
4. Efficiency remains approximately the same between the original and corresponding H-Q performance point at
the new speed.
Efficiency is assumed to remain the same for calculation purposes (variations in efficiency is likely to occur outside
the published speed rating based on actual test). The affinity law relationships are primarily applicable to
centrifugal pumps with specific speeds (Ns) of 3500 or less. Pumps utilizing impellers with Ns greater than 3500
(mixed / axial flow designs), can not be as accurately estimated using the affinity laws.
14 12
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 2-5: Converting 60 Hz to 50 Hz Performance
50-Cycle Head = 69.44 % x 60-Cycle Head 50-Cycle Horsepower = 57.80 % x 60-Cycle Horsepower
50-Cycle Capacity = 83.33 % x 60-Cycle Capacity 50-Cycle Efficiency = Same as 60-Cycle Efficiency
Specific Speed
Impeller Specific Speed (Ns). In 1915, a European by the name of R. Cameron introduced a characteristic to describe
the hydraulic design type of turbines and pumps. This characteristic is referred to as Specific Speed and is
defined as the speed at which a given impeller would operate if reduced proportionally in size, so as to deliver a
flow of one gallon per minute at one foot of head. Specific speed (Ns) can be calculated as follows:
Ns = N Q / (H) .75 where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

Q = flow (gpm) @ BEP (best efficiency point)
H = head (ft.) @ BEP (single stage)
The Ns of a given pump is the same at all rotative speeds. A low specific speed indicates a pump designed for a
low capacity and a high pumping head. Conversely, a high Ns pump is one designed for a high capacity and a low
pumping head.
Ns serves to inter-relate pump hydraulic performance characteristics (flow, head, speed, etc.) and impeller physical
dimensions in such a manner to make equipment design and application more systematic. It can also be used as a
general criterion for predicting pump suitability under unusual operating scenarios, such as entrained gas and
minimum NPSH conditions.
Suction Specific Speed (S). Suction specific speed, like impeller specific speed, is a parameter for indexing hydraulic
design used to describe the suction capabilities and characteristics of a pump impeller. Suction specific speed (S)
can be expressed mathematically as follows:
S = N Q / (NPSHR) .75 where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

Q = flow (gpm) @ BEP
NPSHR = Net Positive Suction Head Required (ft.) @ BEP
S is a number used for labeling impellers relative to their NPSH requirement. It is independent of the pump size
and impeller (operating) specific speed (Ns). S is primarily an impeller design parameter and is not an important
factor in the application of low capacity (< 3000 gpm) submersible pumps, and is discussed for completeness.
Suction specific speeds (S) can range from 3000 - 20,000, depending on the impeller design, speed, capacity and
condition of service. Good quality commercial pump designs fall into the S range of 7,000 - 10,000.
13 15
TECHNICAL DATA
Speed Torque Relationships

The typical speed - torque curve for most centrifigal pumps is illustrated in Figure 2-18. The relationship is valid for
all centrifugal pumps in the low to medium specific speed range (Ns = 3500 or less). A plot of pump speed -
torque requirements vs the driving motor speed - torque capabilities is often of interest to insure;
(1) Fixed speed applications - The motor has sufficient torque to set the load in motion at start-up.
(2) Variable speed / frequency applications - Adequate torque is available to drive the pump at various loads and
operating frequencies, when voltage is clamped.
The electric motor (pump driver) must be capable of supplying more torque at each successive speed, from zero to
full load, than required by the pump to reach full speed. This condition is seldom a problem with the typical
induction motor. Improperly applied reduced voltage starting equipment and/or improperly sized cable can create
start-up torque problem, as a result of low motor terminal voltage. Voltage is related to starting torque as follows:
(T is proportional V2).
Using a nominal 2-pole motor speed of 3500 rpm (1760 rpm for 4-pole motors) and the calculated BHP. Pump
torque can then be calculated, plugging into the formula below.
T = (5250) (BHP)/rpm where; T = Torque (ft. - lbs.)

BHP = Brake Horsepower (Hp)
rpm = Speed (rev. per min.)
It is normally acceptable to estimate a pump s full load torque requirement using the manufacturer s published
H-Q data, where full load speed and BHP at peak efficiency is usually listed. Full load (speed) torque are typically
calculated at the best efficiency point (BEP). Torque varies with the square of the speed; therefore, when full load
torque is known - torque at other speeds can be calculated using Figure 2-18 or the following relationships.
1.33 speed - multiply full speed torque by 1.778

.75 speed - multiply full speed torque by 0.563
At zero speed the torque is theoretically zero; but the motor must overcome rotating element inertia, bearing
friction and a static head load in order to start the pump shaft turning. This requires a torque at zero speed
ranging from 2 1/2 percent to 15 percent of the full load torque value.
16 14
TECHNICAL DATA
System Head Curve

When a system determined operating pressure has been established, and flow requirements determined, the
system head vs capacity can be modeled through the development of a system head curve. The head losses
within a system will change based on the flow forced into it by pumping. The system head (Hspf) is typically
made up of three components and is usually estimated from the pump discharge forward. The three components
of Hspf are; (1) Static Head, (2) Pressure Head and (3) Friction Head, as illustrated in Figure 2-19 below.
Figure 2-19: System Head Curve Illustration
Static
head Hf
HEAD (FT.) OR PSI

Total
head System
Hp Head
(Hspf)
Suction
lift
Hs
FLOW (GPM)
The use of a system head curve is crucial for proper pump selection in various heating & cooling applications. The
concept is particularly important, where system capacity requirements are highly variable (Q max > 1.30 Q avg and
/ or Q min < .70 Q avg.). In such cases, multiple pumps are often used in parallel or are controlled through a variable
frequency drive (VFD). Pump selection is based on matching the system head curve, with the pump(s) H - Q
performance.
In developing the system curve, static (Hs) and pressure head (Hp) stay relatively constant, within the allowable
systems operating range. Hs and Hp do not change with flow and are independent of friction head (Hf). Hf
through a piping system varies approximately with the square of the flow, making it only necessary to perform
detailed Hf loss analysis / calculation once, at one flow rate. Friction loss approximations at other flow rates can
be made by applying the square law relationship.
In a typical closed loop heating or cooling system there are no static or pressure head components. In these
systems the head loss around the piping loop depends only on the flow rate. The system curve defines the entire
piping circuit and the relationship between flow and head loss using a fluid at a given temperature.
15 17
TECHNICAL DATA
Parallel and Series Operation

Parallel Operation. When the pumped flow requirements are widely variable, it is often desirable to install several
small pumps in parallel rather than use a single large one. When the demand drops, one or more smaller pumps
may be shut down, thus allowing the remainder to operate at or near peak efficiency. If a single pump is used at
a lower demand, the discharge must be throttled to match the system curve - wasting energy if not controlled by
a VFD. Multiple small pumps provide system flexibility and redundancy. The failure of one unit may cause an
inconvenience but does not shut down the system. System maintenance and repair is made easier and does not
create operational problems if performed during slack periods, when multiple pumps are installed in parallel or
series.
The action of centrifugal pumps operating in parallel can be predicted by the addition of their characteristic
curves. This relationship is true whether the curves are identical or not, and is illustrated in Figure 2-21.
Figure 2-21: Parallel Pumping General Characteristics
Diagram A - Two Identical Pumps Diagram B - Two Dissimilar Pumps
B C B
A A
Two pumps
One pump Two pump
Pump
H no. 1 Pump
no. 2
D E F
C C
D E
Series Operation. Multiple pumps in series may be used when liquid must be delivered at high pressure. Series
operation is most commonly required when:
1) The system head requirements can not be met at the required capacity with a single unit
2) A system with adequate capacity has been expanded beyond the original pressure design constraints,
requiring a boost in pressure to circulate water to their old and new piping at the desired flow rate for
optimum heat transfer.
Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise

Minimum Flow Limitation. All centrifugal pumps have limitations on the minimum flow at which they should be
operated. Minimum flow problems typically develop as a result of excessive throttling and or improper sizing. In
general, the head-capacity (H-Q) curve of a submersible pump has an inflection point between the best
efficiency point (BEP) and shut-off. Continuous operation of the pump between shut-off and the inflection point
will result in erosion of the impeller because of recirculation flow . The minimum flow range is typically
identified in some manner on the manufacturer's published H-Q performance curves.
The geometry of an impeller is designed for the flow capacity at BEP. When the flow rate is decreased below the
design capacity, there is excess flow area between the impeller vanes and flow separation occurs. When the flow
rate is reduced beyond the inflection point toward shut-off, eddy type flow patterns occur near the leading end
of the impeller vanes and also near the exit end of the impeller vanes. This eddy type flow pattern of
recirculation flow can cause severe erosion in the impeller.
18 16
TECHNICAL DATA
Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise (Cont.)

The severity of the recirculation problem varies with several factors; (1) The higher the specific speed, the greater
the recirculation, (2) The higher the design head for a given impeller diameter, the greater the recirculation and
(3) The larger the impeller eye for a given design flow, the stronger the recirculation.
Pump damage as a result of continuous minimum flow operation may be noticeable within one to six months.
The minimum capacity for operating a pump continuously without noticeable erosion in the impeller is called
the minimum continuous flow of the pump. In the presence of liquids containing abrasive particles such as
sand, pump life can be reduced to weeks. The recirculation process allows for repeated abrasive attack on the
impeller by the same particles that would otherwise be discharged after one pass. In addition to erosion, other
problems associated with operation below the minimum flow limit include: increased axial thrust, noise,
vibration and temperature.
The minimum flow inflection point for a particular pump is derived from tests. Recirculation consideration are
generally used to establish the minimum flow range for a given impeller design, although other issues such as
downthrust may dictate the actual minimum flow duty point. If prolonged operation in the minimum flow
region is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted for specific recommendations. The minimum flow
point varies with square of the head and is directly proportional to flow.
Shut-off Operation (Closed Discharge Valve). Shut-off operation of centrifugal pumps is often necessary to
prevent water hammer at start-up and or shut down in fixed speed applications. Short duration operation at
shut-off (minutes) is normally permissible for pumps with low to medium specific speed impellers (Ns = 3500 or
less).
Prolonged operation at shut-off head will result in rapid failure of pumping equipment. The failure mode is the
same as those cited for minimum flow, but accelerated.
Many small circulator pumps have no formal minimum flow or shut off limitations except for temperature
build-up considerations.
Minimum Flow Mitigation. Pumps are frequently selected for capacities sufficient to handle maximum or
emergency requirements. In some cases, pump selection is based on future predicted flows or extremely
conservative friction head losses. When such criteria is used in the selection process and the pump(s) are run at a
fraction of the design rating, problems associated with minimum flow as a result of throttling are likely to occur.
Methods frequently employed to avoid throttling in single pump installations, where flow demands are highly
variable, include by-pass installation or variable speed (frequency) control. Energy efficiency and operational
flexibility can be maximized through the use of multiple pumps and variable frequency control.
17 19
TECHNICAL DATA
Temperature Rise (TR). Fluid temperature rise with a centrifugal pump can be calculated. Other than a small
amount of power lost in pump bearings and seals, the difference between the brake horsepower (BHp) and
hydraulic horsepower (WHp) developed represents the power losses within the pump itself. These losses are
transferred to the liquid passing through the pump in the form of heat, causing a temperature rise (TRp) in the
liquid.
The TRp can be calculated using one of the formulas listed below:
TRp = BHp (1.00 - Ep) 42.4
Q (8.34) sg U where; TRp = Pump temperature rise in degrees F
H = Total head in ft.
Ep = Pump (bowl) efficiency @ duty pt.
TRp = (BHp - WHp) 5.1
(expressed as a decimal)
Q
Q = Flow @ duty pt. in gpm
U = Specific heat of liquid in BTU/lb./F (1.0 for water)
TRp = H (1.0 - Ep) sg = Specific gravity (1.0 for water)
780 Ep * sg = 1.0 & U = 1.0
note; 1.0 Hp = 42.4 BTU/min.
specific wt water = 8.34 lbs./gal
Discharge water temperatures are higher with wet rotor pumps, as the heat dissipated by the motor is
transferred to the fluid which must pass through the pump for proper operation.
The heat transfer mode is primarily convection, actual TR will be somewhat less as a result of radiant heat
transfer. The TR issue is generally not a significant application consideration in hot water applications. The heat
transferred to the fluid is generally negligible when the pump is operated within its design range.
Axial Thrust - Maximum Flow

General. Standard centrifugal type pumps are subjected to axial forces which act in a direction parallel to the
pump shaft. This force is the combination of the hydraulic thrust developed by the impeller and the dead weight
of the rotating elements of the pump. The rotating element is generally only a small part of the axial load of the
pump. Accurate determination of axial thrust is crucial in the selection of a motor, establishing internal impeller
clearances and operating limits, and diagnosing pump
troubles. Figure 2-23: Thrust Force Illustration
The hydraulic thrust developed by an impeller consists Downthrust

of downward and upward components (See Figure 2-
23). The downward force is due to the unbalanced
pressure forces across the eye area of the impeller.
Counteracting this load is an upward force (suction
side) primarily due to the change in direction of the
liquid passing through the impeller. The result of these
two forces constitutes hydraulic thrust. In the vast
majority of applications this thrust is in a downward
direction. Axial thrust characteristics for a specific
pump are generally provided by the manufacturer.
Thrust data is normally based on a fluid specific gravity
= 1.0.
Upthrust
20 18
TECHNICAL DATA
Downthrust. As previously mentioned, most vertical pumping equipment operates in downthrust, which is the
preferred operational state. The impeller design is the chief factor in determining the pumps thrust
characteristics. High specific speed (Ns) impellers will have higher downthrust characteristics than will lower Ns
(radial) impellers. Under some circumstances, it is desirable to increase downthrust so that problems associated
with up - thrust can be avoided when operating to the extreme right of a pump,s BEP flow. Downthrust loading
can be increased through the use of high Ns or open impeller designs. The open, semi open impeller design
varies from standard (enclosed) designs in that there is no lower shroud or impeller skirt. Open impeller designs
can increase thrust by as much as 50% over enclosed designs at the same rating. Pump downthrust
requirements over the anticipated operating range should be checked against a motor s capacity to handle the
thrust load in high head applications.
Upthrust. In fixed speed applications where there is little or no opposition to flow in the form of a static head
load, a flow condition known as run-out will occur at start-up and will persist until system counter pressure is
established. Under run-out conditions, the pump is likely to be in upthrust. The upthrust condition is generally
momentary , lasting fractions of a second. The magnitude of the start-up upthrust is typically considered to
be approximately 30% of the downthrust value at the pumps BEP. In the case of pumps with suction (intake)
pressure, and/or in-line series operation, there can be an additional upward force across the impeller at start-up.
Upthrust Mitigation. Momentary upthrust in circulator applications is mitigated through confinement of the
impellers and/or pump shaft from excessive upward movement. A low friction upthrust stop ring built into the
pump to confine movement is typically used. Continuous upthrust can not be handled with an upthrust stop
ring alone, as they are not designed for continuous duty in standard products. Grundfos circulator pumps are
equipped with upthrust discs for added protection.
Maximum Flow. Upthrust considerations are generally used to establish the maximum continuous flow range for
a given impeller design, although other issues such as NPSHA may dictate the actual maximum flow duty point. If
prolonged operation in the maximum flow region is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted for
specific recommendations. The maximum flow point varies with the square of the head and is directly
proportional to flow.
Cavitation. When the NPSH requirement (NPSHR) of the pump is not met by the NPSH available (NPSHA), the
pump is likely to cavitate. Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs when the pressure of a moving stream of
liquid is reduced to a value equal to or below its vapor pressure, boiling off the liquid. The vaporization of the
fluid (water for the purposes of this discussion) in the vicinity of the impeller eye forms small pockets of free
water vapor (bubbles) which collapse as the liquid moves to a higher pressure zone within the pump. The
collapse of these vapor pockets is so rapid and violent
Figure 2-25: H-Q Deterioration w/Cavitation that the forces generated are large enough to cause
minute pockets of fatigue failure, pitting metal
H surfaces that are adjacent to the collapsing
vapor/bubbles.
Performance
according to
data sheet The effects of cavitation vary from mild to extreme.
Performance Under mild conditions, the pump may last for many
at full years with only a slight reduction in efficiency and no
capacity noticeable noise. Extreme cavitation will result in rapid
destruction of impellers and/or diffusers in the vicinity
of attack (vane tips, etc.) and is normally accompanied
by audible (rattling) noise. In the extreme, the pump
may lose its prime as a result of internal gas lock. Other
Q factors associated with cavitation are reduced flow,
erratic power consumption and surging.
19 21
TECHNICAL DATA
Cavitation is not confined to pumping equipment

Figure 2-26: Cavitation - Vapor Formation
alone. It also occurs in piping systems where the liquid
velocity is high and the pressure low. Cavitation should
be suspected when noise is heard in pipe lines, or at
sudden enlargements of the pipe cross-section, sharp
bends, throttled valves or like situations. Cavitation is
at a rare occurrence for submersibles in a water well
setting. In sleeved booster or vertical wet pit (sump)
applications, cavitation can be a problem which is best
addressed at the design stage.
Cavitation Considerations at the Design/Application Stage. Cavitation can be generally avoided by providing the
NPSHR of the pump at the maximum flow requirement and water temperature anticipated. The following
analysis should be performed during the pump selection process:
1. Determine the maximum flow requirement under all possible operating conditions and select the pump
which can handle the maximum flow requirement within the published performance curves.
2. Calculate NPSHA for the application and compare with the maximum NPSHR of the selected pump at
maximum flow point established in item 1 above. NPSHA must be greater than NPSHR to prevent cavitation.
Power Consumption and Cost
Power Consumption of Electric Motors. The two most common methods used to check power consumption are
direct measurement using electrical instrumentation and the disk constant method using the utility power
meter. The first of these requires the use of an ammeter and voltmeter or power meter. The second requires only
a stopwatch.
Direct Measurement Method. Utilizing electrical instrumentation to obtain current and voltage measurements,
the following formulas can be used to calculate motor power consumption.
kWI = (I x E x pf x C) /1000 IHp = (I x E x pf X C) /746
or, where;
kWI = Kilowatts (electrical input power) I = amperes (meter reading) E = volts (meter
reading)
IHp = Horsepower (electrical input power) pf = Power Factor (per mtr. - mfg.) .80 - .85 typ.)
C = 1 for single phase current, 1.73 for three phase current
Disk Constant Method. Utilizing the utility watt-hour meter and the exact time for a given number of revolutions of
the meter disc measured with a stopwatch, and the following formulas can be used to calculate motor power
consumption.
kWI = (3.6 x kh x M x R) /t IHp = (4.83 x kh x M x R) /t
or, where;
kWI = Kilowatt Input (kW) IHp = Input horsepower (Hp)

R = Total revolutions of watt-hour meter disc. t = Time for total revolution of disc in seconds.
kh = Disc constant, representing watt-hours per revolution. This factor is found on the meter nameplate or
painted on the disc.
M = Transformer ratio multiplier, product of the meter current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT)
ratio. M = 1 when neither a CT or PT is used in power metering.
22 20
TECHNICAL DATA
Cost of Pumping using an Electric Motor. The term Efficiency as used in pumping would be of no practical
value if it could not be reduced to terms of actual pumping costs expressed in dollars. When the efficiency of the
pump and motor is known, proportionate cost of power can be predetermined on a basis common to all pumps,
regardless of size or capacity. By using units of capacity and head, comparisons can be made in pumps having
different capacities.
Power cost of pumping varies inversely with overall plant efficiency (OPE). Thus, power cost per gallon for each
foot head on a pump of 30% OPE, is double that of a pump of 60% OPE. (Assuming power rate the same in both
cases). In order to pump one gallon of water in one minute (1 gpm) against one foot head at 100% OPE, requires
.000189 kilowatts. Pumping 1000 gpm per foot head at 100% OPE requires .189 kilowatts (kW).
The following formulas can be used for determining power requirements and associated cost when differing
pumping parameters are known.
1. Cost per hour ($/hr.) of operation
Cost/hr. = kWI x PR Cost/hr. = IHp x .746 x PR Cost/hr. = Q x TH x .746 x PR

3960 x PE x Em
Cost/hr. = .000189 x Q x TH x PR where; kWI = kW input, PR = power rate ($/kWh), IHp = Input Hp,
OPE PE = Pump efficiency, Em = Motor efficiency, TH = Total head (ft.),
Q = flow (gpm), Cost = $ (dollars)
21 23
TECHNICAL DATA
HEAD AND PRESSURE:

To convert from one to the other with fluids where specific gravity is
available use the following:
Pressure (PSI) x 2.31

Head (Feet) =
Specific Gravity
Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

Pressure (PSI) =
2.31
Example: Convert 160 0F water at 35 PSI to Feet of Head.
35 x 2.31
82.58 (Feet) =
.979
Where .979 is the specific gravity of water at 160 0F from page 30.
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA:
To convert from PSI to Head with fluids where density is known use the
following:
Pressure (PSI) x 144
Head (Feet) =
Density of Fluid
Example: Convert 140 0F 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at 20 PSI
to Feet of Head.
20 x 144
45.79 (Feet) =
62.90
Where 62.90 is the density of a 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at
140 0F from page 33.
This formula is also useful for determining the performance of a pump

when the pressure difference between the inlet and discharge ports can be
measured.
The formula then becomes:
(Discharge Pressure – Inlet Pressure) •P x 144

Head (Feet) =
Density of Fluid
24 22
TECHNICAL DATA
Example: The inlet pressure gauge reads 12 PSI and the discharge pressure
gauge reads 19.2 PSI. The fluid is water at 180 0F. Find the head produced by
the pump.
(19.2-12) x 144
17.12 (Feet) =
60.570
Where 60.570 is the density of water at 180 0F from page 30.
Using the head value of 17.12 to horizontally intersect the pump curve, a
vertical line is dropped to establish the flow at 13 GPM. The flow and head
performance of the pump in the system is now known.
35
30
25
20
Head (Feet)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flow (GPM)
FLOW:
Flow thru a system or boiler based on BTU requirements:
BTU/hr
Flow (GPM) =
500 x (Water Temp Out – Water Temp In) •T (0F)
Example: Determine the flow required for a 150,000 BTU/hr boiler with an
outlet water temperature of 170 0F and a return water temperature of 150 0F.
150,000
15 (GPM) =
500 x 20
22 25
TECHNICAL DATA
HORSEPOWER:
Hydraulic (or Water) Horsepower:
The work performed in pumping or moving a liquid depends on the flow in a
given time (gallons per minute) against the total head (in feet) being
developed.
GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

Horsepower (Water) =
3960
Example: Pumping 80 0F water the pump performance is 120 GPM and 60

Feet of head. What is the water horsepower?
120 x 60 x .998
1.8 HP (Water) =
3960
Where .998 is the Specific Gravity of water at 80 0F from page 30.
Brake Horsepower:
The brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the water
horsepower by the amount of losses created within the pump due to
friction, leakage, turbulence, etc. The pump efficiency will therefore be equal
to:
Water
Pump Efficiency = Horsepower
Brake Horsepower
OR Water
Brake Horsepower Horsepower
=
Pump Efficiency
And therefore:
GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity
Brake Horsepower =
3960 x Pump Efficiency
Example: Using the previous example, the pump has an efficiency of 75%, so
the brake horsepower is:
120 x 60 x .998
2.4 BHP =
3960 x .75
The brake horsepower is that of the pump only. It does include the electric
motor energy losses and therefore is not the true power required to run the
pump/motor combination.
26 23
TECHNICAL DATA
Power Input (Kilowatts):

No electric motor is 100% efficient in the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Power input is determined by the following formula:
Kilowatt input to the motor Pump BHP x 0.7457

= Motor Efficiency
Example: Using the previous example, the motor for the pump has an
efficiency of 85.5%, so the kilowatt input to the motor is:
2.4 x 0.7457
2.1 Kilowatts =
.855
Armed with this information annual operating costs can be determined.
OPERATING COST:
To determine annual operating cost of a pump use the following formula:
Annual Operating Cost = KW input x hours of operation per year x energy

cost
Example: A pump requires 7.5KW at the operating point. The pump will run
6 hours per day, 360 days per year. The energy cost is 15 cents per kilowatt-
hour.
Annual Operating Cost = $2430.00 = 7.5 x (6 x 360) x 0.15
Some pumps like the Series UP and the VersaFlo® UPS provide maximum
input watts in the submittal data and/or on the pump nameplate. These
values may be used to approximate the annual operating cost as a worst-
case scenario.
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head):

NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head Required):
NPSHR is dependent upon the pump design and is determined by the pump
manufacturer. NPSHR is an important value, which greatly contributes to
the successful operation of a centrifugal pump. It is the amount of positive
head in feed of liquid absolute required at the pump suction to prevent
vaporization or cavitation of the fluid. NPSHR values usually vary with pump
capacity and are based on clear water with a specific gravity of 1.0.
NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head Available):
24 27
TECHNICAL DATA
NPSHA is dependent upon the system in which the pump operates. NPSHA
is the amount of head or pressure that is available to prevent vaporization
or cavitation of the fluid in the system. It is the amount of head available
above the vapor pressure of the liquid at a specified temperature, and is
measured in feet of liquid absolute.
NPSHA vs. NPSHR Comparison:

To prevent vaporization or cavitation of the liquid in the suction side of the
pump and to ensure rated pump performance, NPSHA must be greater than
or equal to the NPSHR plus a two foot safety margin. That is: NPSHA >
NPSHR + 2 feet
NPSHA Basic Equation:

NPSHA = habs – hvpa •+- hst – hfs
Where:
habs is head absolute pressure and must be converted to feet
hvpa is head vapor pressure and must be converted to feet
hst is static head
hfs is friction head
AND
habs = absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid supply level
hvpa = vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature being pumped
hst = static height that the liquid supply level is above or below the
centerline of the pump, + for above and – for below
hfs = All suction line and friction losses thru pipe, valves and fittings
NPSHA EQUATION (SIMPLIFIED)

Since the head for absolute pressure and vapor pressure are normally given
in PSI and then converted to FEET at the given water temperature it is useful
to change the equation so that pressures may be input directly:
NPSHA = (ps + pa •- pv) x 144 +-•hst •- hfs

Density of Fluid
Where:
ps = Gauge pressure at the surface of the liquid (psig). If the system is an
open tank this value (gauge pressure) will be 0
pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system
pv = Pressure vapor of the liquid at the temperature being pumped
Example: A radiant system is located in a two story house 1500 feet above
sea level. The fluid is a 50% ethylene glycol/water mixture at 140 0F. A
pressure gauge on the second floor tubing reads 10 PSI and is 12 feet above
the centerline of the pump. The design flow rate is 2 GPM thru ½” PEX
tubing and there is 30 feet of return tubing from the surface of the liquid to
the inlet of the pump. Determine the NPSHA:
28 25
TECHNICAL DATA
ps = gauge pressure on second floor = 10 PSI

pa = atmospheric pressure at 1500 ft = 13.9 PSIA from page 31
pv = vapor pressure of water at 140 0F = 2.8892 PSIA from page 30
Density = density of 50% ethylene glycol at 140 0F = 65.75 from page 32
hst = distance to liquid supply level = +12 feet
hfs = suction line losses, 30 feet ½” PEX tubing, 2 GPM, 140 0F = .1518 feet per
foot of tubing = 4.554 feet from page 38
Substituting all data into equation and solve for the following:
53.5 Feet = (10 + 13.9 •- 2.8892) x 144 ••12

+ •- 4.554
65.75
NPSHA EQUATION (for OPERATING HYDRONIC SYSTEM)

Use the following formula if the pressure of the system can be measured
with the pump running and a pressure gauge is mounted at the inlet of the
pump. All values not shown are captured in the pressure gauge reading
itself.
NPSHA = ( pi + pa – pv ) 144
D
Where:
pi = Reading from pressure gauge mounted at pump inlet with pump
running.
pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system
pv = Vapor pressure of water at operating temperature.
D = Density of water at operating temperature.
26 29
PRODUCT NAME
Properties of Water at Various Temperatures

WATER TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC GRAVITY VAPOR PRESSURE DENSITY
0 0
F C PSIA FEET lb/ft 3
32 0 1.002 0.0886 0.204 62.400
40 4.4 1.001 0.1217 0.281 62.425
45 7.2 1.001 0.1474 0.340 62.420
50 10.0 1.001 0.1780 0.411 62.410
55 12.8 1.000 0.2139 0.494 62.390
60 15.6 1.000 0.2561 0.591 62.370
65 18.3 .999 0.3056 0.706 62.340
70 21.1 .999 0.3629 0.839 62.310
75 23.9 .998 0.4296 0.994 62.270
80 26.7 .998 0.5068 1.172 62.220
85 29.4 .997 0.5958 1.379 62.170
90 32.2 .996 0.6981 1.617 62.120
95 35.0 .995 0.8153 1.890 62.060
100 37.8 .994 0.9492 2.203 62.000
110 43.3 .992 1.2750 2.965 61.980
120 48.9 .990 1.6927 3.943 61.710
130 54.4 .987 2.2230 5.196 61.560
140 60.0 .985 2.8892 6.766 61.380
150 65.6 .982 3.7184 8.735 61.190
160 71.1 .979 4.7414 11.172 60.990
170 76.7 .975 5.9926 14.178 60.790
180 82.2 .972 7.5110 17.825 60.570
190 87.8 .968 9.3400 22.257 60.340
200 93.3 .964 11.5260 27.584 60.110
210 98.9 .960 14.1230 33.983 59.860
212 100.0 .959 14.6960 35.353 59.810
220 104.4 .956 17.1860 41.343 59.610
230 110.0 .952 20.7790 50.420 59.350
240 115.6 .948 24.9680 60.770 59.080
250 121.1 .943 29.8250 73.060 58.800
260 126.7 .939 35.4300 87.050 58.520
270 132.2 .933 41.8560 103.630 58.220
280 137.8 .929 49.2000 122.180 57.920
290 143.3 .924 57.5500 143.875 57.600
30 1
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 2-15: Altitude vs. Barometric Pressure and Boiling Point of Water
Altitude Barometer Reading Atm. Pressure Boiling Point
Feet (ft.) Meters (m) in.-H
Hg mm-HHg psia ft. Water °F
– 1000 – 304.8 31.0 788 15.2 35.2 213.8
– 500 – 152.4 30.5 775 15.0 34.6 212.9
0 0.0 29.9 760 14.7 33.9 212.0
+ 500 + 152.4 29.4 747 14.4 33.3 211.1
1000 304.8 28.9 734 14.2 32.8 210.2
1500 457.2 28.3 719 13.9 32.1 209.3
2000 609.6 27.8 706 13.7 31.5 208.4
2500 762.0 27.3 694 13.4 31.0 207.4
3000 914.4 26.8 681 13.2 30.4 206.5
3500 1066.8 26.3 668 12.9 29.8 205.6
4000 1219.2 25.8 655 12.7 29.2 204.7
4500 1371.6 25.4 645 12.4 28.8 203.8
5000 1524.0 24.9 633 12.2 28.2 202.9
5500 1676.4 24.4 620 12.0 27.6 201.9
6000 1828.8 24.0 610 11.8 27.2 201.0
6500 1981.2 23.5 597 11.5 26.7 200.1
7000 2133.6 23.1 587 11.3 26.2 199.2
7500 2286.0 22.7 577 11.1 25.7 198.3
8000 2438.4 22.2 564 10.9 25.2 197.4
8500 2590.8 21.8 554 10.7 24.7 196.5
9000 2743.2 21.4 544 10.5 24.3 195.5
9500 2895.6 21.0 533 10.3 23.8 194.6
10000 3048.0 20.6 523 10.1 23.4 193.7
15000 4572.0 16.9 429 8.3 19.2 184.0
Table 2-16: Elevations for Various Municipalities (U.S. & Canada)

City Approx. Alt. (ft.) City Approx. Alt. (ft.) City Approx. Alt. (ft.)
Albuquerque 5200 Edmonton 2200 Phoenix 1100

Amarillo 3700 Fresno 380 Pittsburgh 800
Atlanta 1100 Ft. Worth 700 Regina 1900
Calgary 3440 Idaho Falls 4700 Roswell 3570
Cheyenne 6100 Kansas City 800 Reno 4500
Chicago 600 Minneapolis 900 Salt Lake City 4250
Cincinnati 550 Montreal 100 Spokane 1900
Cleveland 700 Nashville 500 Toronto 350
Denver 5270 Omaha 1000 Tulsa 800
Detroit 580 Ottawa 290 Winnipeg 760
30 31
TECHNICAL DATA
Density of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol
Temp.,
°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
-30 - - - - 68.12
-20 - - - - 68.05
-10 - - - 67.04 64.98
0 - - - 66.97 67.90
10 - - 65.93 66.89 67.80
20 - 64.83 65.85 66.80 67.70
30 63.69 64.75 65.76 66.70 67.59
40 63.61 64.66 65.66 66.59 67.47
50 63.52 64.56 65.55 66.47 67.34
60 63.42 64.45 65.43 66.34 67.20
70 63.31 64.33 65.30 66.20 67.05
80 63.19 64.21 65.17 66.05 66.90
90 63.07 64.07 65.02 65.90 66.73
100 62.93 63.93 64.86 65.73 66.55
110 62.97 63.77 64.70 65.56 66.37
120 62.63 63.61 64.52 65.37 66.17
130 62.47 63.43 64.34 65.18 65.97
140 62.30 63.25 64.15 64.98 65.75
150 62.11 63.06 63.95 64.76 65.53
160 61.92 62.86 63.73 64.54 65.30
170 61.72 62.64 63.51 64.31 65.05
180 61.51 62.42 63.28 64.07 64.80
190 61.29 62.19 63.04 63.82 64.54
200 61.06 61.95 62.79 63.56 64.27
210 60.82 61.71 62.53 63.29 63.99
220 60.57 61.45 62.27 63.01 63.70
230 60.31 61.18 61.99 62.72 63.40
240 60.05 60.90 61.70 62.43 63.10
250 59.77 60.62 61.40 62.12 62.78
Note: Density in lb/ft 3.
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol
Temp.,
°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
-30 - - - - 0.0428
-20 - - - - 0.0271
-10 - - - 0.0132 0.0183
0 - - - 0.0092 0.0130
10 - - 0.0046 0.0068 0.0096
20 - 0.0026 0.0036 0.0052 0.0073
30 0.0015 0.0021 0.0029 0.0041 0.0057
40 0.0012 0.0017 0.0024 0.0033 0.0045
50 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0027 0.0037
60 0.0009 0.0012 0.0017 0.0023 0.0031
70 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014 0.0019 0.0026
80 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012 0.0017 0.0022
90 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014 0.0019
100 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0013 0.0016
110 0.0005 0.0007 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014
120 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0012
130 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011
140 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010
150 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009
160 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008
170 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
180 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
190 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
200 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005
210 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
220 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
230 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
240 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004
250 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
32
TECHNICAL DATA
Density of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol
Temp.,
°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
-30 - - - - -
-20 - - - - 66.46
-10 - - - - 66.35
0 - - - 65.71 66.23
10 - - 65.00 65.60 66.11
20 - 64.23 64.90 65.48 65.97
30 63.38 64.14 64.79 65.35 65.82
40 63.30 64.03 64.67 65.21 65.67
50 63.20 63.92 64.53 65.06 65.50
60 63.10 63.79 64.39 64.90 65.33
70 62.98 63.66 64.24 64.73 65.14
80 62.86 63.52 64.08 64.55 64.95
90 62.73 63.37 63.91 64.36 64.74
100 62.59 63.20 63.73 64.16 64.53
110 62.44 63.03 63.54 63.95 64.30
120 62.28 62.85 63.33 63.74 64.06
130 62.11 62.66 63.12 63.51 63.82
140 61.93 62.46 62.90 63.27 63.57
150 61.74 62.25 62.67 63.02 63.30
160 61.54 62.03 62.43 62.76 63.03
170 61.33 61.80 62.18 62.49 62.74
180 61.11 61.56 61.92 62.22 62.45
190 60.89 61.31 61.65 61.93 62.14
200 60.65 61.05 61.37 61.63 61.83
210 60.41 60.78 61.08 61.32 61.50
220 60.15 60.50 60.78 61.00 61.17
230 59.89 60.21 60.47 60.68 60.83
240 59.61 59.91 60.15 60.34 60.47
250 59.33 59.60 59.82 59.99 60.11
Note: Density in lb/ft 3.
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol

Concentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol
Temp.,
°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
-30 - - - - -
-20 - - - - 0.1049
-10 - - - - 0.0645
0 - - - 0.0275 0.0412
10 - - 0.0090 0.0183 0.0273
20 - 0.0036 0.0067 0.0124 0.0187
30 0.0019 0.0028 0.0050 0.0089 0.0132
40 0.0015 0.0023 0.0039 0.0065 0.0096
50 0.0013 0.0019 0.0030 0.0049 0.0072
60 0.0011 0.0016 0.0024 0.0037 0.0055
70 0.0009 0.0013 0.0020 0.0029 0.0043
80 0.0008 0.0011 0.0016 0.0024 0.0034
90 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0027
100 0.0006 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0023
110 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0013 0.0019
120 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0016
130 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014
140 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012
150 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010
160 0.0003 0.0004 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009
170 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008
180 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
190 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007
200 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
210 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005
220 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
230 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
240 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
250 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004
33
TECHNICAL DATA
PEX Velocity Chart Exceeds acceptable

(feet per second) velocity for PEX
Flow Pipe Diameter

gal/min 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 1"
0.1 0.34 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.05
0.20 0.67 0.36 0.24 0.18 0.11
0.30 1.01 0.55 0.36 0.27 0.16
0.40 1.34 0.73 0.48 0.36 0.22
0.50 1.68 0.91 0.60 0.46 0.27
0.60 2.01 1.09 0.72 0.55 0.33
0.70 2.35 1.27 0.84 0.64 0.38
0.80 2.68 1.45 0.96 0.73 0.43
0.90 3.02 1.64 1.08 0.82 0.49
1.00 3.35 1.82 1.20 0.91 0.54
1.25 4.19 2.27 1.50 1.14 0.68
1.50 5.03 2.73 1.80 1.37 0.82
1.75 5.87 3.18 2.10 1.59 0.95
2.00 6.71 3.64 2.40 1.82 1.09
2.25 7.55 4.09 2.69 2.05 1.22
2.50 8.38 4.55 2.99 2.28 1.36
2.75 9.22 5.00 3.29 2.50 1.49
3.00 10.06 5.45 3.59 2.73 1.63
3.25 10.90 5.91 3.89 2.96 1.77
3.50 11.74 6.36 4.19 3.19 1.90
3.75 12.58 6.82 4.49 3.41 2.04
4.00 13.42 7.27 4.79 3.64 2.17
4.25 14.25 7.73 5.09 3.87 2.31
4.50 15.09 8.18 5.39 4.10 2.45
4.75 15.93 8.64 5.69 4.32 2.58
5.00 16.77 9.09 5.99 4.55 2.72
5.25 17.61 9.55 6.29 4.78 2.85
5.50 18.45 10.00 6.59 5.01 2.99
5.75 19.28 10.45 6.89 5.23 3.12
6.00 20.12 10.91 7.19 5.46 3.26
6.25 20.96 11.36 7.49 5.69 3.40
6.50 21.80 11.82 7.79 5.92 3.53
6.75 22.64 12.27 8.08 6.14 3.67
7.00 23.48 12.73 8.38 6.37 3.80
7.25 24.32 13.18 8.68 6.60 3.94
7.50 25.15 13.64 8.98 6.83 4.08
7.75 25.99 14.09 9.28 7.05 4.21
8.00 26.83 14.55 9.58 7.28 4.35
8.25 27.67 15.00 9.88 7.51 4.48
8.50 28.51 15.45 10.18 7.74 4.62
8.75 29.35 15.91 10.48 7.96 4.76
9.00 30.18 16.36 10.78 8.19 4.89
9.25 31.02 16.82 11.08 8.42 5.03
9.50 31.86 17.27 11.38 8.65 5.16
9.75 32.70 17.73 11.68 8.87 5.30
10.00 33.54 18.18 11.98 9.10 5.43
34
TECHNICAL DATA
Pressure Loss Per Foot Pressure Loss Per Foot

3/8” PEX 100% Water 1/2” PEX 100% Water
WIRSBO* Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Pipe WIRSBO* Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Pipe
FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0024 .1 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
.2 .0091 .0080 .0082 .0079 .0077 .0076 .2 .0021 .0020 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0018
.3 .0191 .0181 .0173 .0167 .0162 .0159 .3 .0044 .0042 .0040 .0038 .0037 .0037
.4 .0362 .0309 .0295 .0285 .0278 .0272 .4 .0073 .0069 .0066 .0064 .0062 .0061
.5 .0472 .0457 .0427 .0412 .0402 .0394 .5 .0109 .0103 .0099 .0095 .0093 .0091
.6 .0659 .0624 .0596 .0576 .0561 .0550 .6 .0151 .0143 .0137 .0132 .0129 .0126
.7 .0879 .0832 .0795 .0768 .0749 .0734 .7 .0199 .0189 .0180 .0174 .0170 .0166
.8 .1097 .1053 .0993 .0959 .0936 .0917 .8 .0253 .0239 .0229 .0221 .0215 .0211
.9 .1360 .1289 .1232 .1190 .1161 .1138 .9 .0316 .0299 .0286 .0276 .0269 .0264
1.0 .1657 .1570 .1501 .1451 .1415 .1387 1.0 .0381 .0360 .0344 .0333 .0325 .0318
1.1 .1942 .1858 .1759 .1700 .1659 .1625 1.1 .0451 .0427 .0408 .0394 .0385 .0377
1.2 .2277 .2158 .2063 .1994 .1946 .1906 1.2 .0526 .0499 .0477 .0461 .0449 .0440
1.3 .2646 .2508 .2398 .2318 .2062 .2217 1.3 .0607 .0575 .0550 .0531 .0518 .0508
1.4 .2993 .2860 .2714 .2623 .2560 .2508 1.4 .0693 .0657 .0628 .0607 .0592 .0580
1.5 .3396 .3220 .3080 .2977 .2905 .2847 1.5 .0784 .0743 .0710 .0686 .0669 .0656
1.6 .3834 .3635 .3477 .3362 .3281 .3215 1.6 .0879 .0833 .0797 .0770 .0751 .0736
1.7 .4242 .4048 .3848 .3720 .3630 .3558 1.7 .0980 .0929 .0888 .0858 .0837 .0821
1.8 .4710 .4466 .4273 .4131 .4032 .3951 1.8 .1091 .1034 .0989 .0956 .0933 .0914
1.9 .5214 .4945 .4731 .4575 .4464 .4375 1.9 .1201 .1139 .1089 .1053 .1027 .1007
2.0 .5699 .5387 .5154 .4984 .4864 .4767 2.0 .1317 .1248 .1194 .1154 .1126 .1103
2.1 .1436 .1361 .1301 .1257 .1226 .1201
2.2 .1561 .1479 .1414 .1367 .1333 .1306
2.3 .1691 .1602 .1532 .1480 .1444 .1415
2.4 .1825 .1729 .1653 .1598 .1559 .1527
2.5 .1963 .1861 .1779 .1720 .1677 .1644

5/8” PEX 100% Water 3/4” PEX 100% Water
FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .5 .0021 .0020 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0018
.2 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .6 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0024
.3 .0017 .0016 .0015 .0014 .0014 .0014 .7 .0039 .0037 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032
.4 .0028 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0024 .0023 .8 .0049 .0047 .0044 .0043 .0042 .0041
.5 .0041 .0039 .0037 .0036 .0035 .0034 .9 .0061 .0057 .0055 .0053 .0052 .0051
.6 .0057 .0054 .0052 .0050 .0049 .0048 1.0 .0073 .0069 .0066 .0064 .0062 .0061
.7 .0075 .0071 .0068 .0066 .0064 .0063 1.1 .0087 .0082 .0079 .0076 .0074 .0072
.8 .0095 .0090 .0086 .0083 .0081 .0080 1.2 .0102 .0096 .0092 .0089 .0086 .0085
.9 .0118 .0111 .0106 .0103 .0100 .0098 1.3 .0117 .0111 .0106 .0102 .0100 .0098
1.0 .0142 .0135 .0129 .0124 .0121 .0119 1.4 .0134 .0127 .0121 .0117 .0114 .0111
1.1 .0168 .0160 .0152 .0147 .0144 .0141 1.5 .0151 .0143 .0137 .0132 .0129 .0126
1.2 .0197 .0186 .0178 .0172 .0168 .0164 1.6 .0170 .0161 .0154 .0148 .0145 .0142
1.3 .0227 .0215 .0206 .0199 .0194 .0190 1.7 .0189 .0179 .0171 .0165 .0161 .0158
1.4 .0259 .0246 .0235 .0227 .0221 .0217 1.8 .0210 .0199 .0190 .0183 .0179 .0175
1.5 .0293 .0278 .0266 .0257 .0250 .0245 1.9 .0231 .0219 .0209 .0202 .0197 .0193
1.6 .0329 .0312 .0298 .0288 .0281 .0276 2.0 .0253 .0240 .0229 .0221 .0216 .0211
1.7 .0367 .0348 .0333 .0321 .0314 .0307 2.1 .0276 .0262 .0250 .0242 .0236 .0231
1.8 .0407 .0385 .0368 .0356 .0347 .0340 2.2 .0300 .0284 .0272 .0263 .0256 .0251
1.9 .0448 .0425 .0406 .0392 .0383 .0375 2.3 .0325 .0308 .0294 .0284 .0277 .0272
2.0 .0491 .0462 .0445 .0430 .0420 .0411 2.4 .0351 .0332 .0318 .0307 .0299 .0293
2.1 .0534 .0505 .0483 .0467 .0455 .0446 2.5 .0378 .0358 .0342 .0330 .0322 .0316
2.2 .0580 .0549 .0525 .0507 .0495 .0485 2.6 .0405 .0384 .0367 .0354 .0346 .0339
2.3 .0628 .0595 .0569 .0549 .0536 .0525 2.7 .0433 .0411 .0392 .0379 .0370 .0362
2.4 .0678 .0642 .0614 .0593 .0579 .0567 2.8 .0463 .0438 .0419 .0405 .0395 .0387
2.5 .0729 .0691 .0661 .0638 .0623 .0610 2.9 .0492 .0467 .0446 .0431 .0421 .0412
2.6 .0782 .0741 .0709 .0685 .0668 .0654 3.0 .0524 .0496 .0474 .0458 .0447 .0438
2.7 .0837 .0793 .0758 .0733 .0715 .0700 3.2 .0604 .0573 .0548 .0529 .0516 .0506
2.8 .0894 .0847 .0810 .0782 .0763 .0748 3.5 .0690 .0654 .0626 .0605 .0590 .0578
2.9 .0952 .0902 .0862 .0833 .0813 .0796 3.7 .0781 .0741 .0708 .0684 .0668 .0654
3.0 .1011 .0959 .0917 .0886 .0865 .0847 4.0 .0877 .0832 .0795 .0769 .0735
*Reference to WIRSBO
34 35
TECHNICAL DATA

3/8” PEX 30% Glycol / Water Mixture 1/2” PEX 30% Glycol / Water Mixture
FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0034 .0032 .0029 .0028 .0025 .0026 .1 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006
.2 .0116 .0109 .0101 .0096 .0087 .0088 .2 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0022 .0020 .0020
.3 .0238 .0225 .0208 .0198 .0180 .0182 .3 .0055 .0052 .0048 .0046 .0042 .0042
.4 .0397 .0376 .0347 .0332 .0301 .0304 .4 .0092 .0087 .0081 .0077 .0070 .0070
.5 .0591 .0560 .0517 .0494 .0448 .0452 .5 .0137 .0130 .0120 .0115 .0104 .0105
.6 .0818 .0775 .0716 .0684 .0621 .0627 .6 .0190 .0780 .0166 .0159 .0144 .0145
.7 .1077 .1020 .0942 .0901 .0818 .0825 .7 .0250 .0237 .0219 .0209 .0189 .0191
.8 .1367 .1295 .1196 .1144 .1039 .1048 .8 .0317 .0300 .0277 .0265 .0241 .0243
.9 .1687 .1598 .1477 .1412 .1283 .1294 .9 .0391 .0371 .0342 .0327 .0297 .0300
1.0 .2036 .1929 .1783 .1705 .1549 .1563 1.0 .0472 .0477 .0413 .0395 .0359 .0362
1.1 .2414 .2287 .2114 .2022 .1838 .1854 1.1 .0560 .0530 .0490 .0468 .0425 .0429
1.2 .2820 .2672 .2470 .2363 .2148 .2167 1.2 .0654 .0619 .0572 .0547 .0497 .0502
1.3 .3253 .3083 .2851 .2727 .2479 .2502 1.3 .0754 .0715 .0660 .0631 .0574 .0579
1.4 .3714 .3519 .3255 .3114 .2832 .2857 1.4 .0861 .0816 .0754 .0721 .0655 .0661
1.5 .4201 .3982 .3683 .3524 .3205 .3234 1.5 .0974 .0923 .0853 .0816 .0742 .0748
1.6 .4715 .4469 .4135 .3956 .3599 .3631 1.6 .1093 .1036 .0957 .0916 .0832 .0840
1.7 .5255 .4981 .4609 .4410 .4012 .4048 1.7 .1218 .1154 .1067 .1021 .0928 .0936
1.8 .5820 .5518 .5106 .4885 .4446 .4485 1.8 .1349 .1278 .1182 .1131 .1028 .1037
1.9 .6411 .6078 .5625 .5383 .4899 .4942 1.9 .1486 .1408 .1302 .1246 .1133 .1143
2.0 .7027 .6663 .6167 .5901 .5372 .5419 2.0 .1628 .1543 .1428 .1366 .1242 .1253
2.1 .1777 .1684 .1558 .1490 .1356 .1368
2.2 .1931 .1830 .1693 .1620 .1474 .1487
2.3 .2091 .1982 .1834 .1754 .1596 .1610
2.4 .2256 .2139 .1979 .1893 .1723 .1738
2.5 .2427 .2301 .2129 .2037 .1854 .1870

FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002 .5 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0020
.2 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .6 .0037 .0035 .0032 .0031 .0029 .0028
.3 .0021 .0020 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .7 .0048 .0046 .0042 .0040 .0038 .0037
.4 .0034 .0033 .0030 .0029 .0026 .0026 .8 .0061 .0058 .0053 .0051 .0048 .0047
.5 .0051 .0049 .0045 .0043 .0039 .0039 .9 .0076 .0071 .0066 .0063 .0060 .0058
.6 .0071 .0067 .0062 .0059 .0054 .0054 1.0 .0091 .0086 .0080 .0076 .0072 .0070
.7 .0093 .0088 .0081 .0078 .0071 .0071 1.1 .0108 .0102 .0094 .0090 .0086 .0083
.8 .0118 .0112 .0103 .0099 .0090 .0090 1.2 .0126 .0119 .0110 .0105 .0100 .0097
.9 .0146 .0138 .0127 .0122 .0111 .0111 1.3 .0145 .0138 .0127 .0122 .0115 .0111
1.0 .0176 .0167 .0154 .0147 .0134 .0135 1.4 .0166 .0157 .0145 .0139 .0132 .0127
1.1 .0208 .0198 .0182 .0174 .0159 .0160 1.5 .0188 .0178 .0164 .0157 .0149 .0144
1.2 .0243 .0231 .0213 .0204 .0186 .0186 1.6 .0211 .0200 .0184 .0176 .0167 .0162
1.3 .0281 .0267 .0246 .0235 .0215 .0215 1.7 .0235 .0222 .0206 .0197 .0186 .0180
1.4 .0320 .0304 .0280 .0268 .0245 .0246 1.8 .0260 .0246 .0228 .0218 .0207 .0200
1.5 .0362 .0344 .0317 .0303 .0277 .0278 1.9 .0286 .0271 .0251 .0240 .0228 .0220
1.6 .0407 .0386 .0356 .0340 .0311 .0312 2.0 .0314 .0297 .0275 .0263 .0249 .0241
1.7 .0453 .0431 .0397 .0379 .0347 .0348 2.1 .0342 .0324 .0300 .0287 .0272 .0263
1.8 .0502 .0477 .0440 .0420 .0385 .0385 2.2 .0372 .0353 .0326 .0312 .0296 .0286
1.9 .0553 .0525 .0484 .0463 .0424 .0425 2.3 .0403 .0382 .0353 .0338 .0320 .0310
2.0 .0606 .0576 .0531 .0508 .0465 .0466 2.4 .0435 .0412 .0381 .0364 .0346 .0334
2.1 .0661 .0628 .0597 .0554 .0507 .0508 2.5 .0468 .0443 .0410 .0392 .0372 .0360
2.2 .0718 .0683 .0629 .0602 .0551 .0552 2.6 .0501 .0475 .0440 .0420 .0399 .0386
2.3 .0778 .0739 .0682 .0652 .0597 .0598 2.7 .0536 .0508 .0470 .0450 .0427 .0413
2.4 .0839 .0797 .0735 .0704 .0644 .0646 2.8 .0573 .0543 .0502 .0480 .0456 .0441
2.5 .0902 .0858 .0791 .0757 .0693 .0695 2.9 .0610 .0578 .0534 .0511 .0485 .0469
2.6 .0968 .0920 .0849 .0872 .0744 .0745 3.0 .0648 .0614 .0568 .0543 .0516 .0499
2.7 .1036 .0985 .0908 .0869 .0796 .0797 3.2 .0747 .0708 .0655 .0627 .0596 .0576
2.8 .1105 .1151 .0969 .0927 .0850 .0851 3.5 .0853 .0809 .0749 .0716 .0680 .0658
2.9 .1177 .1119 .1032 .9888 .0905 .0907 3.7 .0965 .0915 .0847 .0811 .0770 .0744
3.0 .1250 .1189 .1097 .1049 .0962 .0963 4.0 .1083 .1027 .0951 .0910 .0864 .0836
36 35
TECHNICAL DATA

FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0037 .0035 .0032 .0030 .0028 .0027 .1 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0006
.2 .0127 .0119 .0111 .0104 .0097 .0092 .2 .0030 .0028 .0026 .0024 .0023 .0021
.3 .0261 .0244 .0228 .0213 .0200 .0190 .3 .0061 .0057 .0053 .0049 .0046 .0044
.4 .0436 .0407 .0380 .0357 .0334 .0317 .4 .0101 .0095 .0088 .0082 .0077 .0074
.5 .0649 .0606 .0566 .0531 .0497 .0473 .5 .0151 .0141 .0131 .0123 .0115 .0110
.6 .0898 .0839 .0784 .0735 .0689 .0655 .6 .0208 .0195 .0182 .0170 .0160 .0152
.7 .1182 .1104 .1032 .0968 .0907 .0863 .7 .0274 .0256 .0239 .0224 .0210 .0200
.8 .1499 .1401 .1310 .1229 .1152 .1096 .8 .0348 .0325 .0304 .0284 .0267 .0254
.9 .1849 .1729 .1616 .1517 .1422 .1353 .9 .0429 .0401 .0375 .0350 .0330 .0313
1.0 .2232 .2086 .1951 .1831 .1717 .1633 1.0 .0518 .0484 .0452 .0423 .0398 .0378
1.1 .2645 .2473 .2313 .2171 .2036 .1937 1.1 .0614 .0574 .0536 .0501 .0472 .0449
1.2 .3089 .2889 .2702 .2537 .2379 .2264 1.2 .0717 .0670 .0626 .0585 .0551 .0524
1.3 .3564 .3333 .3118 .2927 .2746 .2613 1.3 .0827 .0773 .0723 .0676 .0636 .0605
1.4 .4068 .3805 .3560 .3342 .3136 .2984 1.4 .0944 .0882 .0825 .0771 .0726 .0691
1.5 .4601 .4304 .4027 .3781 .3548 .3377 1.5 .1067 .0998 .0933 .0873 .0822 .0782
1.6 .5163 .4830 .4520 .4245 .3983 .3791 1.6 .1198 .1120 .1047 .0979 .0922 .0877
1.7 .5754 .5383 .5038 .4731 .4440 .4226 1.7 .1334 .1248 .1167 .1091 .1028 .0978
1.8 .6372 .5962 .5580 .5241 .4919 .4683 1.8 .1478 .1382 .1293 .1209 .1139 .1084
1.9 .7019 .6567 .6147 .5774 .5420 .5160 1.9 .1627 .1522 .1424 .1332 .1254 .1194
2.0 .7692 .7198 .6738 .6330 .5942 .5657 2.0 .1784 .1668 .1561 .1460 .1375 .1309
2.1 .1946 .1820 .1703 .1593 .1501 .1428
2.2 .2114 .1978 .1852 .1731 .1631 .1553
2.3 .2289 .2142 .2004 .1875 .1767 .1681
2.4 .2470 .2311 .2163 .2023 .1907 .1815
2.5 .2657 .2486 .2327 .2177 .2051 .1953

FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .5 .0029 .0027 .0025 .0024 .0022 .0021
.2 .0011 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0008 .0008 .6 .0040 .0038 .0035 .0033 .0031 .0029
.3 .0023 .0021 .0020 .0018 .0017 .0016 .7 .0053 .0049 .0046 .0043 .0041 .0039
.4 .0038 .0035 .0033 .0031 .0029 .0027 .8 .0067 .0063 .0059 .0055 .0051 .0049
.5 .0056 .0052 .0049 .0046 .0043 .0041 .9 .0083 .0077 .0072 .0068 .0064 .0060
.6 .0078 .0073 .0068 .0063 .0059 .0056 1.0 .0100 .0093 .0087 .0082 .0077 .0073
.7 .0102 .0095 .0089 .0083 .0078 .0074 1.1 .0118 .0111 .0103 .0097 .0091 .0086
.8 .0130 .0121 .0113 .0106 .0099 .0094 1.2 .0138 .0129 .0121 .0113 .0106 .0101
.9 .0160 .0149 .0140 .0130 .0123 .0117 1.3 .0160 .0149 .0139 .0130 .0123 .0117
1.0 .0193 .0180 .0168 .0157 .0148 .0141 1.4 .0182 .0170 .0159 .0149 .0140 .0133
1.1 .0229 .0214 .0200 .0186 .0175 .0167 1.5 .0206 .0192 .0180 .0168 .0158 .0150
1.2 .0267 .0249 .0233 .0218 .0205 .0195 1.6 .0231 .0216 .0202 .0189 .0178 .0169
1.3 .0308 .0288 .0269 .0251 .0237 .0225 1.7 .0257 .0241 .0225 .0210 .0198 .0188
1.4 .0351 .0328 .0307 .0287 .0270 .0257 1.8 .0285 .0266 .0249 .0233 .0219 .0209
1.5 .0397 .0371 .0347 .0324 .0305 .0291 1.9 .0314 .0293 .0274 .0257 .0242 .0230
1.6 .0446 .0417 .0390 .0364 .0343 .0326 2.0 .0344 .0322 .0301 .0281 .0265 .0252
1.7 .0497 .0464 .0434 .0406 .0382 .0364 2.1 .0375 .0351 .0328 .0307 .0289 .0275
1.8 .0550 .0514 .0481 .0450 .0423 .0403 2.2 .0408 .0381 .0357 .0333 .0314 .0299
1.9 .0606 .0566 .0530 .0495 .0466 .0444 2.3 .0441 .0413 .0386 .0361 .0340 .0323
2.0 .0664 .0621 .0580 .0543 .0511 .0486 2.4 .0476 .0445 .0417 .0390 .0367 .0349
2.1 .0724 .0677 .0633 .0592 .0558 .0531 2.5 .0512 .0479 .0448 .0419 .0395 .0376
2.2 .0787 .0736 .0688 .0644 .0606 .0577 2.6 .0549 .0514 .0481 .0450 .0423 .0403
2.3 .0852 .0797 .0745 .0697 .0656 .0625 2.7 .0588 .0550 .0514 .0481 .0453 .0431
2.4 .0919 .0860 .0804 .0752 .0708 .0674 2.8 .0627 .0587 .0549 .0513 .0484 .0460
2.5 .0988 .0925 .0865 .0809 .0762 .0725 2.9 .0668 .0624 .0584 .0547 .0515 .0490
2.6 .1060 .0992 .0928 .0868 .0818 .0778 3.0 .0709 .0663 .0621 .0581 .0547 .0521
2.7 .1134 .1061 .0993 .0929 .0875 .0833 3.2 .0818 .0766 .0716 .0670 .0631 .0601
2.8 .1210 .1132 .1059 .0991 .0934 .0889 3.5 .0934 .0874 .0818 .0765 .0721 .0687
2.9 .1288 .1205 .1128 .1055 .0994 .0947 3.7 .1057 .0989 .0926 .0866 .0816 .0777
3.0 .1369 .1281 .1199 .1121 .1057 .1006 4.0 .1186 .1110 .1039 .0972 .0916 .0872
36 37
TECHNICAL DATA

FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0041 .0037 .0034 .0031 .0029 .0028 .1 .0010 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007
.2 .0140 .0125 .0115 .0108 .0100 .0098 .2 .0033 .0029 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0023
.3 .0289 .0257 .0237 .0221 .0206 .0201 .3 .0067 .0060 .0055 .0051 .0048 .0047
.4 .0481 .0429 .0395 .0370 .0345 .0336 .4 .0112 .0100 .0092 .0086 .0080 .0078
.5 .0716 .0639 .0588 .0550 .0514 .0501 .5 .0166 .0148 .0136 .0128 .0119 .0116
.6 .0990 .0884 .0813 .0762 .0711 .0694 .6 .0230 .0205 .0189 .0177 .0165 .0161
.7 .1303 .1163 .1071 .1003 .0936 .0913 .7 .0303 .0270 .0249 .0233 .0217 .0212
.8 .1652 .1476 .1359 .1273 1189 1160 .8 .0384 .0343 .0315 .0295 .0276 .0269
.9 .2038 .1821 .1677 .1571 .1467 .1432 .9 .0473 .0423 .0389 .0364 .0340 .0332
1.0 .2459 .2197 .2024 .1897 .1772 .1728 1.0 .0571 .0510 .0469 .0440 .0411 .0401
1.1 .2914 .2605 .2400 .2249 .2101 .2050 1.1 .0677 .0604 .0557 .0521 .0487 .0475
1.2 .3403 .3042 .2803 .2627 .2455 .2395 1.2 .0790 .0706 .0650 .0609 .0569 .0555
1.3 .3925 .3509 .3234 .3032 .2833 .2764 1.3 .0911 .0814 .0750 .0703 .0656 .0640
1.4 .4480 .4006 .3692 .3461 .3235 .3156 1.4 .1040 .0929 .0856 .0802 .0749 .0731
1.5 .5067 .4531 .4177 .3916 .3660 .3572 1.5 .1176 .1051 .0968 .0907 .0848 .0827
1.6 .5685 .5085 .4688 .4395 .4109 .4009 1.6 .1319 .1179 .1087 .1018 .0951 .0928
1.7 .6334 .5666 .5224 .4899 .4580 .4469 1.7 .1470 .1314 .1211 .1135 .1061 .1035
1.8 .7014 .6276 .5787 .5427 .5074 .4951 1.8 .1628 .1455 .1341 .1257 .1175 .1146
1.9 .7725 .6912 .6374 .5978 .5590 .5455 1.9 .1792 .1603 .1477 .1385 .1294 .1263
2.0 .8465 .7576 .6987 .6553 .6128 .5981 2.0 .1964 .1756 .1619 .1518 .1419 .1384
2.1 .2143 .1913 .1766 .1656 .1548 .1511
2.2 .2328 .2082 .1920 .1800 .1683 .1642
2.3 .2520 .2254 .2079 .1949 .1822 .1778
2.4 .2719 .2432 .2243 .2103 .1966 .1919
2.5 .2924 .2617 .2413 .2263 .2116 .2065

FLOW FLOW
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F 80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
US GPM US GPM
.1 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .5 .0032 .0029 .0026 .0025 .0023 .0022
.2 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0008 .6 .0044 .0040 .0036 .0034 .0032 .0031
.3 .0025 .0022 .0020 .0019 .0018 .0017 .7 .0058 .0052 .0048 .0045 .0043 .0041
.4 .0042 .0037 .0034 .0032 .0030 .0029 .8 .0074 .0066 .0061 .0057 .0054 .0052
.5 .0062 .0055 .0051 .0048 .0044 .0043 .9 .0091 .0082 .0075 .0070 .0067 .0064
.6 .0086 .0076 .0070 .0066 .0061 .0060 1.0 .0110 .0098 .0091 .0085 .0081 .0077
.7 .0113 .0101 .0093 .0087 .0081 .0079 1.1 .0131 .0117 .0107 .0101 .0095 .0092
.8 .0143 .0128 .0117 .0110 .0103 .0100 1.2 .0153 .0136 .0125 .0117 .0112 .0107
.9 .0176 .0157 .0145 .0136 .0127 .0123 1.3 .0176 .0157 .0145 .0135 .0129 .0123
1.0 .0213 .0190 .0175 .0164 .0153 .0149 1.4 .0201 .0179 .0165 .0155 .0147 .0141
1.1 .0252 .0225 .0207 .0194 .0181 .0177 1.5 .0227 .0203 .0187 .0175 .0166 .0159
1.2 .0294 .0263 .0242 .0227 .0212 .0206 1.6 .0255 .0227 .0209 .0196 .0186 .0179
1.3 .0339 .0303 .0279 .0261 .0244 .0238 1.7 .0284 .0253 .0233 .0219 .0208 .0199
1.4 .0387 .0346 .0319 .0298 .0279 .0272 1.8 .0314 .0281 .0259 .0242 .0230 .0221
1.5 .0438 .0391 .0360 .0338 .0315 .0308 1.9 .0346 .0309 .0285 .0267 .0253 .0243
1.6 .0491 .0439 .0404 .0379 .0354 .0345 2.0 .0379 .0339 .0312 .0292 .0278 .0266
1.7 .0547 .0489 .0450 .0422 .0394 .0385 2.1 .0413 .0370 .0340 .0319 .0303 .0291
1.8 .0606 .0542 .0499 .0468 .0437 .0426 2.2 .0449 .0401 .0370 .0347 .0329 .0316
1.9 .0667 .0596 .0549 .0515 .0481 .0469 2.3 .0486 .0435 .0401 .0375 .0357 .0342
2.0 .0730 .0654 .0602 .0564 .0527 .0515 2.4 .0525 .0469 .0432 .0405 .0385 .0369
2.1 .0798 .0713 .0657 .0616 .0575 .0561 2.5 .0564 .0504 .0465 .0436 .0414 .0397
2.2 .0867 .0775 .0714 .0669 .0625 .0610 2.6 .0605 .0541 .0499 .0467 .0444 .0426
2.3 .0938 .0839 .0773 .0725 .0677 .0661 2.7 .0647 .0579 .0533 .0500 .0475 .0456
2.4 .1012 .0905 .0834 .0782 .0731 .0713 2.8 .0691 .0618 .0569 .0534 .0507 .0487
2.5 .1088 .0973 .0897 .0841 .0786 .0767 2.9 .0735 .0657 .0606 .0568 .0540 .0518
2.6 .1167 .1044 .0962 .0902 .0844 .0823 3.0 .0781 .0699 .0644 .0604 .0574 .0551
2.7 .1249 .1117 .1030 .0965 .0902 .0881 3.2 .0901 .0806 .0743 .0697 .0662 .0636
2.8 .1332 .1192 .1099 .1030 .0963 .0940 3.3 .1028 .0920 .0848 .0796 .0756 .0726
2.9 .1418 .1269 .1170 .1097 .1026 .1001 3.7 .1163 .1041 .0960 .0900 .0856 .0821
3.0 .1507 .1348 .1243 .1166 .1090 .1064 4.0 .1305 .1168 .1077 .1010 .0961 .0922
38 37
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART & FRICTION OF WATER

at 60° F
(Smoothwall Coppertubing, Brass, and S.P.S. Copper Pipe)
TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*

.402" Inside Dia. .430" Inside Dia. .450" Inside Dia. .494" Inside Dia.
.049" Wall Thickness .035" Wall Thickness .025" Wall Thickness .0905" Wall Thickness
FLOW VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSS
U.S. GPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
0.2 0.51 0.55 0.44 0.48 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.26
0.4 1.01 2.15 0.88 1.57 0.81 1.27 0.67 0.82
0.6 1.52 4.29 1.33 3.12 1.21 2.52 1.00 1.63
0.8 2.02 7.02 1.77 5.11 1.61 4.12 1.34 2.66
1 2.52 10.32 2.20 7.50 2.01 6.05 1.68 3.89
1 1/2 3.78 20.66 3.30 15.50 3.02 12.21 2.51 7.84
2 5.04 34.48 4.40 20.03 4.02 20.16 3.35 12.94
2 1/2 6.30 51.03 5.50 37.01 5.03 29.80 4.19 19.11
3 7.55 70.38 6.60 51.02 6.04 41.07 5.02 26.32
3 1/2 8.82 92.44 7.70 66.98 7.04 53.90 5.86 34.52
4 10.10 117.10 8.80 84.85 8.05 68.26 6.70 43.70
4 1/2 11.40 144.40 9.90 104.60 9.05 84.11 7.53 53.82
5 12.60 174.30 11.00 126.10 10.05 101.40 8.36 64.87
1/2 INCH
1/2 0.74 0.88 0.69 0.75 0.63 0.62 0.52 0.40
1 1.47 2.87 1.38 2.45 1.26 2.00 1.04 1.28
1 1/2 2.20 5.77 2.06 4.93 1.90 4.02 1.57 2.58
2 2.94 9.52 2.75 8.11 2.53 6.61 2.09 4.24
2 1/2 3.67 14.05 3.44 11.98 3.16 9.76 2.61 6.25
3 4.40 19.34 4.12 16.48 3.79 13.42 3.13 8.59
3 1/2 5.14 25.36 4.81 21.61 4.42 17.59 3.66 11.25
4 5.87 32.09 5.50 27.33 5.05 22.25 4.18 14.22
4 1/2 6.61 39.51 6.19 33.65 5.68 27.39 4.70 17.50
5 7.35 47.61 6.87 40.52 6.31 32.99 5.22 21.07
6 8.81 65.79 8.25 56.02 7.59 45.57 6.26 29.09
7 10.30 86.57 9.62 73.69 8.84 59.93 7.31 38.23
8 11.80 109.90 11.00 93.50 10.10 76.03 8.35 48.47
9 13.20 135.60 12.40 115.40 11.40 93.82 9.40 59.79
10 14.70 163.80 13.80 139.40 12.60 113.30 10.40 72.16
3/4 INCH
1 0.74 0.56 0.66 0.44 0.62 0.38 0.60 0.35
2 1.47 1.84 1.33 1.44 1.24 1.23 1.21 1.16
3 2.21 3.73 1.99 2.91 1.86 2.49 1.81 2.34
4 2.94 6.16 2.65 4.81 2.48 4.12 2.42 3.86
5 3.67 9.12 3.31 7.11 3.10 6.09 3.02 5.71
6 4.41 12.57 3.98 9.80 3.72 8.39 3.62 7.86
7 5.14 16.51 4.64 12.86 4.34 11.01 4.23 10.32
8 5.88 20.91 5.30 16.28 4.96 13.94 4.83 13.07
9 6.61 25.77 5.96 20.06 5.59 17.17 5.44 16.10
10 7.35 31.08 6.62 24.19 6.20 20.70 6.04 19.41
11 8.09 36.83 7.29 28.66 6.82 24.52 6.64 22.99
12 8.83 43.01 7.95 33.47 7.44 28.63 7.25 26.84
13 9.56 49.62 8.61 38.61 8.06 33.02 7.85 30.96
14 10.30 56.66 9.27 44.07 8.68 37.69 8.45 35.33
15 11.00 64.11 9.94 49.86 9.30 42.64 9.05 39.97
16 11.80 71.97 10.60 55.97 9.92 47.86 9.65 44.86
17 12.50 80.24 11.25 62.39 10.55 53.35 10.25 50.00
18 13.20 88.92 11.92 69.13 11.17 59.10 10.85 55.40
NOTES: *S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.

No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local conditions and
the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added to the values in the tables.
38 39
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

.995" Inside Dia. 1.025" Inside Dia. 1.055" Inside Dia. 1.062" Inside Dia.
FLOW HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD
U.S. VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS
GPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
2 0.82 0.47 0.78 0.41 0.73 0.36 0.72 0.35
3 1.24 0.95 1.17 0.82 1.10 0.72 1.08 0.70
4 1.65 1.56 1.56 1.35 1.47 1.18 1.45 1.14
5 2.06 2.30 1.95 2.00 1.83 1.74 1.81 1.69
6 2.48 3.17 2.34 2.75 2.20 2.40 2.17 2.32
7 2.89 4.15 2.72 3.60 2.56 3.14 2.53 3.04
8 3.30 5.25 3.11 4.56 2.93 3.97 2.89 3.85
9 3.71 6.47 3.50 5.61 3.30 4.89 3.25 4.74
10 4.12 7.79 3.89 6.76 3.66 5.89 3.61 5.71
12 4.95 10.76 4.67 9.33 4.40 8.13 4.34 7.88
14 5.77 14.15 5.45 12.27 5.13 10.69 5.05 10.36
16 6.60 17.94 6.22 15.56 5.86 13.55 5.78 13.13
18 7.42 22.14 7.00 19.20 6.60 16.72 6.50 16.20
20 8.24 26.73 7.78 23.18 7.33 20.18 7.22 19.55
25 10.30 39.87 9.74 34.56 9.16 30.09 9.03 29.15
30 12.37 55.33 11.68 47.96 11.00 41.74 10.84 40.43
35 14.42 73.06 13.61 63.31 12.82 55.09 12.65 53.37
40 16.50 93.00 15.55 80.58 14.66 70.11 14.45 67.90
45 18.55 115.10 17.50 99.72 16.50 86.75 16.25 84.20
50 20.60 139.40 19.45 120.70 18.32 105.00 18.05 101.70
1-1/4 INCH
1.245" Inside Dia. 1.265" Inside Dia. 1.291" Inside Dia. 1.368" Inside Dia.
5 1.31 0.79 1.28 0.74 1.22 0.67 1.09 0.51
6 1.58 1.09 1.53 1.01 1.47 0.92 1.31 0.70
7 1.84 1.43 1.79 1.32 1.71 1.20 1.53 0.91
8 2.11 1.81 2.04 1.67 1.96 1.52 1.75 1.15
9 2.37 2.22 2.30 2.06 2.20 1.87 1.96 1.42
10 2.63 2.67 2.55 2.48 2.45 2.25 2.18 1.71
12 3.16 3.69 3.06 3.42 2.93 3.10 2.62 2.35
15 3.95 5.47 3.83 5.07 3.66 4.60 3.27 3.49
20 5.26 9.13 5.10 8.46 4.89 7.67 4.36 5.81
25 6.58 13.59 6.38 12.59 6.11 11.42 5.46 8.65
30 7.90 18.83 7.65 17.44 7.33 15.82 6.55 11.98
35 9.21 24.83 8.94 23.00 8.55 20.86 7.65 15.79
40 10.50 31.57 10.20 29.24 9.77 26.51 8.74 20.06
45 11.80 38.03 11.50 36.15 11.00 32.77 9.83 24.80
50 13.20 47.20 12.80 43.71 12.20 39.63 10.90 29.98
60 15.80 65.65 15.30 60.78 14.70 55.10 13.10 41.66
70 18.40 86.82 17.90 80.38 17.10 72.86 15.30 55.07
80 21.10 110.70 20.40 102.50 19.60 92.85 17.50 70.16
90 23.70 137.25 23.00 127.00 22.00 115.10 19.60 86.91
100 26.30 166.30 25.50 153.90 24.40 139.40 21.80 105.30
40 39
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

8 1.49 0.79 1.44 0.73 1.40 0.68 1.27 0.55
9 1.67 0.97 1.62 0.90 1.57 0.84 1.43 0.67
10 1.86 1.17 1.80 1.08 1.75 1.01 1.59 0.81
12 2.23 1.61 2.16 1.49 2.10 1.39 1.91 1.12
15 2.79 2.39 2.70 2.21 2.63 2.07 2.39 1.65
20 3.72 3.98 3.60 3.68 3.50 3.44 3.19 2.75
25 4.65 5.91 4.51 5.48 4.38 5.11 3.98 4.09
30 5.58 8.19 5.41 7.58 5.25 7.07 4.78 5.65
35 6.51 10.79 6.31 9.99 6.13 9.31 5.58 7.45
40 7.44 13.70 7.21 12.68 7.00 11.83 6.37 9.45
45 8.37 16.93 8.11 15.67 7.88 14.61 7.16 11.68
50 9.30 20.46 9.01 18.94 8.76 17.66 7.96 14.11
60 11.20 28.42 10.80 26.30 10.50 24.53 9.56 19.59
70 13.00 37.55 12.60 34.74 12.30 32.40 11.20 25.87
80 14.90 47.82 14.40 44.24 14.00 41.25 12.80 32.93
90 16.70 59.21 16.20 54.78 15.80 51.07 14.40 40.76
100 18.60 71.70 18.00 66.34 17.50 61.84 15.90 49.34
110 20.50 85.29 19.80 78.90 19.30 73.55 17.50 58.67
120 22.30 99.95 21.60 92.46 21.00 86.18 19.10 68.74
130 24.20 115.70 23.40 107.00 22.80 99.73 20.70 79.53
2 INCH
10 1.07 0.31 1.04 0.29 1.01 0.27 0.96 0.24
12 1.28 0.43 1.24 0.40 1.21 0.38 1.15 0.33
14 1.49 0.56 1.45 0.52 1.42 0.50 1.34 0.44
16 1.7 0.71 1.66 0.66 1.62 0.63 1.53 0.55
18 1.92 0.87 1.87 0.82 1.82 0.77 1.72 0.68
20 2.13 1.05 2.07 0.98 2.02 0.93 1.92 0.82
25 2.66 1.55 2.59 1.46 2.53 1.38 2.39 1.22
30 3.19 2.15 3.11 2.01 3.03 1.90 2.87 1.68
35 3.73 2.82 3.62 2.65 3.54 2.50 3.35 2.21
40 4.26 3.58 4.14 3.36 4.05 3.17 3.83 2.80
45 4.79 4.42 4.66 4.15 4.55 3.92 4.30 3.46
50 5.32 5.43 5.17 5.01 5.05 4.73 4.80 4.17
60 6.39 7.40 6.21 6.95 6.06 6.56 5.75 5.79
70 7.45 9.76 7.25 9.16 7.07 8.65 6.70 7.63
80 8.52 12.42 8.28 11.65 8.09 11.00 7.65 9.70
90 9.58 15.36 9.31 14.41 9.10 13.60 8.61 12.00
100 10.65 18.58 10.40 17.43 10.10 16.45 9.57 14.51
110 11.71 22.07 11.40 20.71 11.10 19.55 10.50 17.24

40 41
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

120 12.78 25.84 12.40 24.25 12.10 22.88 11.50 20.18
130 13.85 29.88 13.40 28.04 13.10 26.45 12.50 23.33
140 14.90 34.18 14.50 32.07 14.20 30.26 13.40 26.69
150 16.00 38.75 15.50 36.36 15.20 34.30 14.40 30.25
160 17.00 43.58 16.50 40.89 16.20 38.58 15.30 34.01
170 18.10 48.67 17.60 45.66 17.20 43.08 16.30 37.98
180 19.20 54.01 18.60 50.67 18.20 47.81 17.20 42.15
190 20.20 59.61 19.60 55.92 19.20 52.76 18.20 46.51
200 21.30 65.46 20.70 61.41 20.20 57.94 19.20 51.07
210 22.40 71.57 21.70 67.14 21.20 63.34 20.10 55.83
220 23.40 77.93 22.80 73.10 22.20 68.96 21.00 60.78
230 24.50 84.53 23.80 79.29 23.20 74.80 22.00 65.93
240 25.60 91.38 24.80 85.72 24.30 80.86 23.00 71.26
250 26.60 98.43 25.90 92.37 25.30 87.14 23.90 76.79
260 27.70 105.80 26.90 99.26 26.30 93.63 24.90 82.51
270 28.80 113.40 27.90 106.40 27.30 100.30 25.80 88.42
280 29.80 121.30 29.00 113.70 28.30 107.30 26.80 94.52
290 30.90 129.30 30.00 121.30 29.40 114.30 27.80 100.80
300 32.00 137.60 31.10 129.10 30.40 121.80 28.70 107.30
2 -1/2 INCH
20 1.38 0.37 1.34 0.35 1.31 0.33 1.31 0.33
25 1.72 0.55 1.68 0.52 1.64 0.49 1.63 0.49
30 2.07 0.76 2.02 0.72 1.97 0.68 1.96 0.67
35 2.41 1.00 2.35 0.94 2.30 0.89 2.29 0.88
40 2.76 1.26 2.69 1.19 2.62 1.13 2.61 1.12
45 3.10 1.56 3.02 1.47 2.95 1.39 2.94 1.38
50 3.45 1.88 3.36 1.77 3.28 1.68 3.26 1.66
60 4.14 2.61 4.03 2.46 3.93 2.32 3.92 2.30
70 4.82 3.43 4.70 3.24 4.59 3.06 4.57 3.03
80 5.51 4.36 5.37 4.12 5.25 3.88 5.22 3.85
90 6.20 5.39 6.04 5.08 5.90 4.80 5.88 4.75
100 6.89 6.52 6.71 6.15 6.55 5.80 6.53 5.74
110 7.58 7.74 7.38 7.30 7.21 6.89 7.19 6.82
120 8.27 9.06 8.05 8.54 7.86 8.05 7.84 47.81
130 8.96 10.46 8.73 9.87 8.52 9.31 8.49 9.22
140 9.65 11.97 9.40 11.28 9.18 10.64 9.14 10.54
150 10.35 13.56 10.10 12.78 9.83 12.06 9.79 11.94
160 11.00 15.24 10.80 14.36 10.50 13.55 10.45 13.42

42 41
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

170 11.70 17.01 11.40 16.03 11.10 15.12 11.10 14.98
180 12.40 18.87 12.10 17.79 11.80 16.78 11.80 16.61
190 13.10 20.81 12.80 19.62 12.50 18.51 12.40 18.33
200 13.80 22.85 13.40 21.54 13.10 20.31 13.10 20.12
220 15.20 27.18 14.80 25.61 14.40 24.16 14.40 23.93
240 16.50 31.84 16.10 30.01 15.70 28.31 15.70 28.03
260 17.90 36.85 17.50 34.73 17.10 32.75 17.00 32.44
280 19.30 42.19 18.80 39.76 18.40 37.50 18.30 37.13
300 20.70 47.86 20.10 45.10 19.70 42.53 19.60 42.12
320 22.10 53.86 21.50 50.75 21.00 47.86 20.90 47.40
340 23.40 60.18 22.80 56.71 22.30 53.48 22.20 52.96
360 24.80 66.83 24.20 62.97 23.60 59.38 23.50 58.81
380 26.20 73.80 25.50 69.54 24.90 65.57 24.80 64.94
400 27.60 81.09 26.90 76.41 26.20 72.04 26.10 47.81
420 29.00 88.70 28.20 83.57 27.50 78.80 8.49 78.04
440 30.30 96.62 29.50 91.04 28.80 85.83 28.70 85.00
460 31.70 104.90 30.90 98.80 30.20 93.15 30.00 92.24
480 33.10 113.40 32.20 106.80 31.50 100.70 31.40 99.76
500 34.50 122.30 33.60 115.20 32.80 108.60 32.60 107.50
3 INCH
20 0.96 0.16 0.94 0.15 0.92 0.14 0.87 0.13
30 1.45 0.33 1.41 0.31 1.37 0.29 1.30 0.25
40 1.93 0.54 1.88 0.51 1.83 0.48 1.74 0.42
50 2.41 0.81 2.35 0.76 2.29 0.72 2.17 0.63
60 2.89 1.12 2.82 1.05 2.75 0.99 2.61 0.87
70 3.38 1.47 3.29 1.38 3.20 1.30 3.04 1.15
80 3.86 1.87 3.76 1.75 3.66 1.65 3.48 1.45
90 4.34 2.30 4.23 2.16 4.12 2.04 3.91 1.80
100 4.82 2.78 4.70 2.61 4.59 2.47 4.35 2.17
110 5.30 3.30 5.17 3.10 5.05 2.93 4.79 2.57
120 5.79 3.86 5.64 3.63 5.50 3.42 5.21 3.01
130 6.27 4.46 6.11 4.19 5.95 3.95 5.65 3.47
140 6.75 5.10 6.58 4.79 6.41 4.52 6.09 3.97
150 7.24 5.77 7.05 5.42 6.87 5.12 6.52 4.50
160 7.72 6.49 7.52 6.09 7.34 5.75 6.95 5.05
170 8.20 7.24 7.99 6.80 7.79 6.41 7.39 5.64
180 8.69 8.03 8.46 7.54 8.25 7.11 7.82 6.25
190 9.16 8.85 8.93 8.32 8.70 7.84 8.25 6.89

42 43
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

200 9.64 9.71 9.40 9.13 9.16 8.61 8.70 7.56
220 10.60 11.55 10.30 10.85 10.10 10.23 9.56 8.99
240 11.60 13.52 11.30 12.70 11.00 11.98 10.40 10.52
260 12.60 15.64 12.20 14.69 11.90 13.85 11.30 12.17
280 13.50 17.90 13.20 16.81 12.80 15.85 12.20 13.93
300 14.50 20.30 14.10 19.06 13.70 17.97 13.00 15.79
320 15.40 22.83 15.00 21.44 14.70 20.22 13.90 17.76
340 16.40 25.50 16.00 23.95 15.60 22.58 14.80 19.83
360 17.40 28.30 16.90 26.95 16.50 25.06 15.70 22.01
380 18.30 31.24 17.90 29.58 17.40 27.66 16.50 24.29
400 19.30 34.32 18.80 32.22 18.30 30.38 17.40 26.68
450 21.70 42.58 21.20 39.98 20.60 37.69 19.60 33.09
500 24.10 51.65 23.50 48.50 22.90 45.72 21.70 40.14
550 26.60 61.54 25.80 57.77 25.20 54.46 23.90 47.81
600 29.00 72.22 28.20 67.80 27.50 63.91 26.10 56.10
650 31.40 83.69 30.60 78.56 29.80 74.05 28.20 65.00
700 33.80 95.95 32.90 90.06 32.10 84.89 30.40 74.50
750 36.20 109.00 35.20 102.30 34.40 96.41 32.60 84.61
800 38.60 122.80 37.60 115.30 36.60 108.60 34.80 95.31
3 -1/2 INCH
60 2.14 0.54 2.09 0.51 2.05 0.49 2.00 0.46
70 2.49 0.71 2.44 0.67 2.39 0.64 2.33 0.60
80 2.84 0.90 2.78 0.85 2.73 0.81 2.66 0.77
90 3.20 1.11 3.13 1.05 3.07 1.00 3.00 0.95
100 3.56 1.34 3.48 1.27 3.41 1.21 3.33 1.14
110 3.92 1.59 3.82 1.50 3.76 1.43 3.67 1.35
120 4.26 1.86 4.18 1.76 4.10 1.68 4.00 1.58
130 4.62 2.15 4.52 2.03 4.45 1.93 4.33 1.83
140 4.98 2.45 4.87 2.32 4.79 2.21 4.66 2.09
150 5.34 2.78 5.21 2.62 5.12 2.50 5.00 2.36
160 5.69 3.12 5.56 2.95 5.46 2.81 5.33 2.66
170 6.05 3.48 5.91 3.29 5.80 3.14 5.66 2.96
180 6.40 3.86 6.26 3.64 6.16 3.48 6.00 3.28
190 6.76 4.25 6.60 4.02 6.49 3.83 6.33 3.62
200 7.11 4.67 6.95 4.41 6.82 4.20 6.66 3.97
220 7.82 5.54 7.65 5.24 7.51 4.99 7.33 4.72
240 8.54 6.49 8.35 6.13 8.19 5.85 8.00 5.52
260 9.25 7.50 9.05 7.09 8.87 6.76 8.66 6.39
280 9.95 8.58 9.74 8.11 9.55 7.73 9.33 7.30

44 43
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

300 10.70 9.73 10.40 9.19 10.20 8.76 10.00 8.28
350 12.50 12.87 12.20 12.16 11.90 11.60 11.70 10.95
400 14.20 16.42 13.90 15.51 13.70 14.79 13.30 13.97
450 16.00 20.36 15.60 19.23 15.40 18.33 15.00 17.32
500 17.80 24.68 17.40 23.32 17.10 22.23 16.70 20.99
550 19.60 29.39 19.10 27.76 18.80 26.46 18.30 24.99
600 21.40 34.47 20.90 32.56 20.50 31.04 20.00 29.31
650 23.10 39.92 22.60 37.71 22.20 35.94 21.60 33.95
700 24.90 45.75 24.40 43.21 23.90 41.18 23.30 38.89
750 26.60 51.94 26.10 49.05 25.60 46.75 25.00 44.15
800 28.40 58.49 27.80 55.24 27.30 52.65 26.60 49.75
850 30.20 65.40 29.60 61.77 29.00 58.87 28.30 55.59
900 32.00 72.68 31.30 68.63 30.70 65.41 30.00 61.77
950 33.80 80.31 33.00 75.84 32.40 72.27 31.60 68.24
1000 35.60 88.29 34.80 83.37 34.10 79.46 33.30 75.02
1100 39.20 105.30 38.20 99.45 37.60 94.77 36.70 89.47
1200 42.60 123.70 41.80 116.80 41.00 111.30 40.00 105.10
1300 46.20 143.50 45.20 135.50 44.50 129.10 43.30 121.90
1400 49.80 164.70 48.70 155.50 47.90 148.20 46.60 139.90
4 INCH
100 2.74 0.72 2.68 0.68 2.64 0.65 2.55 0.60
110 3.02 0.85 2.94 0.80 2.90 0.77 2.81 0.71
120 3.29 0.99 3.21 0.94 3.16 0.90 3.06 0.83
130 3.57 1.15 3.48 1.08 3.42 1.04 3.31 0.96
140 3.84 1.31 3.74 1.23 3.69 1.19 3.57 1.10
150 4.11 1.48 4.01 1.40 3.95 1.35 3.83 1.25
160 4.39 1.67 4.28 1.57 4.21 1.51 4.08 1.39
170 4.66 1.86 4.55 1.75 4.48 1.69 4.33 1.56
180 4.94 2.06 4.81 1.94 4.74 1.87 4.58 1.73
190 5.21 2.27 5.08 2.14 5.00 2.06 4.84 1.91
200 5.49 2.49 5.35 2.35 5.27 2.26 5.10 2.09
220 6.04 2.96 5.89 2.79 5.80 2.68 5.61 2.48
240 6.59 3.46 6.42 3.26 6.32 3.14 6.12 2.90
260 7.14 4.00 6.95 3.77 6.85 3.63 6.63 3.36
280 7.69 4.57 7.49 4.31 7.38 4.15 7.14 3.84
300 8.24 5.18 8.02 4.88 7.90 4.70 7.65 4.35
350 9.60 6.85 9.36 6.46 9.22 6.22 8.92 5.75
400 11.00 8.74 10.70 8.23 10.50 7.93 10.20 7.33
450 12.40 10.83 12.00 10.20 11.90 9.83 11.50 9.08
500 13.70 13.12 13.40 12.36 13.20 11.91 12.80 11.00
NOTES:
*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.
No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local
conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added
to the values in the tables.
44 45
TECHNICAL DATA

at 60° F

550 15.1 15.61 14.70 14.71 14.50 14.17 14.10 13.09
600 16.5 18.31 16.00 17.24 15.80 16.61 15.30 15.35
650 17.9 21.19 17.40 19.96 17.10 19.23 16.60 17.77
700 19.2 24.28 18.70 22.86 18.40 22.03 17.90 20.35
750 20.6 27.55 20.10 25.95 19.80 25.00 19.10 23.09
800 22.0 31.01 21.40 29.21 21.10 28.14 20.40 25.99
850 23.30 34.67 22.80 32.65 22.40 31.46 21.70 29.05
900 24.7 38.51 24.10 36.27 23.70 34.94 23.00 32.27
950 26.1 42.54 25.40 40.06 25.00 38.60 24.20 35.64
1000 27.4 46.76 26.80 44.03 26.40 42.42 25.50 39.17
1100 30.2 55.74 29.40 52.48 29.00 50.56 28.10 46.69
1200 32.9 65.45 32.10 61.62 31.60 59.37 30.60 54.82
1300 35.70 75.89 34.80 71.45 34.20 68.83 33.10 63.55
1400 38.40 87.05 37.40 81.95 36.90 78.95 35.70 72.89
1500 41.10 98.23 40.10 93.13 39.50 89.71 38.30 82.82
1600 43.90 111.50 42.80 105.00 42.10 101.10 40.80 93.34
1800 49.40 138.80 48.10 130.60 47.40 125.80 45.80 116.10
2000 54.90 168.90 53.50 158.90 52.70 153.10 51.00 141.30
2200 60.40 201.70 58.90 189.80 58.00 182.80 56.10 168.70

46 45
TECHNICAL DATA

(new steel pipe) at 60° F
1/2 INCH
STANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40 EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80
.622" Inside Diameter .546" Inside Diameter
FLOW VELOCITY VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY VELOCITY HEAD LOSS
U.S. GPM (Ft./Sec.) (Head Ft.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Head Ft.) (Ft./100 Ft.)
0.7 0.739 .008 0.74 .96 .01 1.39
1.0 1.056 .017 1.86 1.37 .03 2.58
1.5 1.58 .039 2.82 2.06 .07 5.34
2.0 2.11 .069 4.73 2.74 .12 9.02
2.5 2.64 .108 7.10 3.43 .18 13.60
3.0 3.17 .156 9.94 4.11 .26 19.10
3.5 3.70 .212 13.20 4.80 .36 25.50
4.0 4.22 .277 17.00 5.48 .47 32.70
4.5 4.75 .351 21.10 6.17 .59 40.90
5.0 5.28 .433 25.80 6.86 .73 50.00
5.5 5.81 .524 30.90 7.54 .88 59.90
6.0 6.34 .624 36.40 8.23 1.05 70.70
6.5 6.86 .732 42.40 8.91 1.23 82.40
7.0 7.39 .849 48.80 9.60 1.43 95.00
7.5 7.92 .975 55.60 10.30 1.60 109.00
8.0 8.45 1.109 63.00 11.00 1.90 123.00
8.5 8.98 1.25 70.70 11.60 2.10 138.00
9.0 9.50 1.40 78.90 12.30 2.40 154.00
9.5 10.03 1.56 87.60 13.00 2.60 171.00
10.0 10.56 1.73 96.60 13.70 2.90 189.00
3/4 INCH
.824" Inside Diameter .742" Inside Diameter
1.5 0.90 .013 0.72 1.11 .02 1.19
2.0 1.20 .023 1.19 1.48 .03 1.99
2.5 1.50 .035 1.78 1.86 .05 2.97
3.0 1.81 .051 2.47 2.23 .08 4.14
3.5 2.11 .069 3.26 2.60 .11 5.48
4.0 2.41 .090 4.16 2.97 .14 7.01
4.5 2.71 .114 5.17 3.34 .17 8.72
5.0 3.01 .141 6.28 3.71 .21 10.60
6.0 3.61 .203 8.80 4.45 .31 14.90
7.0 4.21 .276 11.70 5.20 .42 19.90
8.0 4.81 .360 15.10 5.94 .55 25.60
9.0 5.42 .456 18.80 6.68 .69 32.10
10.0 6.02 .563 23.00 7.42 .86 39.20
11.0 6.62 .681 27.60 8.17 1.04 47.00
12.0 7.22 .722 32.50 8.91 1.23 55.50
13.0 7.82 .951 37.90 9.63 1.44 64.80
14.0 8.42 1.103 43.70 10.40 1.70 74.70
16.0 9.63 1.44 56.40 11.90 2.20 96.70
18.0 10.80 1.82 70.80 13.40 2.80 121.00
20.0 12.00 2.25 86.80 14.80 3.40 149.00
46 47
TECHNICAL DATA

1 INCH
1.049" Inside Diameter .957" InsideDiameter
2 0.74 .009 .385 .89 .01 .599
3 1.11 .019 .787 1.34 .03 1.19
4 1.48 .034 1.270 1.79 .05 1.99
5 1.86 .054 1.90 2.23 .08 2.99
6 2.23 .077 2.65 2.68 .11 4.17
8 2.97 .137 4.50 3.57 .20 7.11
10 3.71 .214 6.81 4.46 .31 10.80
12 4.45 .308 9.58 5.36 .45 15.20
14 5.20 .420 12.80 6.25 .61 20.40
16 5.94 .548 16.50 7.14 .79 26.30
18 6.68 .694 20.60 8.03 1.00 32.90
20 7.42 .857 25.20 8.92 1.24 40.30
22 8.17 1.036 30.30 9.82 1.50 48.40
24 8.91 1.23 35.80 10.70 1.80 57.20
26 9.65 1.45 41.70 11.60 2.10 66.80
28 10.39 1.68 48.10 12.50 2.40 77.10
30 11.10 1.93 55.00 13.40 2.80 88.20
35 13.00 2.62 74.10 15.60 3.80 119.00
40 14.80 3.43 96.10 17.90 5.00 154.00
45 16.70 4.33 121.00 20.10 6.30 194.00
1-1/4 INCH
1.380" Inside Diameter 1.278" Inside Diameter
4 .858 .011 .35 1.00 .015 .51
5 1.073 .018 .52 1.25 .024 .75
6 1.29 .026 .72 1.50 .034 1.04
7 1.50 .035 .95 1.75 .048 1.33
8 1.72 .046 1.20 2.00 .062 1.69
10 2.15 .072 1.74 2.50 .097 2.55
12 2.57 .103 2.45 3.00 .140 3.57
14 3.00 .140 3.24 3.50 .190 4.75
16 3.43 .183 4.15 4.00 .249 6.10
18 3.86 .232 5.17 4.50 .315 7.61
20 4.29 .286 6.31 5.00 .388 9.28
25 5.36 .431 9.61 6.25 .607 14.20
30 6.44 .644 13.60 7.50 .874 20.10
35 7.51 .876 18.20 8.75 1.19 27.00
40 8.58 1.14 23.50 10.00 1.55 34.90
50 10.70 1.79 36.20 12.50 2.43 53.70
60 12.90 2.57 51.50 15.00 3.50 76.50
70 15.00 3.50 69.50 17.50 4.76 103.00
80 17.20 4.53 90.20 20.00 6.21 134.00
90 19.30 5.79 114.00 22.50 7.86 168.00
48 47
TECHNICAL DATA

1-1/2 INCH
4 .63 .006 .166 .73 .01 .233
5 .79 .010 .246 .91 .01 .346
6 .95 .014 .340 1.09 .02 .478
7 1.10 .019 .447 1.27 .03 .630
8 1.26 .025 .567 1.45 .03 .800
9 1.42 .031 .701 1.63 .04 .990
10 1.58 .039 .848 1.82 .05 1.20
12 1.89 .056 1.18 2.18 .07 1.61
14 2.21 .076 1.51 2.54 .10 2.14
16 2.52 .099 1.93 2.90 .13 2.74
18 2.84 .125 2.40 3.27 .17 3.41
20 3.15 .154 2.92 3.63 .20 4.15
22 3.47 .187 3.48 3.99 .25 4.96
24 3.78 .222 4.10 4.36 .30 5.84
26 4.10 .261 4.76 4.72 .35 6.80
28 4.41 .303 5.47 5.08 .40 7.82
30 4.73 .347 6.23 5.45 .46 8.91
32 5.04 .395 7.04 5.81 .52 10.10
34 5.36 .446 7.90 6.17 .59 11.30
36 5.67 .500 8.80 6.54 .66 12.60
38 5.99 .577 9.76 6.90 .74 14.00
40 6.30 .618 10.80 7.26 .82 15.40
42 6.62 .681 11.80 7.63 .90 16.90
44 6.93 .747 12.90 7.99 .99 18.50
46 7.25 .817 14.00 8.35 1.08 20.10
48 7.56 .889 15.20 8.72 1.18 21.80
50 7.88 .965 16.50 9.08 1.28 23.60
55 8.67 1.17 19.80 9.99 1.55 28.40
60 9.46 1.39 23.40 10.90 1.80 33.60
65 10.24 1.63 27.30 11.80 2.20 39.20
70 11.03 1.89 31.50 12.70 2.50 45.30
75 11.80 2.17 36.00 13.60 2.90 51.80
80 12.60 2.47 40.80 14.50 3.30 58.70
85 13.40 2.79 45.90 15.40 3.70 66.00
90 14.20 3.13 51.30 16.30 4.10 73.80
95 15.00 3.48 57.00 17.20 4.60 82.00
100 15.80 3.86 63.00 18.20 5.10 90.70
110 17.30 4.67 75.80 20.00 6.20 109.30
120 18.90 5.56 89.90 21.80 7.40 129.60
130 20.50 6.52 105.00 23.60 8.70 151.60
140 22.10 7.56 122.00 25.40 10.00 175.0
150 23.60 8.68 139.00 27.20 11.50 201.0
160 25.20 9.88 158.00 29.00 13.10 228.0
170 26.80 11.15 178.00 30.90 14.80 257.0
180 28.40 12.50 199.00 32.70 16.60 288.0
48 49
TECHNICAL DATA

1-1/2 INCH
4 .63 .006 .166 .73 .01 .233
5 .79 .010 .246 .91 .01 .346
6 .95 .014 .340 1.09 .02 .478
7 1.10 .019 .447 1.27 .03 .630
8 1.26 .025 .567 1.45 .03 .800
9 1.42 .031 .701 1.63 .04 .990
10 1.58 .039 .848 1.82 .05 1.20
12 1.89 .056 1.18 2.18 .07 1.61
14 2.21 .076 1.51 2.54 .10 2.14
16 2.52 .099 1.93 2.90 .13 2.74
18 2.84 .125 2.40 3.27 .17 3.41
20 3.15 .154 2.92 3.63 .20 4.15
22 3.47 .187 3.48 3.99 .25 4.96
24 3.78 .222 4.10 4.36 .30 5.84
26 4.10 .261 4.76 4.72 .35 6.80
28 4.41 .303 5.47 5.08 .40 7.82
30 4.73 .347 6.23 5.45 .46 8.91
32 5.04 .395 7.04 5.81 .52 10.10
34 5.36 .446 7.90 6.17 .59 11.30
36 5.67 .500 8.80 6.54 .66 12.60
38 5.99 .577 9.76 6.90 .74 14.00
40 6.30 .618 10.80 7.26 .82 15.40
42 6.62 .681 11.80 7.63 .90 16.90
44 6.93 .747 12.90 7.99 .99 18.50
46 7.25 .817 14.00 8.35 1.08 20.10
48 7.56 .889 15.20 8.72 1.18 21.80
50 7.88 .965 16.50 9.08 1.28 23.60
55 8.67 1.17 19.80 9.99 1.55 28.40
60 9.46 1.39 23.40 10.90 1.80 33.60
65 10.24 1.63 27.30 11.80 2.20 39.20
70 11.03 1.89 31.50 12.70 2.50 45.30
75 11.80 2.17 36.00 13.60 2.90 51.80
80 12.60 2.47 40.80 14.50 3.30 58.70
85 13.40 2.79 45.90 15.40 3.70 66.00
90 14.20 3.13 51.30 16.30 4.10 73.80
95 15.00 3.48 57.00 17.20 4.60 82.00
100 15.80 3.86 63.00 18.20 5.10 90.70
110 17.30 4.67 75.80 20.00 6.20 109.30
120 18.90 5.56 89.90 21.80 7.40 129.60
130 20.50 6.52 105.00 23.60 8.70 151.60
140 22.10 7.56 122.00 25.40 10.00 175.0
150 23.60 8.68 139.00 27.20 11.50 201.0
160 25.20 9.88 158.00 29.00 13.10 228.0
170 26.80 11.15 178.00 30.90 14.80 257.0
180 28.40 12.50 199.00 32.70 16.60 288.0
50 49
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
and Friction of Water (new steel pipe) at 60° F
2 INCH
5 .478 .004 .074 .54 .00 .101
6 .574 .005 .102 .65 .01 .139
7 .669 .007 .134 .76 .01 .182
8 .765 .009 .170 .87 .01 .231
9 .860 .012 .209 .98 .01 .285
10 .956 .014 .252 1.09 .02 .343
12 1.15 .021 .349 1.30 .03 .476
14 1.34 .028 .461 1.52 .04 .628
16 1.53 .036 .586 1.74 .05 .800
18 1.72 .046 .725 1.96 .06 .991
20 1.91 .057 .878 2.17 .07 1.16
22 2.10 .069 1.05 2.39 .09 1.38
24 2.29 .082 1.18 2.61 .11 1.62
26 2.49 .096 1.37 2.83 .12 1.88
28 2.68 .111 1.57 3.04 .14 2.16
30 2.87 .128 1.82 3.26 .17 2.46
35 3.35 .174 2.38 3.80 .22 3.28
40 3.82 .227 3.06 4.35 .29 4.21
45 4.30 .288 3.82 4.89 .37 5.26
50 4.78 .355 4.66 5.43 .46 6.42
55 5.26 .430 5.58 5.98 .56 7.70
60 5.74 .511 6.58 6.52 .66 9.09
65 6.21 .600 7.66 7.06 .77 10.59
70 6.69 .696 8.82 7.61 .90 12.20
75 7.17 .799 10.10 8.15 1.03 13.90
80 7.65 .909 11.40 8.69 1.17 15.80
85 8.13 1.03 12.80 9.03 1.27 17.70
90 8.60 1.15 14.30 9.78 1.49 19.80
95 9.08 1.28 15.90 10.30 1.60 22.00
100 9.56 1.42 17.50 10.90 1.80 24.30
110 10.52 1.72 21.00 12.00 2.20 29.20
120 11.50 2.05 24.90 13.00 2.60 34.50
130 12.40 2.40 29.10 14.10 3.10 40.30
140 13.40 2.78 33.60 15.20 3.60 46.60
150 14.30 3.20 38.40 16.30 4.10 53.30
160 15.30 3.64 43.50 17.40 4.70 60.50
170 16.30 4.11 49.00 18.50 5.30 68.10
180 17.20 4.60 54.80 19.60 6.00 76.10
190 18.20 5.13 60.90 20.60 6.60 84.60
200 19.10 5.68 67.30 21.70 7.30 93.60
220 21.00 6.88 81.10 23.90 8.90 113.0
240 22.90 8.18 96.20 26.90 10.60 134.0
260 24.90 9.60 113.0 28.30 12.40 157.0
280 26.80 11.14 130.0 30.40 14.40 181.0
300 28.70 12.80 149.0 32.60 16.50 208.0
50 51
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
2-1/2 INCH
8 .536 .005 .072 .61 .01 .097
10 .670 .007 .107 .76 .01 .144
12 .804 .010 .148 .91 .01 .199
14 .938 .014 .195 1.06 .02 .261
16 1.07 .018 .247 1.21 .02 .332
18 1.21 .023 .305 1.36 .03 .411
20 1.34 .028 .369 1.51 .04 .497
22 1.47 .034 .438 1.67 .04 .590
24 1.61 .040 .513 1.82 .05 .691
26 1.74 .047 .593 1.97 .06 .800
28 1.88 .055 .679 2.12 .07 .915
30 2.01 .063 .770 2.27 .08 1.00
35 2.35 .086 .99 2.65 .11 1.33
40 2.68 .112 1.26 3.03 .14 1.71
45 3.02 .141 1.57 3.41 .18 2.13
50 3.35 .174 1.91 3.79 .22 2.59
55 3.69 .211 2.28 4.16 .27 3.10
60 4.02 .251 2.69 4.54 .32 3.65
65 4.36 .295 3.13 4.92 .38 4.25
70 4.69 .342 3.60 5.30 .44 4.89
75 5.03 .393 4.10 5.68 .50 5.58
80 5.36 .447 4.64 6.05 .57 6.31
85 5.70 .504 5.20 6.43 .64 7.08
90 6.03 .565 5.80 6.81 .72 7.89
95 6.37 .630 6.43 7.19 0.80 8.76
100 6.70 .698 7.09 7.57 0.89 9.66
110 7.37 .844 8.51 8.33 1.08 11.60
120 8.04 1.00 10.10 9.08 1.28 13.70
130 8.71 1.18 11.70 9.84 1.50 16.00
140 9.38 1.37 13.50 10.60 1.70 18.50
150 10.05 1.57 15.50 11.30 2.00 21.10
160 10.70 1.79 17.50 12.10 2.30 23.90
170 11.40 2.02 19.70 12.90 2.60 26.90
180 12.10 2.26 22.00 13.60 2.90 30.10
190 12.70 2.52 24.40 14.40 3.20 33.40
200 13.40 2.79 27.00 15.10 3.50 36.90
220 14.70 3.38 32.50 16.70 4.30 44.40
240 16.10 4.02 38.50 18.20 5.10 52.70
260 17.40 4.72 45.00 19.70 6.00 61.60
280 18.80 5.47 52.30 21.20 7.00 71.20
300 20.10 6.28 59.60 22.70 8.00 81.60
350 23.50 8.55 80.60 26.50 10.90 110.0
400 26.80 11.20 105.0 30.30 14.30 144.0
450 30.20 14.20 132.0 34.10 18.10 181.0
500 33.50 17.40 163.0 37.90 22.30 223.0
52 51
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
3 INCH
10 .434 .003 .038 .49 .00 .050
15 .651 .007 .077 .73 .01 .101
20 .868 .012 .129 .97 .02 .169
25 1.09 .018 .192 1.21 .02 .253
30 1.30 .026 .267 1.45 .03 .351
35 1.52 .036 .353 1.70 .04 .464
40 1.74 .047 .449 1.94 .06 .592
45 1.95 .059 .557 2.18 .07 .734
50 2.17 .073 .676 2.43 .09 .860
55 2.39 .089 .776 2.67 .11 1.03
60 2.60 .105 .912 2.91 .13 1.21
65 2.82 .124 1.06 3.16 .15 1.40
70 3.04 .143 1.22 3.40 .18 1.61
75 3.25 .165 1.38 3.64 .21 1.83
80 3.47 .187 1.56 3.88 .23 2.07
85 3.69 .211 1.75 4.12 .26 2.31
90 3.91 .237 1.95 4.37 .29 2.58
95 4.12 .264 2.16 4.61 .33 2.86
100 4.34 .293 2.37 4.85 .36 3.15
110 4.77 .354 2.84 5.33 .44 3.77
120 5.21 .421 3.35 5.81 .52 4.45
130 5.64 .495 3.90 6.30 .62 5.19
140 6.08 .574 4.50 6.79 .71 5.98
150 6.51 .659 5.13 7.28 .82 6.82
160 6.94 .749 5.80 7.76 .93 7.72
180 7.81 .948 7.27 8.72 1.01 9.68
200 8.68 1.17 8.90 9.70 1.46 11.86
220 9.55 1.42 10.70 10.70 1.78 14.26
240 10.40 1.69 12.70 11.60 2.07 16.88
260 11.30 1.98 14.80 12.60 2.46 19.71
280 12.20 2.29 17.10 13.60 2.88 22.77
300 13.00 2.63 19.50 14.50 3.26 26.04
320 13.90 3.00 22.10 15.50 3.77 29.53
340 14.80 3.38 24.90 16.50 4.22 33.24
360 15.60 3.79 27.80 17.50 4.73 37.16
380 16.50 4.23 30.90 18.40 5.27 41.31
400 17.40 4.68 34.20 19.40 5.81 45.67
420 18.20 5.16 37.60 20.40 6.43 50.25
440 19.10 5.67 41.20 21.40 7.13 55.05
460 20.00 6.19 44.90 22.30 7.75 60.06
480 20.80 6.74 48.80 23.30 8.37 65.30
500 21.70 7.32 52.90 24.20 9.15 70.75
550 23.90 8.85 63.80 26.70 11.10 85.33
600 26.00 10.50 75.70 29.10 13.10 101.00
650 28.20 12.40 88.60 31.60 15.50 119.00
52 53
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
3-1/2 INCH
15 .487 .004 .038 .54 .00 .050
20 .649 .007 .064 .72 .01 .083
25 .811 .010 .095 .90 .01 .123
30 .974 .015 .132 1.08 .02 .171
35 1.14 .020 .174 1.26 .02 .225
40 1.30 .026 .221 1.44 .03 .287
45 1.46 .033 .274 1.63 .04 .355
50 1.62 .041 .332 1.80 .05 .430
60 1.95 .059 .463 2.17 .07 .601
70 2.27 .080 .614 2.53 .10 .769
80 2.60 .105 .757 2.89 .13 .986
90 2.92 .133 .943 3.25 .16 1.23
100 3.25 .164 1.15 3.61 .20 1.50
110 3.57 .198 1.37 3.97 .24 1.79
120 3.89 .236 1.62 4.33 .29 2.11
130 4.22 .277 1.88 4.69 .34 2.46
140 4.54 .321 2.16 5.05 .40 2.83
150 4.87 .368 2.47 5.41 .45 3.22
160 5.19 .419 2.79 5.78 .52 3.64
170 5.52 .473 3.13 6.14 .59 4.09
180 5.84 .530 3.49 6.50 .66 4.56
190 6.17 .591 3.86 6.85 .73 5.06
200 6.49 .655 4.26 7.22 .81 5.58
220 7.14 .792 5.12 7.94 .98 6.70
240 7.79 .943 6.04 8.66 1.17 7.92
260 8.44 1.11 7.05 9.38 1.37 9.24
280 9.09 1.28 8.13 10.10 1.60 10.66
300 9.74 1.47 9.29 10.80 1.80 12.20
320 10.40 1.68 10.50 11.50 2.10 13.80
340 11.00 1.89 11.80 12.30 2.40 15.50
360 11.70 2.12 13.20 13.00 2.60 17.40
380 12.30 2.36 14.70 13.70 2.90 19.30
400 13.00 2.62 16.20 14.40 3.20 21.30
420 13.60 2.89 17.80 15.20 3.60 23.40
440 14.30 3.17 19.50 15.90 3.90 25.70
460 14.90 3.46 21.30 16.60 4.30 28.00
480 15.60 3.77 23.10 17.30 4.70 30.40
500 16.20 4.09 25.10 18.10 5.10 32.90
550 17.80 4.95 30.20 19.90 6.20 39.70
600 19.50 5.89 35.80 21.70 7.30 47.10
650 21.10 6.91 41.90 23.50 8.60 55.10
700 22.70 8.02 48.40 25.30 9.40 63.70
750 24.30 9.20 55.40 27.10 11.40 73.00
800 26.00 10.50 62.90 28.90 13.00 82.90
850 27.60 11.80 70.90 30.70 14.60 93.40
54 53
TECHNICAL DATA
VELOCITY CHART
4 INCH
20 .504 .004 .035 .56 .00 .045
30 .756 .009 .072 .84 .01 .092
40 1.01 .016 .120 1.12 .02 .153
50 1.26 .025 .179 1.40 .03 .230
60 1.51 .036 .250 1.67 .04 .320
70 1.76 .048 .330 1.95 .06 .424
80 2.02 .063 .422 2.23 .08 .541
90 2.27 .080 .523 2.51 .10 .649
100 2.52 .099 .613 2.79 .12 .789
110 2.77 .119 .723 3.07 .15 .943
120 3.02 .142 .861 3.35 .17 1.11
130 3.28 .167 1.00 3.63 .20 1.29
140 3.53 .193 1.15 3.91 .24 1.48
150 3.78 .222 1.31 4.19 .27 1.69
160 4.03 .253 1.48 4.47 .31 1.91
170 4.28 .285 1.66 4.75 .35 2.14
180 4.54 .320 1.85 5.02 .39 2.38
190 4.79 .356 2.05 5.30 .44 2.64
200 5.04 .395 2.25 5.58 .48 2.91
220 5.54 .478 2.70 6.14 .59 3.49
240 6.05 .569 3.19 6.70 .70 4.13
260 6.55 .667 3.72 7.26 .82 4.81
280 7.06 .774 4.28 7.82 .95 5.54
300 7.56 .888 4.89 8.38 1.09 6.33
320 8.06 1.01 5.53 8.94 1.24 7.17
340 8.57 1.14 6.22 9.50 1.40 8.06
360 9.07 1.28 6.94 10.00 1.60 9.00
380 9.58 1.43 7.71 10.60 1.70 9.99
400 10.10 1.58 8.51 11.20 1.90 11.00
420 10.60 1.74 9.35 11.70 2.10 12.10
440 11.10 1.91 10.20 12.30 2.30 13.30
460 11.60 2.09 11.20 12.80 2.50 14.50
480 12.10 2.27 12.10 13.40 2.80 15.70
500 12.60 2.47 13.10 14.00 3.00 17.00
550 13.90 2.99 15.80 15.30 3.60 20.50
600 15.10 3.55 18.70 16.70 4.30 24.30
650 16.40 4.17 21.70 18.10 5.10 28.40
700 17.60 4.84 25.30 19.50 5.90 32.80
750 18.90 5.55 28.90 20.90 6.80 37.60
800 20.20 6.32 32.80 22.30 7.70 42.70
850 21.40 7.13 37.00 23.70 8.70 48.10
900 22.70 8.00 41.40 25.10 9.80 53.80
950 23.90 8.91 46.00 26.50 10.90 59.80
1000 25.20 9.87 50.90 27.90 12.10 66.20
1100 27.70 11.90 61.40 30.70 14.60 79.80
NOTES:
*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.
No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local
conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added
to the values in the tables.
54 55
TECHNICAL DATA
FRICTION LOSSES THROUGH PIPE FITTINGS & VALVES
GATEVALVE GLOBE ANGLE CHECK ORDINARY MEDIUM LONG

SIZE VALVE- VALVE- VALVE- ENTRANCE STD. SWEEP SWEEP
OF PIPE WIDE 1/4 1/2 3/4 WIDE WIDE WIDE TO PIPE 90° 90° 90°
(Inches) OPEN CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED OPEN OPEN OPEN LINES ELBOW ELBOW ELBOW
STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)
1/8" .14 .85 5.00 19.00 9.00 5.00 2.00 .46 .74 .65 .50
1/4" .21 1.25 7.00 26.00 12.00 6.00 3.00 .60 1.00 .86 .70
3/8" .27 1.80 9.00 36.00 16.00 8.00 4.00 .75 1.40 1.15 .90
1/2" .41 2.10 12.00 44.00 17.60 7.78 5.18 .90 1.60 1.55 1.10
3/4" .55 2.90 14.00 59.00 23.30 10.30 6.86 1.40 2.30 2.06 1.50
1" .70 3.40 18.00 70.00 29.70 13.10 8.74 1.60 2.70 2.62 2.00
1-1/4" .92 4.80 24.00 96.00 39.10 17.80 11.50 2.50 3.60 3.45 2.50
1-1/2" 1.07 5.60 28.00 116.00 45.60 20.10 13.40 3.00 4.50 4.03 2.90
2" 1.38 7.00 36.00 146.00 58.60 25.80 17.20 3.50 5.40 5.17 3.60
2-1/2" 1.65 8.40 41.00 172.00 70.00 30.90 20.60 4.00 6.50 6.17 4.40
3" 2.04 10.00 52.00 213.00 86.90 38.40 25.50 5.00 8.50 7.67 5.50
3-1/2" 2.10 12.50 60.00 246.00 100.00 52.00 24.00 5.50 10.0 8.50 6.30
4" 2.40 14.00 70.00 285.00 116.00 57.00 27.00 6.50 12.0 9.50 7.20
Use the smaller diameter in the column for pipe size.
d Smaller diameter
=
D Larger diameter
ABRUPT ABRUPT
CONTRACTION ENLARGEMENT
SIZE SQUARE CLOSE d d d d d d
OF PIPE 45° 90° RETURN STD. STD. D D D D D D
(Inches) ELBOW ELBOW BENDS TEE TEE 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/4
STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)
1/8" .40 1.60 2.00 .50 1.60 .40 .30 .16 .74 .46 .16
1/4" .50 2.30 3.00 .70 2.30 .50 .40 .22 1.00 .62 .22
3/8" .65 3.00 4.00 .90 3.00 .65 .50 .29 1.40 .83 .29
1/2" .83 4.00 5.00 1.00 3.10 .80 .60 .36 1.60 1.20 .36
3/4" 1.10 5.00 6.00 1.40 4.10 1.00 .80 .48 2.30 1.40 48
1" 1.40 6.00 7.00 1.80 5.30 1.50 1.00 .62 2.70 1.60 .62
1-1/4" 1.84 8.00 9.00 2.30 6.90 1.70 1.40 .83 3.60 2.30 .83
1-1/2" 2.15 9.50 11.00 2.70 8.10 2.00 1.60 .97 4.50 2.70 .97
2" 2.76 13.00 14.00 3.50 10.30 2.50 2.00 1.30 5.40 3.50 1.30
2-1/2" 3.29 15.00 16.00 4.10 12.30 3.00 2.50 1.50 6.50 4.00 1.50
3" 4.09 18.00 19.00 5.10 15.30 4.00 2.90 1.80 8.00 4.80 1.80
3-1/2" 4.50 20.00 22.00 6.30 20.00 4.50 3.40 2.10 10.00 5.60 2.10
4" 5.00 23.00 25.00 7.20 23.00 5.00 4.00 2.40 12.00 6.40 2.40
NOTE: 1/8" to 4" are standard pipe sizes.
56 55
TECHNICAL DATA
HYDRONIC WATER FLOW CALCULATOR

(Gallons Per Minute for Btuh at Various Water Temperature Drops)
WATER TEMPERATURE DROP WATER TEMPERATURE DROP
10°F 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F 10°F 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
Btuh GPM Btuh GPM
101,000 20.2 10.1 6.7 5.1 4.0 151,000 30.2 15.1 10.1 7.6 6.0
102,000 20.4 10.2 6.8 5.1 4.1 152,000 30.4 15.2 10.1 7.6 6.1
103,000 20.6 10.3 6.9 5.2 4.1 153,000 30.6 15.3 10.2 7.7 6.1
104,000 20.8 10.4 6.9 5.2 4.2 154,000 30.8 15.4 10.3 7.7 6.2
105,000 21.0 10.5 7.0 5.3 4.2 155,000 31.0 15.5 10.3 7.8 6.2
106,000 21.2 10.6 7.1 5.3 4.2 156,000 31.2 15.6 10.4 7.8 6.2
107,000 21.4 10.7 7.1 5.4 4.3 157,000 31.4 15.7 10.5 7.9 6.3
108,000 21.6 10.8 7.2 5.4 4.3 158,000 31.6 15.8 10.5 7.9 6.3
109,000 21.8 10.9 7.3 5.5 4.4 159,000 31.8 15.9 10.6 8.0 6.4
110,000 22.0 11.0 7.3 5.5 4.4 160,000 32.0 16.0 10.7 8.0 6.4
111,000 22.2 11.1 7.4 5.6 4.4 161,000 32.2 16.1 10.7 8.1 6.4
112,000 22.4 11.2 7.5 5.6 4.5 162,000 32.4 16.2 10.8 8.1 6.5
113,000 22.6 11.3 7.5 5.7 4.5 163,000 32.6 16.3 10.9 8.2 6.5
114,000 22.8 11.4 7.6 5.7 4.6 164,000 32.8 16.4 10.9 8.2 6.6
115,000 23.0 11.5 7.7 5.8 4.6 165,000 33.0 16.5 11.0 8.3 6.6
116,000 23.2 11.6 7.7 5.8 4.6 166,000 33.2 16.6 11.1 8.3 6.6
117,000 23.4 11.7 7.8 5.9 4.7 167,000 33.4 16.7 11.1 8.4 6.7
118,000 23.6 11.8 7.9 5.9 4.7 168,000 33.6 16.8 11.2 8.4 6.7
119,000 23.8 11.9 7.9 6.0 4.8 169,000 33.8 16.9 11.3 8.5 6.8
120,000 24.0 12.0 8.0 6.0 4.8 170,000 34.0 17.0 11.3 8.5 6.8
121,000 24.2 12.1 8.1 6.1 4.8 171,000 34.2 17.1 11.4 8.6 6.8
122,000 24.4 12.2 8.1 6.1 4.9 172,000 34.4 17.2 11.5 8.6 6.9
123,000 24.6 12.3 8.2 6.2 4.9 173,000 34.6 17.3 11.5 8.7 6.9
124,000 24.8 12.4 8.3 6.2 5.0 174,000 34.8 17.4 11.6 8.7 7.0
125,000 25.0 12.5 8.3 6.3 5.0 175,000 35.0 17.5 11.7 8.8 7.0
126,000 25.2 12.6 8.4 6.3 5.0 176,000 35.2 17.6 11.7 8.8 7.0
127,000 25.4 12.7 8.5 6.4 5.1 177,000 35.4 17.7 11.8 8.9 7.1
128,000 25.6 12.8 8.5 6.4 5.1 178,000 35.6 17.8 11.9 8.9 7.1
129,000 25.8 12.9 8.6 6.5 5.2 179,000 35.8 17.9 11.9 9.0 7.2
130,000 26.0 13.0 8.7 6.5 5.2 180,000 36.0 18.0 12.0 9.0 7.2
131,000 26.2 13.1 8.7 6.6 5.2 181,000 36.2 18.1 12.1 9.1 7.2
132,000 26.4 13.2 8.8 6.6 5.3 182,000 36.4 18.2 12.1 9.1 7.3
133,000 26.6 13.3 8.9 6.7 5.3 183,000 36.6 18.3 12.2 9.2 7.3
134,000 26.8 13.4 8.9 6.7 5.4 184,000 36.8 18.4 12.3 9.2 7.4
135,000 27.0 13.5 9.0 6.8 5.4 185,000 37.0 18.5 12.3 9.3 7.4
136,000 27.2 13.6 9.1 6.8 5.4 186,000 37.2 18.6 12.4 9.3 7.4
137,000 27.4 13.7 9.1 6.9 5.5 187,000 37.4 18.7 12.5 9.4 7.5
138,000 27.6 13.8 9.2 6.9 5.5 188,000 37.6 18.8 12.5 9.4 7.5
139,000 27.8 13.9 9.3 7.0 5.6 189,000 37.8 18.9 12.6 9.5 7.6
140,000 28.0 14.0 9.3 7.0 5.6 190,000 38.0 19.0 12.7 9.5 7.6
141,000 28.2 14.1 9.4 7.1 5.6 191,000 38.2 19.1 12.7 9.6 7.6
142,000 28.4 14.2 9.5 7.1 5.7 192,000 38.4 19.2 12.8 9.6 7.7
143,000 28.6 14.3 9.5 7.2 5.7 193,000 38.6 19.3 12.9 9.7 7.7
144,000 28.8 14.4 9.6 7.2 5.8 194,000 38.8 19.4 12.9 9.7 7.8
145,000 29.0 14.5 9.7 7.3 5.8 195,000 39.0 19.5 13.0 9.8 7.8
146,000 29.2 14.6 9.7 7.3 5.8 196,000 39.2 19.6 13.1 9.8 7.8
147,000 29.4 14.7 9.8 7.4 5.9 197,000 39.4 19.7 13.1 9.9 7.9
148,000 29.6 14.8 9.9 7.4 5.9 198,000 39.6 19.8 13.2 9.9 7.9
149,000 29.8 14.9 9.9 7.5 6.0 199,000 39.8 19.9 13.3 10.0 8.0
150,000 30.0 15.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 200,000 40.0 20.0 13.3 10.0 8.0
NOTE: Btu/hr = 500 x gpm DT(°F)
56 57
PRODUCT NAME
Heat Losses From Covered Pipe

Heat Losses From Bare Steel Pipe 85 Percent Magnesia Type
BTU Per Linear Foot Per Hour Per °F Temperature
Based On 70° Surrounding Air DIfference (Surrounding Air Assumed 75° F)
Diameter Temperature of Pipe, Deg. F Pipe Insulation, Max. Temp. of Pipe Surface °F.
of Pipe, 100 120 150 180 210 240 Size Thickness,
Inches 125 175 225 275
Inches Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour
1/2 13 22 40 60 82 106 1/2 1 .145 .150 .157 .160
3/4 15 27 50 74 100 131 3/4 1 .165 .172 .177 .180
1 19 34 61 90 123 160
1-1/4 23 42 75 111 152 198 1 .190 .195 .200 .203
1-1/2 27 48 85 126 173 224 1
1-1/2 .160 .165 .167 .170
2 33 59 104 154 212 275
2-1/2 39 70 123 184 252 327 1 .220 .225 .232 .237
1-1/4
3 46 84 148 221 303 393 1-1/2 .182 .187 .193 .197
3-1/2 52 95 168 250 342 444
4 59 106 187 278 381 496 1 .240 .247 .255 .260
1-1/2
5 71 129 227 339 464 603 1-1/2 .200 .205 .210 .215
6 84 151 267 398 546 709
8 107 194 341 509 697 906 1 .282 .290 .297 .303
10 132 238 420 626 857 1114 2 1-1/2 .230 .235 .240 .243
12 154 279 491 732 1003 1305
2 .197 .200 .205 .210
14 181 326 575 856 1173 1527
16 203 366 644 960 1314 1711 1 .322 .330 .340 .345
18 214 385 678 1011 1385 1802
2-1/2 1-1/2 .260 .265 .270 .275
20 236 426 748 1115 1529 1990
2 .220 .225 .230 .237
1 .375 .385 .395 .405
Heat Losses From Bare Tarnished Copper Tube
3 1-1/2 .300 .305 .312 .320
Based On 70° Surrounding Air 2 .253 .257 .263 .270
Diameter Temperature of Pipe, Deg. F 1 .419 .430 .440 .450
of Pipe, 100 120 150 180 210 240 3-1/2 1-1/2 .332 .339 .345 .352
Inches Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour
2 .280 .285 .290 .295
1/4 4 8 14 21 29 37
3/8 6 10 18 28 37 48 1 .460 .470 .480 .492
1/2 7 13 22 33 45 59 4 1-1/2 .362 .370 .379 .385
5/8 8 15 26 39 53 68
3/4 9 17 30 45 61 79 2 .303 .308 .315 .320
1 11 21 37 55 75 97 1 .545 .560 .572 .585
1-1/4 14 25 45 66 90 117
5 1-1/2 .423 435 .442 .450
1-1/2 16 29 52 77 105 135
2 20 37 66 97 132 171 2 .355 .360 .367 .375
2-1/2 24 44 78 117 160 206 1 .630 .645 .662 .680
3 28 51 92 136 186 240
3-1/2 32 59 104 156 212 274 6 1-1/2 .487 .500 .510 .520
4 36 66 118 174 238 307 2 .405 .415 .420 .430
5 43 80 142 212 288 373
6 51 93 166 246 336 432 1 .790 .812 .835 .850
8 66 120 215 317 435 562 8 1-1/2 .603 .620 .635 .645
10 80 146 260 387 527 681
12 94 172 304 447 621 802 2 .495 .507 .517 .527
58 1
TECHNICAL DATA
TYPICAL SYMBOLS
GLOBE VALVE CIRCULATOR PUMP
GATE VALVE FLOAT-TYPE VENT
BALL VALVE SPIROVENT AIR

SEPARATOR
THERMOSTATIC
RADIATOR VALVE (TRV) UNION
DRAIN / FILL VALVE

EXPANSION TANK
ELECTRONIC ZONE VALVE
BLOWER
ANGLE TRV VALVE
PRESSURE REDUCING FINNED-TUBE BASEBOARD

VALVE
3-WAY MIXING VALVE HEAT EXCHANGER COIL
4-WAY MIXING VALVE

THERMOMETER
SWING CHECK VALVE
BACKFLOW PREVENTER PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

DIVERTER TEE
FLO-CHECK VALVE
METERED BALANCING VALVE HEAT EXCHANGER
58 59
TECHNICAL DATA
AFFINITY LAWS: Effect of change of speed or

impeller diameter on centrifugal pumps.
GPM Capacity Ft. Head BHP
2 3
Impeller D2 D2 D2
Diameter
Change
F2 = ( )
D1
F1 H2 = ( )
D1
H1 P2 = ( ) D1
P1
2 3
RPM2 RPM2 RPM2
Speed
Change
F2 =
( )
RPM1
F1 H2 =
( )
RPM1
H1 P2 =
( )
RPM1
P1
Where F = Flow, GPM, H = Head, FT, D = Impeller Dia. in inches,

P = Power, BHP, RPM = Pump Speed
60 59
TECHNICAL DATA
Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions
of Ethylene Glycol of Propylene Glycol
Percent Ethylene Glycol Freezing Boiling Point, Percent Ethylene Glycol Freezing Boiling Point,
By Mass By Volume Point °F °F at 14.6 psia By Mass By Volume Point °F °F at 14.6 psia
0.0 0.0 32.0 212 0.0 0.0 32.0 212
5.0 4.4 29.4 213 5.0 4.8 29.1 212
10.0 8.9 26.2 214 10.0 9.6 26.1 212
15.0 13.6 22.2 215 15.0 14.5 22.9 212
20.0 18.1 17.9 216 20.0 19.4 19.2 213
21.0 19.2 16.8 216 21.0 20.4 18.3 213
22.0 20.1 15.9 216 22.0 21.4 17.6 213
23.0 21.0 14.9 217 23.0 22.4 16.6 213
24.0 22.0 13.7 217 24.0 23.4 15.6 213
25.0 22.9 12.7 218 25.0 24.4 14.7 214
26.0 23.9 11.4 218 26.0 25.3 13.7 214
27.0 24.8 10.4 218 27.0 26.4 12.6 214
28.0 25.8 9.2 219 28.0 27.4 11.5 215
29.0 26.7 8.0 219 29.0 28.4 10.4 215
30.0 27.7 6.7 220 30.0 29.4 9.2 216
31.0 28.7 5.4 220 31.0 30.4 7.9 216
32.0 29.6 4.2 220 32.0 31.4 6.6 216
33.0 30.6 2.9 220 33.0 32.4 5.3 216
34.0 31.6 1.4 220 34.0 33.5 3.9 216
35.0 32.6 -0.2 221 35.0 34.4 2.4 217
36.0 33.5 -1.5 221 36.0 35.5 0.8 217
37.0 34.5 -3.0 221 37.0 36.5 -0.8 217
38.0 35.5 -4.5 221 38.0 37.5 -2.4 218
39.0 36.5 -6.4 221 39.0 38.5 -4.2 218
40.0 37.5 -8.1 222 40.0 39.6 -6.0 219
41.0 38.5 -9.8 222 41.0 40.6 -7.8 219
42.0 39.5 -11.7 222 42.0 41.6 -9.8 219
43.0 40.5 -13.5 223 43.0 42.6 -11.8 219
44.0 41.5 -15.5 223 44.0 43.7 -13.9 219
45.0 42.5 -17.5 224 45.0 44.7 -16.1 220
46.0 43.5 -19.8 224 46.0 45.7 -18.3 220
47.0 44.5 -21.6 224 47.0 46.8 -20.7 220
48.0 45.5 -23.9 224 48.0 47.8 -23.1 221
49.0 46.6 -26.7 224 49.0 48.9 -25.7 221
50.0 47.6 -28.9 225 50.0 49.9 -28.3 222
51.0 48.6 -31.2 225 51.0 50.9 -31.0 222
52.0 49.6 -33.6 225 52.0 51.9 -33.8 222
53.0 50.6 -36.2 226 53.0 53.0 -36.7 223
54.0 51.6 -38.8 226 54.0 54.0 -39.7 223
55.0 52.7 -42.0 227 55.0 55.0 -42.8 223
56.0 53.7 -44.7 227 56.0 56.0 -46.0 223
57.0 54.7 -47.5 228 57.0 57.0 -49.3 224
58.0 55.7 -50.0 228 58.0 58.0 -52.7 224
59.0 56.8 -52.7 229 59.0 59.0 -56.2 224
60.0 57.8 -54.9 230 60.0 60.0 -59.9 225
65.0 62.8 a 235 65.0 65.0 a 227
70.0 68.3 a 242 70.0 70.0 a 230
75.0 73.6 a 248 75.0 75.0 a 237
80.0 78.9 -52.2 255 80.0 80.0 a 245
85.0 84.3 -34.5 273 85.0 85.0 a 257
90.0 89.7 -21.6 285 90.0 90.0 a 270
95.0 95.0 -3.0 317 95.0 95.0 a 310
a
a
Freezing points are below -60°F Above 60% by mass, solutions do not freeze but become a glass.
60 61
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-8: ANSI 150 (125) and 300 (250) lb. Steel Flange Dimensi ons
Nom. Dia. of Flange Flange thk. Bolt Circle Dia.

dia. (OD) inches. (t) inches. (BC) inches. No. of Bolts Bolt Size
(in.) 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb.
1/2 3 1/2 3 3/4 7/16 9/16 2 3/8 2 5/8 4 4 1/2 1/2
3/4 3 7/8 4 5/8 1/2 5/8 2 3/4 3 1/4 4 4 1/2 5/8
1 4 1/4 4 7/8 9/16 11/16 3 1/8 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5/8
1 1/4 4 5/8 5 1/4 5/8 3/4 3 1/2 3 7/8 4 4 1/2 5/8
1 1/2 5 6 1/8 11/16 13/16 3 7/8 4 1/2 4 4 1/2 3/4
2 6 6 1/2 3/4 7/8 4 3/4 5 4 8 5/8 5/8
2 1/2 7 7 1/2 7/8 1 5 1/2 5 7/8 4 8 5/8 3/4
3 7 1/2 8 1/4 15/16 1 1/8 6 6 5/8 4 8 5/8 3/4
3 1/2 8 1/2 9 15/16 1 3/16 7 7 1/4 8 8 5/8 3/4
4 9 10 15/16 1 1/4 7 1/2 7 7/8 8 8 5/8 3/4
5 10 11 15/16 1 3/8 8 1/2 9 1/4 8 8 3/4 3/4
6 11 12 1/2 1 1 7/16 9 1/2 10 5/8 8 12 3/4 3/4
8 13 1/2 15 1 1/8 1 5/8 11 3/4 13 8 12 3/4 7/8
10 16 17 1/2 1 3/16 1 7/8 14 1/4 15 1/4 12 16 7/8 1
12 19 20 1/2 1 1/4 2 17 17 3/4 12 16 7/8 1 1/8
14 OD 21 23 1 3/8 2 1/8 18 3/4 20 1/4 12 20 1 1 1/8
16 OD 23 1/2 25 1/2 1 7/16 2 1/4 21 1/4 22 1/2 16 20 1 1 1/4
18 OD 25 28 1 9/16 2 3/8 22 3/4 14 3/4 16 24 1 1/8 1 1/4
20 OD 27 1/2 30 1/2 1 11/16 2 1/2 25 27 20 24 1 1/8 1 1/4
24 OD 32 36 1 7/8 2 3/4 29 1/2 32 20 24 1 1/4 1 1/2
Notes: 1. SAE Grade 5 or better fasteners are recommended for 150 - 300 lb. flange service.
2. Steel flange configurations for attachment are slip-on, welding neck, socket weld or threaded. Flanges are
manufactured in a variety of mating faces, with the flat or raised face being the most common for water supply
service.
3. Ductile Iron flange dimensions for 250 psi service are the same as steel for 150 psi service.
4. ANSI flanges are available rated for 150,300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 psi service.
5. Pressure ratings:
a. 250 psi DI flanges are continuously rated at 400 psi for cool water service (<100 F) in 12 and smaller sizes.
b. 150 and 300 psi steel flanges have a continuously rating of 275 and 720 psi respectively for cool water service.
6. Flanged column pipe for suspended pump applications do not generally match ANSI standard in consideration of
space and strength requirements.
62
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-9: ANSI 150 (125) lb. Flange Guide - Gasket and Machine Bolt Dimensi ons
PIPE No. Mach. Bolt Gasket Dimensions
SIZE Bolts Dimension Ring Full Face
2 4 5/8 X 2 3/4 2 3/8 X 4 1/8 2 3/8 X 6

2 1/2 4 5/8 X 3 2 7/8 X 4 7/8 2 7/8 X 7
3 4 5/8 X 3 3 1/2 X 5 3/8 3 1/2 X 7 1/2
3 1/2 8 5/8 X 3 4 X 6 3/8 4 X 8 1/2
4 8 5/8 X 3 4 1/2 X 6 7/8 4 1/2 X 6 7/8
5 8 3/4 X 3 1/4 5 9/16 X 7 3/4 5 9/16 X 10
6 8 3/4 X 3 1/4 6 5/8 X 8 3/4 6 5/8 X 110
8 8 3/4 X 3 1/2 8 5/8 X 11 8 5/8 X 13 1/2
10 12 7/8 X 3 3/4 10 3/4 X 13 3/8 10 3/4 x 16
12 12 7/8 X 4 12 3/4 X 16 1/8 12 3/4 X 19
Note: All dimension are in inches where applicable.
62 63
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables

UNIT x FACTOR = UNIT UNIT x FACTOR = UNIT
Acceleration gravity 9.80665 meter/second2 BTU/min 0.01758 kilowatts
Acceleration gravity 32.2 feet/second2 BTU/min 0.02358 horsepower
Acceleration gravity 9.80665 meter/second2 byte 8.000001 bits
Acceleration gravity 32.2 feet/second2 calorie, g 0.00397 british thermal unit
acre 4,046.856 meter2 calorie, g 0.00116 watt-hour
acre 0.40469 hectare calorie, g 4184.00 x 103 ergs
acre 43,560.0 foot2 calorie, g 3.08596 foot pound-force
acre 4,840.0 yard2 calorie, g 4.184 joules
acre 0.00156 mile2 (statute) calorie, g 0.000001162 kilowatt-hour
acre 0.00404686 kilometer2 calorie, g 42664.9 gram-force cm
acre 160 rods2 calorie, g/hr 0.00397 btu/hr
acre feet 1,233.489 meter2 calorie, g/hr 0.0697 watts
acre feet 325,851.0 gallon (US) candle/cm2 12.566 candle/inch2
acre feet 1,233.489 meter3 candle/cm2 10000.0 candle/meter2
acre feet 325,851.0 gallon candle/inch2 144.0 candle/foot2
acre-feet 43560 feet3 candle power 12.566 lumens
acre-feet 102.7901531 meter3 carats 3.0865 grains
acre-feet 134.44 yards3 carats 200.0 milligrams
ampere 1 coulombs/second celsius 1.8 C°+ 32 fahrenheit
ampere 0.0000103638 faradays/second celsius 273.16 + C° kelvin
ampere 2997930000.0 statamperes centimeter 0.39370 inch
ampere 1000 milliamperes centimeter 0.03281 foot
ampere/meter 3600 coulombs centimeter 0.01 meter
angstrom 0.0001 microns centimeter 10 millimeter
angstrom 0.1 millimicrons cm grams -force 0.0000723 foot pound-force
atmosphere 101.325 kilopascal cm of Hg 0.1934 pound/inch2
atmosphere 1.0332 kg/cm2 cm/sec 0.0328 feet/sec
atmosphere 0.10133 megapascal cm/sec 1.9685 feet/min
atmosphere 14.7 pound force/inch2 cm/sec 0.0006 km/min
atmosphere 101325.0 newtons/meter2 cm/sec 0.0194 knots
atmosphere 760 torrs cm/sec 0.000373 miles/hour
atmosphere 1.01325 bars cm/sec/sec 0.0328 feet/sec/sec
atmosphere 33.8995 feet of H2O @ 40°F cm/sec/sec 0.01 meters/sec/sec
atmosphere 1033.29 cm of H2O @ 4°C chains 66.0 feet
atmosphere 76 cm of Hg @ 0°C chains 20.117 meter
atmosphere 29.530 inches of Hg @ 32°F circles 360 degrees
atmosphere 760 mm of Hg @ 0°C circles 400 grades
bars .98692 atmosphere circles 6.2832 radians
bars .1 kilopascal circles 12.0 signs
bars 14.50377 pound force/inch2 circular inches 0.7854 inch2
bars 1019.72 grams force/cm2 centimeter2 0.15500 inch2
bars 75.0062 cm of Hg @ 0°C centimeter2 0.00108 foot2
bars 29.530 feet of H2O @ 40°F centimeter2 127.324 circular mm
bars 76 inches of Hg @ 0°C centimeter2 100.0 mm2
bars 14.5038 psi centimeter2 0.0001 meter2
barrels of oil(US) 42.0 gallons (US) centimeter2 155000.0 mils3
barrels of oil(US) 5.61458 feet3 centimeter3 0.06102 inch3
barrels of oil(US) 163.6592 liters centimeter3 0.00042 board feet
board feet 144 inch3 centimeter3 0.000035315 feet3
board feet 0.08333 foot3 centimeter3 0.000001 meters3
board feet 2359.74 cm3 centimeter3 0.27051 drams
british thermal unit (BTU) 777.649 foot pound-force centimeter3 0.06102 gallons (US)
british thermal unit (BTU) 1,055.056 joule centimeter3 0.001 liter
british thermal unit (BTU) 25020.1 foot poundals centimeter3 0.03381 ounces
british thermal unit (BTU) 251.996 calorie,g centimeter3 0.00211 pints
british thermal unit (BTU) 0.2520 kg-calorie centimeter3 0.00106 quarts
british thermal unit (BTU) 0.000292875 kw-hours centipose 0.001 pascal-second
british thermal unit (BTU) 0.00001 therms centistokes 0.000001 meter2/second
british thermal unit (BTU) 0.000393 hp-hours coulombs 1.0 amp-hours
british thermal unit (BTU) 1054.35 watt-seconds coulombs 0.000010364 faradays
british thermal unit (BTU) 10.544 x 103 ergs coulombs 2997900000 statcoulombs
british thermal unit (BTU) 0.999331 BTU (IST) days 24.0 hours
64 63
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables (continued)

foot3 28316.8 centimeter3
days 1440. minutes foot3 0.02832 meter3
days 0.00273 years foot3 28.32 liter (liq.)
days 86400 seconds foot3 59.842 pint (liq.)
decimeter 10. centimeters foot3 29.922 quart (liq.)
decimeter 3.937 inch foot3 7.48052 gallon (liq.)
decimeter 0.32808 feet foot3 0.03704 yard
decimeter3 61.02 inch3 foot3/hour .0283168 meter3/hour
degrees 60.0 minutes foot3/hour 0.0167 feet3/minute
degrees 3600.0 seconds foot3/hour 7.4805 gallons/hour
degrees 0.01111 quadrants foot3/minute 0.283168 meter3/minute
degrees 0.01745 radians foot3/minute 471.95 centimeter3/second
degrees 1.111 grades foot3/second 448.8306 gallon/minute
dynes 0.00001 newtons foot3/second 0.02832 meter3/second
dynes/cm2 0.000001 bars foot3/second 28.31658 liter/second
electron volts 1.6021 x 10-12 ergs foot3/second 120.0 foot3/hour
ergs 9.4845 x 10-11 british thermal unit foot3/pound 120.0 centimeter3/gram
ergs 1.0 x 10-7 joules foot3 H2O 28.31413 Kilogram
ergs 7.376 x 10-8 foot pound-force foot3 H2O 62.42197 pound
ergs 2.3885 x 10-8 grams-calorie foot3 H2O 28.31413 Kilogram
ergs 0.278 x 10-10 watt-hours foot3 H2O 62.42197 pound
ergs 1.0 dynes-cm furlongs 660.0 feet
ergs/sec 1.341 x 10-10 horsepower furlongs 20116.8 centimeters
fahrenheit (F°-32)/1.8 celsius furlongs 201.17 meters
fahrenheit 0.55556 celsius furlongs 7920 inches
fahrenheit 459.72 + F° rankin furlongs 220.0 yards
farads 100000 statamperes gallon (US liq.) 8.0 pint
farads 1.00049 statfarads gallon (US liq.) 4.0 quart
farads 100000 microfarads gallon (US liq.) 3.0689 x 10-6 acre feet
fathoms 6.0 feet gallon (US liq.) 0.00379 meter3
fathoms 1.828 meters gallon (US liq.) 3.785 liter
fathoms 2 yards gallon (US liq.) 0.13368 foot3
feet of H2O 2.98898 kilopascal gallon (US liq.) 8.33 pounds
feet of H2O 0.4336 pound force/inch2 gallon H2O 3.78625 kilogram
feet/second 0.508 cm/second gallon H2O 3.78625 kilogram
feet/second 0.00508 meter/second gallon H2O 8.34725 pound
feet2/second 0.000001 meter2/second gallon/minute 0.00006 meter3/second
foot 304.80 millimeters gallon/minute 0.06309 liter/second
foot 30.480 centimeter gallon/minute 0.00144 million gallons/day
foot 0.30480 meter gallon/minute (gpm) 0.00223 foot3/second (cfm)
foot 0.015151 chains gallons/inch/mile/day 0.03259 liter/mm/km/day
foot 0.000189 miles gallons/inch/mile/day 0.03259 liter/mm/km/day
foot 0..166667 fathoms gausses 10000.0 gamma
foot - poundals 3.9968 x 10-5 british thermal unit gausses 6.4516 lines/inch2
foot - poundals 0.010072 cal, gram gausses 6.452 x 10-8 webers/inch2
foot - poundals 0.03108 foot pound-force gram/centimeter3 1,00.00 kilogram/meter3
foot - poundals 0.042133 joule grades 0.0025 circles
foot - pound force 1.35582 joule grades 0.0025 circumfrencees
foot - pound force 0.00128 british thermal unit grades 0.9 degrees
foot/hour (linear) 0.508 Cm/minute grades 54 minutes
foot/min .00508 meter/sec grades 0.0025 revolutions
foot/sec .3048 meter/sec grades 3240 seconds
foot pound force 1.35582 newton meter grains 0.32399 carats
foot2 92,903.04 millimeter2 grains 0.01667 drams (troy)
foot2 929.0304 centimeter2 grains 0.03657 drams (avdp)
foot2 0.09290 meter2 grains 64.7989 milligrams
foot2 0.11111 yard2 grains 0.00017 pounds (troy)
foot2 0.00002 acre grains 0.00014 pounds (avdp)
foot2 3.5873 x 10-8 mile2 grams 5.0 carats
foot3 0.00781 cords of wood grams 0.2572 drams (troy)
foot3 12.0 board feet grams 0.5644 drams (avdp)
foot3 1728.0 inches3 grams 15.432 grains
64 65
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables (continued)

inch of Hg 0.03342 Atmosphere
grams 0.001 kilograms inch of Hg 0.03386 bars
grams 1000.0 milligrams inch of Hg 34.532 grams force/cm2
grams 0.03215 ounce (troy) inch pound force 0.11299 newton meter
grams 0.03527 ounce (avdp) inch2 645.10 millimeter2
grams 0.00220 pound inch2 6.4516 centimeter2
grams force/cm2 98.0665 pascal inch3 16.387 millimeter3
grams force/cm2 0.00034 pound force/inch2 inch3 16.39 centimeter3
hectare 10,000.00 meter2 inch3 0.01639 decimeter3
hectare 2.47105 acre joule 0.73756 foot* pound force
henries 1000.0 millihenries joule 0.00095 british thermal unit
henries 1.113 x 10-12 stathenhenries kilogram 35.274 ounce
horsepower (mech) 2542.47 btu/hr kilogram 2.20462 pound
horsepower (mech) 0.746 kilowatts kilogram 0.001 metric ton (tonne)
horsepower (mech) 64160.0 calories, gram/hr kilogram 1000.0 grams
horsepower (mech) 7.457 x 109 ergs/second kilogram force 9.80681 newton
horsepower (mech) 1980000.0 foot pound-force/hour kilogram force/cm2 98.0665 kilopascal
horsepower (mech) 0.076 horsepower (boiler) kilogram force/cm2 14.22335 pound force/inch2
horsepower (mech) 0.9996 horsepower (electric) kilogram force/meter2 9.80665 pascal
horsepower (mech) 1.0139 horsepower (metric) kilogram/meter3 0.06243 pound/foot3
horsepower (mech) 745.7 joules/sec kilogram/meter3 1.68554 pound/yard3
horsepower (mech) 0.212 tons of refrig. kilogram/meter3 0.00835 pound/gallon
horsepower (mech) 745.7 watts kilogram/meter3 0.00084 ton/yard3
horsepower (boiler) 33445.7 btu/hr kilogram/meter3 0.001 metric ton/meter3
horsepower (boiler) 140671.6 calories, gram/min kilogram/metre 0.67197 pound/foot
horsepower (boiler) 9.8097 x 1010 ergs/second kilometer 0.62137 mile
horsepower (boiler) 13.155 horsepower (mech) kilometer 0.00000000000010 light years
horsepower (boiler) 13.1497 horsepower (electric) kilonewton 100000000.0 dynes
horsepower (boiler) 13.337 horsepower (metric) kilopascal 1,000. pascal
horsepower (boiler) 13.149 horsepower (metric) kilopascal 0.01 bar
horsepower (boiler) 9809.5 joules/sec kilopascal 0.14504 pound force/inch2
horsepower (boiler) 9.8095 kilowatts kilopascal 0.33456 feet of H2O
horsepower (electric) 2547.16 btu/hr kilopascal 0.29637 inches of Hg
horsepower (electric) 178.298 calories, gram/sec kilopascal 0.001 megapascal
horsepower (electric) 7.46 x 109 ergs/second kilopascal 0.00987 atmosphere
horsepower (electric) 1.0004 horsepower (mech) kilowatts 3414.4 btu/hr
horsepower (electric) 0.0745 horsepower (boiler) kilowatts 2655000 foot-pound force/hr
horsepower (electric) 1.01428 horsepower (metric) kilowatts 1.34 horsepower (elec&mech)
horsepower (electric) 0.99994 horsepower (metric) kilowatts 0.1019 horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (electric) 746 joules/sec kilowatts 1.3596 horsepower (metric)
horsepower (electric) 0.746 kilowatts knots 0.868976 kilometers/hour
horsepower (metric) 2511.3 btu/hr knots 1.688 feet/second
horsepower (metric) 632800 calories, gram/hr knots 1.1508 miles/hour
horsepower (metric) 7.355 x 109 ergs/second leagues 18240.0 feet
horsepower (metric) 0.9863 horsepower (mech) liter 0.03531 foot3
horsepower (metric) 0.07498 horsepower (boiler) liter 0.001 meter3
horsepower (metric) 0.9859 horsepower (electric) liter 1,000. milliliter3
horsepower (metric) 0.98587 horsepower (water) liter 2.113 pint
horsepower (metric) 735.499 watts liter 1.057 quart
horsepower (metric) 0.7355 kilowatts liter 0.2642 gallon
horsepower (water) 0.076 horsepower (boiler) liter 1. decimeter3
horsepower (water) 1.00006 horsepower (electric) liter/minute 0.0353 foot3/minute
horsepower (water) 1.00046 horsepower (mech) liter/minute .26417 gallon/minute
horsepower (water) 1.0143 horsepower (metric) liter/second 0.035315 foot3/second
horsepower (water) 0.746043 kilowatts liter/second 15.851 gallon/minute
inch 25.4 millimeters liter/mm/km/day 10.800 gallons/in/mile/day
inch 2.54 centimeter liter/mm/km/day 10.800 gallons/in/mile/day
inch 0.08333 feet liter/second 0.001 meter3/second
inch 0.0278 yards lumens 0.0015 watts
inch 1000 mils lumens/foot2 10.7639 lumens/meter2
inch of Hg 3.37416 kilopascal lux 0.0929 foot-candles
inch of Hg 0.49116 pound force/inch2 megapascal 1,000. kilopascal
66 65
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 7-19: Unit Conversion Tables (continued)

ohms 100000.0 micro ohms
megapascal 145.0377 pound force/inch2 ounce 28.3495 gram
megapascal 9.86923 atmosphere ounce 437.5 grain
megapascal 10. bar ounce 0.02835 pound
meter 3.28084 foot ounce 0.2835 kilogram
meter 1.09361 yard ounce-force/inch2 4.3942 gram-force/cm2
meter 0.00062 mile ounce-force/inch2 0.0625 pound force/inch2
meter 0.1988 rods parts/million 0.05842 grains/gallon (US)
meter2 10.76391 foot2 parts/million 1.0 grams/ton (metric)
meter2 1.19599 yard2 parts/million 0.0001 percent
meter2 0.00025 acre pascal 1. newton/meter2
meter2 0.0001 hectare pascal 0.00750062 torr
Meter3 0.00081 acre feet pint 0.4732 liter
meter3 35.315 foot3 pint 0.01671 feet3
meter3 264.17 gallon pint 28.875 inch3
meter3 1.308 yard3 poise 0.100 pascal-second
meter3 1,000. liter pound 7000 grains
Meter3 0.00081 acre feet pound 453.5924 gram
meter3/second 35.315 foot3/second pound 0.45359 kilogram
meter3/second 15,850.3 gallon/minute pound 0.00045 metric ton (tonne)
meter3/second 1,00. liter/second pound 0.0005 ton
meter3/second 22.82447 million gallons/day pound 16. ounce
meters/second2 3.280840 feet/second2 pound 0.0005 ton
metric ton (tonne) 2,204.6 pound pound (apoth or troy) 0.82286 pound (avdp)
metric ton (tonne) 1.1023 ton (US) pound force 4.44822 newton
metric ton (tonne) 1,000. kilogram pound force/inch2 6,894.757 pascal
metric ton/meter3 0.84277 ton/yard3 pound force/inch2 6.89476 kilopascal
micrometers 10000.0 angstroms pound force/inch2 0.00689 megapascal
mile (statute) 1,609.344 meter pound force/inch2 0.07031 kilogram force/cm2
mile (statute) 1.60934 kilometer pound force/inch2 6,894.757 newton/meter2
mile (statute) 5,280. foot pound force/inch2 0.06895 bar
mile (statute) 1,760. Yard pound force/inch2 0.06805 atmosphere
mile2 640.0 acre pound force/inch2 2.307 feet of H2O
miles/hour .447 meter/sec pound force/inch2 2.036 inch of Hg
miles/hour 88.0 feet/minute pound of H2O 0.01602 feet3
miles/hour 1.609344 meter/sec pound/foot 1.48816 kilogram/metre
miles/hour 1.6093 kilometers/hour pound/foot3 16.01846 kilogram/meter3
miles/hour 1.852 knots pound/foot3 0.0135 ton/yard3
miles/hour 1.6093 kilometers/hour pound/gallon 119.82640 kilogram/meter3
miles/hour 1.852 knots pound/yard3 0.59328 kilogram/meter3
millimeter2 0.00155 inch2 quart 0.9463 liter
millimeter2 0.00155 foot2 quart 2.0 pint
millimeter3 0.00006 inch3 radians 57.2957 degrees
milliliters 1.00 cm3 rods 502.92 centimeter
milliliters 0.06102 inch3 tablespoon 180 drops of liquid
milliliters 0.001 liters teaspoon 60 drops of liquid
milliliters 0.0338 ounces (fld) ton 0.90719 metric ton (tonne)
milliliters 0.00211 pints (fld) ton 907.18 kilogram
millimeters 0.03937 inches ton/yard3 1,186.553 kilogram/meter3
millimeters 0.00328 foot ton/yard3 1.18655 metric ton/meter3
millimeters 0.01 centimeters ton/yard3 74.07407 pound/foot3
millimeters 0.001 meters torr (Torricellis) 1.0 mm of Hg
millimeters 39.37 mils watts 0.000948 btu/sec
millimeters 1000.0 microns watts 680 lumens
millimeters 1000.0 micrometers watts 0.00134 horsepower
million gallons/day 694.44 gallon/minute yard 0.91440 meter
million gallons/day 0.04381 meter3/second yard 91.44 centimeter
newton 0.22481 pound force yard 0.0005682 miles
newton 0.10197 kilogram force yard2 0.83613 meter2
newton meter 0.73756 foot pound force yard2 9.0 foot2
newton meter 8.85073 inch pound force yard2 0.00021 acre
newton/meter2 0.00015 pound force/inch2 yard3 0.7646 meter
newton/meter2 1.0 pascal yard3 27.0 foot3
66 67
Being responsible is our foundation
Thinking ahead makes it possible
Innovation is the essence
L-TG-PG-001 Rev. 09/02

Printed in the U.S.A. Subject to alterations.
GRUNDFOS Pumps Corporation GRUNDFOS Canada, Inc. Bombas GRUNDFOS de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
17100 W. 118th Terrace 2941 Brighton Road Boulevard TLC #15
Olathe, KS 66061 Oakville, Ontario L6H 6C9, Canada Parque Stiva Aeropuerto
Phone +1-913-227-3400 Phone: +1-913-829-9533 Apodaca, N.L. Mexico C.P. 66600
Fax: +1-913-227-3500 Fax: +1-905-829-9512 Phone: +52-81-8144-4000
Fax: +52-81-8144-4010
www.grundfos.com

Grundfos Technical Guide HVAC

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GRUNDFOS TECHNICAL GUIDE

- to successfully develop, produce, and sell high quality

Fresno, California Olathe, Kansas

Monterrey, Mexico Allentown, Pennsylvania Oakville, Ontario

Impellers are generally

Pump Performance Characteristics and Curves

axis. The data

Figure 2-7: LM2.5LM6 Performance Curve

possible discharge rates at the same

Density, Specific Gravity and Specific Weight

Pressure and Head

Head. Is usually expressed in feet and refers to the height, or

It should be noted that head and pressure readings for non-

Q = AV or V = Q/A = 0.410 (gpm)/(ID) Where;

Q = Capacity in cubic feet per second (cfs)

Power is required to push water to a higher

Figure 2-14: NPSHA and Suction Conditions

A. Flooded Suction B. Suction Lift

NPSH = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf NPSHA = Ha -Hs - Hvp - Hf

Power, Efficiency and Energy

WHp = m x H WHp = Q x H x sg where; m = mass flow (lbs./min.)

BHP = WHp/PE BHP = Q x H x sg where;

Note: (1) PE = WHp / BHP,

EHp = WHp EHp = BHP EHp = Q x H x sg where;

kW = Ehp x 0.746 kW = BHP x 0.746

Flow reduction (gpm) % – 3 8 14 19 23 30 40

Affinity Laws - Pump Speed

Table 2-3: Affinity Laws - Speed / Diameter Relationships

Table 2-4: Affinity Laws - Frequency Performance Relationship

1. The capacity varies directly with the speed. (Q is proportional Hz)

Table 2-5: Converting 60 Hz to 50 Hz Performance

Ns = N Q / (H) .75 where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

S = N Q / (NPSHR) .75 where; N = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)

Speed Torque Relationships

T = (5250) (BHP)/rpm where; T = Torque (ft. - lbs.)

1.33 speed - multiply full speed torque by 1.778

System Head Curve

Figure 2-19: System Head Curve Illustration

HEAD (FT.) OR PSI

Parallel and Series Operation

Figure 2-21: Parallel Pumping General Characteristics

Diagram A - Two Identical Pumps Diagram B - Two Dissimilar Pumps

Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise

Minimum Flow - Temperature Rise (Cont.)

Axial Thrust - Maximum Flow

The hydraulic thrust developed by an impeller consists Downthrust

Cavitation is not confined to pumping equipment

kWI = Kilowatt Input (kW) IHp = Input horsepower (Hp)

1. Cost per hour ($/hr.) of operation

Cost/hr. = kWI x PR Cost/hr. = IHp x .746 x PR Cost/hr. = Q x TH x .746 x PR

HEAD AND PRESSURE:

Pressure (PSI) x 2.31

Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

Example: Convert 160 0F water at 35 PSI to Feet of Head.

This formula is also useful for determining the performance of a pump

The formula then becomes:

(Discharge Pressure – Inlet Pressure) •P x 144

Where 60.570 is the density of water at 180 0F from page 30.

GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity

Example: Pumping 80 0F water the pump performance is 120 GPM and 60

Where .998 is the Specific Gravity of water at 80 0F from page 30.

Power Input (Kilowatts):

Kilowatt input to the motor Pump BHP x 0.7457

Armed with this information annual operating costs can be determined.