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(U.S. state). Please discuss it at Talk:New York#Requested move.
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This article is about the U.S. state of New York. For the city, see New York City. For other uses, see New York
(disambiguation).
New York ( /njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally [nɪu ˈjoək] or State of New York
[nuː ˈjɔrk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of
the United States. It is the nation's third most populous
state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut,
Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a
maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as
Flag Seal
well as an international border with the Canadian provinces
Nickname(s): The Empire State
of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin) [1 ]
New York is often referred to as New York State to Ever upward
distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, the most populous city in the United
States, is known for its status as a financial, cultural,
transportation, and manufacturing center, and for its history
as a gateway for immigration to the United States.
According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, it is also
a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both state
and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York,
James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and
Scotland.
Official language(s) None
New York was inhabited by the Algonquin, Iroquois, and
Demonym New Yorker
Lenape Native American groups at the time Dutch settlers
Capital Albany
moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609,
Largest city New York City
the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Largest metro area New York metropolitan area
Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present- Area Ranked 27 th in the US
day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled - Total 49,576 sq mi
New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, (128403 km2 )
- Width 285 miles (455 km)
establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took
- Length 330 miles (530 km)
over the colony by annexation in 1664. - % water 13.3
The borders of the British colony, the Province of New - Latitude 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N
- Longitude 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W
York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day
state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary Population Ranked 3rd in the US
- Total 19,541,453 (2009 est.) [2]
War took place in New York. New York became an
18,976,457 (2000)
independent state on July 9, 1776, and enacted its - Density 408.7/sq mi (157.81/km 2 )
constitution in 1777. The state ratified the United States Ranked 7th in the US
Constitution on July 26, 1788 to become the eleventh state Elevation
of the union. - Highest point Mount Marcy[3]
5,344 ft (1,629 m)
Contents [hide] - Mean 1,000 ft (305 m)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_york[28-10-2010 AM 12:04:04]
- Lowest point 0 ft (0 m)
1 History
1.1 17th century Admission to Union July 26, 1788 (11 th )
1.2 American Revolution Governor David Paterson (D)
1.3 19th century Lieutenant Governor Richard Ravitch (D) [4]
1.4 Ellis Island Legislature New York Legislature
- Upper house State Senate
1.5 Statue of Liberty
- Lower house State Assembly
2 Geography
U.S. Senators Charles Schumer (D)
2.1 Climate Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
2.2 State parks U.S. House delegation 27 Democrats,
2.3 Counties 2 Republicans (list)
2.4 Regions Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4

2.5 Cities Abbreviations NY US-NY
3 Demographics Website http://www.ny.gov
3.1 Population
3.2 Racial and ancestral makeup
3.3 Religion
4 Economy
5 Transportation
6 Politics and government
6.1 Federal representation
6.2 Capital punishment
6.3 Politics
7 Education
8 Sports
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History
Main article: History of New York
17th century
See also: Province of New York
During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of
pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded
into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were
Fort Nassau (1614, near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the
Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to
replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647), and
into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town
New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus,
(1653, now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck
(1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century,
was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The British
captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it
as the Province of New York.
New York in 1777
American Revolution
The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive
Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that
year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental
Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the
first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in
the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.
The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from
the Siege of Boston in 1775.
New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776. [5] The New York state constitution was
framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated
adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20,
1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not
submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of
New York at Kingston.
The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared – and the largest battle
of the entire war – was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a Battle of Brooklyn) in August of 1776.
British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of
the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.
The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than
were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.
The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777,
influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.
In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United
States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and
their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans. [6] The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779
destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara. [7] As
allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded
most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting
Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes.
More than 5 million acres (20,000 km 2 ) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the
Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York. [8] As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige
of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies – their troops in New York City – departed in 1783, which was
long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.[9]
Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation – the
Federalist Papers – as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify
the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788. [10]
19th century
Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built
in the early part of the nineteenth century. The Hudson and Mohawk
Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St.
Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to
the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only
route to western New York was over land.
Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect
the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work
commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was
considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the The creation of the Erie Canal led to
canal with sightseers and visitors on board.[11] The canal opened up vast rapid industrialization in New York.
areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes

port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural
production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving
transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.
Ellis Island
Main article: Ellis Island
Ellis Island was the main facility
for immigrants, entering the
United States in the late 19th
Century to the mid 20th

Century. The facility operated
from January 1, 1892, until
November 12, 1954. It is owned
by the Federal government and
is now part of the Statue of
Liberty National Monument,
Ellis Island in 1905 under the jurisdiction of the
National Park Service. It is Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a
nearby dock on Ellis Island
situated in New York Harbor, between two states and cities, Jersey City,
New Jersey and New York City, New York.
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954. After 1924, when the National
Origins Act was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees. [12]
Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through
the island, before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between
New York State and New Jersey.
Statue of Liberty
Main article: Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States to mark
the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of
giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic,
across the sea, served as a focus for the republican cause against other
politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on
October 28, 1886.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in
December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue
remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service
claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but Statue of Liberty
principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including
inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors, but are only
accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass", which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of
their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day, with a
total of 15,000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the
pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty.
Geography
Main article: Geography of New York
New York covers 49,576 square miles (128,400 km 2 ) and ranks as the 27th
largest state by size.[13] The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern
New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley,
which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic
Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie
west of the valley.
Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which
rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the
state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and
New York terrain.
Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal
government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The
highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks. [3]
New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie
and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of
Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states
(Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two
Mid-Atlantic States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island
shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that
touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Map of the Hudson and Mohawk
rivers.
In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the
state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New
York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite,
Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.[14] New York established the first state park in the
United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake
Ontario, is a popular attraction.
The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without
draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern
end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York
City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and
Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.
Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from
the rest of New York state. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.[15]
Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the
counties along the border with Pennsylvania,[16] and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip
along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.[17]
Climate
Main article: Climate of New York
In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under
the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid
subtropical climate.[18] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by
two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest
and a cold, dry one from the northwest.
The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state.
In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C)
or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern
Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east- Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to
central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in snowfall totals in western New York.
the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern

Plateau.
The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by
comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly
warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures
usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This efficiency
is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use. [19]
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities [20]
City Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Apr
max 31 34 44 57 70 78 82 80 71 60 48 36
Albany
min 13 16 25 36 46 55 60 58 50 39 31 20
max 28 31 41 53 66 73 78 76 68 57 44 33
Binghamton
min 15 17 25 35 46 54 59 57 50 40 31 21
max 31 33 42 54 66 75 80 78 70 59 47 36
Buffalo
min 18 19 26 36 48 57 62 60 53 43 34 24
max 39 40 48 58 69 77 83 82 75 64 54 44
Long Island
min 23 24 31 40 49 60 66 64 57 45 36 28
New York max 38 41 50 61 71 79 84 82 75 64 53 43
City min 26 28 35 44 54 63 69 68 60 50 41 32
max 31 33 43 55 68 77 81 79 71 60 47 36
Rochester
min 17 17 25 35 46 55 60 59 51 41 33 23
max 31 34 43 56 68 77 82 80 71 60 47 36
Syracuse
min 14 16 24 35 46 55 60 59 51 40 32 21
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities
City Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Apr
max −1 1 7 14 21 26 28 27 22 16 9 2
Albany
min −11 −9 −4 2 8 13 16 14 10 4 −1 −7
max −2 −1 5 12 19 23 26 24 20 14 7 1
Binghamton
min −9 −8 −4 2 8 12 15 14 10 4 −1 −6
max −1 1 6 12 19 24 27 26 21 15 8 2
Buffalo
min −8 −7 −3 2 9 14 17 16 12 6 1 −4
max 4 4 9 14 21 25 28 28 24 18 12 7
Long Island
min −5 −4 −1 4 9 16 19 18 14 7 2 −2
New York max 3 5 10 16 22 26 29 28 24 18 12 6
City min −3 −2 2 7 12 17 21 20 16 10 5 0
max −1 1 6 13 20 25 27 26 22 16 8 2
Rochester
min −8 −8 −4 2 8 13 16 15 11 5 1 −5
max −1 1 6 13 20 25 28 27 22 16 8 2
Syracuse
min −10 −9 −4 2 8 13 16 15 11 4 0 −6
Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)
State parks
See also: List of New York state parks and New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic
Preservation
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves.
Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest
state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state
constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that
led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's
Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation
could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands
surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set
in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost
as complete as that of the moon."
The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885, [21] which Two major parks in the state are the
Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.
declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or
lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km 2 ) of land, [21] the park is a
habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates
numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.
The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George
Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers
camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.
Counties
Main article: List of counties in New York
See also: Administrative divisions of New York
New York is divided into 62 counties:
Regions
Main article: List of regions of the United States#New York
New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of
Economic Development: [22]
1. Chautaugua - Allegheny
2. Niagara Frontier Map of the counties in New York
3. Finger Lakes
4. Thousand Islands
5. Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
6. Adirondack Mountains
7. Catskill Mountains
8. Hudson Valley
9. Capital District
10. New York City
11. Long Island
New York State is sometimes divided into eight major

regions: [23]
North Country New York

Regions of New York as defined by the New York State
Western New York Department of Economic Development
Central New York
Capital District
Southern Tier
Hudson Valley
New York City
Long Island
Cities
Main article: List of cities in New York
Further information: List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, and List of census-designated
places in New York
There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is
New York City, which comprises five counties, the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and
Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.
The following are the ten largest cities in New York: [24]
1. New York City (8,274,527)

2. Buffalo (279,745)
3. Rochester (211,091)
4. Yonkers (196,425)
5. Syracuse (141,683)
6. Albany (93,523)
7. New Rochelle (72,967)
8. Mount Vernon (67,924)

9. Schenectady (61,280)
10. Utica (59,336)
The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the
early nineteenth century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern
counterpart to commercial water routes.
Grouped by metropolitan statistical area,[25] the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are:
1. New York City (18,815,988 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,381,586 in NY)

2. Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,128,183)
3. Rochester (1,030,495)
4. Albany and the Capital District (853,358)
5. Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (669,915)
6. Syracuse (645,293)
7. Utica-Rome (294,862)
8. Binghamton (246,426)
9. Kingston (181,860)
10. Glens Falls (128,886)
11. Ithaca (101,055)
12. Elmira (88,015)
The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the
state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would
be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.
The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the
Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast
megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of
Washington D.C..
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of New York
Historical populations
Population Census Pop. %±
1790 340,120 —
As of 2006, New York was the
third largest state in population 1800 589,051 73.2%
after California and Texas, [26] 1810 959,049 62.8%

with an estimated population of 1820 1,372,851 43.1%
19,541,453 as of July 1, 2009. [2] 1830 1,918,608 39.8%
This represents an increase of 1840 2,428,921 26.6%
513,481, or 2.7%, since the last 1850 3,097,394 27.5%
census in 2000. [27] It includes a 1860 3,880,735 25.3%
natural increase since the last
1870 4,382,759 12.9%
census of 803,680 people (that is
1880 5,082,871 16.0%
New York population density map 2,072,765 births minus 1,269,085
1890 5,997,853 18.0%
deaths) and a decrease due to net
1900 7,268,894 21.2%
migration of 698,895 people out of the state.[27] Immigration from outside
the United States resulted in a net increase of 876,969 people, and 1910 9,113,614 25.4%
migration within the country produced a net loss of 1,575,864 people.[27] 1920 10,385,227 14.0%
1930 12,588,066 21.2%
In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban,
1940 13,479,142 7.1%
with 92% of residents living in an urban area.[28]
1950 14,830,192 10.0%
New York is a slow growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to
1960 16,782,304 13.2%
other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to
[29] 1970 18,236,967 8.7%
Florida than from any one state to another. However, New York state is
one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the 1980 17,558,072 −3.7%
second largest immigrant population in the country (after California) at 4.2 1990 17,990,455 2.5%
million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable 2000 18,976,457 5.5%
immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York Est. 2009 19,541,453 [2]
3.0%
City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.
The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.[30] New York City and
its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined
population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.[31]
Racial and ancestral makeup

The major ancestry groups in New York state are African American
(15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English
(6%). [32] According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is
foreign-born.
New York is home to the largest African American population and the
second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition
it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican and Jamaican American
populations in the continental United States. The New York City
neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for
New York population ethnicity map African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford Stuyvesant is
the largest such population in the United States.
Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most
diverse county in the United States. The second concentration of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown.
Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in
The United States of America.
In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island,
followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-
American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group;
in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of
upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.
6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females
made up 51.8% of the population.
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while
2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian. [33]
Religion
Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York. [34] Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews
8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are
the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal
Church with 201,797 adherents. [35]
Economy
Main article: Economy of New York
New York's gross state product in 2007 was $1.1
trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states
of California and Texas. [36] If New York were an
independent nation, it would rank as the 16th
largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its
2007 per capita personal income was $46,364,
placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and
eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's
agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and
other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and

apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and
publishing, scientific instruments, electric
equipment, machinery, chemical products, and
tourism.
A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 The New York Stock Exchange, the
largest stock exchange in the world
states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for
FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3
billion.[37]
New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs,
commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and
automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth
of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15
billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9
billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil,
gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.
Midtown Manhattan in New York City,
Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the the largest central business district in the
state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the United States
north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487

million in 2004 while visiting the state.
New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and
communication in the United States and is the location of the New York
Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar
volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.
The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and
the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles.
Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and
the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip
A dairy farm in Brunswick
manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic
equipment and imaging.
New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy,
apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of
cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural
products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple,
cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.
New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer
by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition,
the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the
20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.
The state has 30,000 acres (120 km 2 ) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004.
A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal
catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as
environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%. [38]
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in New York
New York has one of the most extensive and one of the
oldest transportation infrastructures in the country.
Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state
and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban
crowding have had to be overcome since the state was
young. Population expansion of the state generally
followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then
the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway
follow the same general route. The New York State Department of
Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the
The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge carries
state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the I-87 over the Mohawk River
roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were
collected on the Thruway within
The City of Buffalo. They were
dropped late in 2006 during the
campaign for Governor (both
candidates called for their
removal).
In addition to New York City's
License plate introduced in 2001 for
vehicles registered in New York State. (A famous mass transit subway,
new design was introduced on April 1, four suburban commuter
2010.) railroad systems enter and The New York City Subway serves more
leave the city: the Long Island than 5 million rides on a given week day
Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of

New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the
Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester
Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.
The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for
registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New
York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file[39] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in
force. [40] All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12
months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY
Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual
safety inspection.
Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of
transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel
directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
In May 2009 the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner
Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square. The move designed to reduce pollution and pedestrian
accidents looks likely to be implemented permantly, and will last at least until the end of the year.[41]
Politics and government

Main article: Government of New York
Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is
governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of
the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor
of New York and the other independently elected constitutional
officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York
State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch,
consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of
Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29
members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31

The New York State Capitol building in
electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 Albany.
votes during the 1940s).
New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated
governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one
of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the
government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York
City houses only 42% of the state population.[42]
The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in
services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington. [43] The state ranks near the
bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar. [44]
Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or
development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan
Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.
New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law.
Federal representation
See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's congressional districts
As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States
House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections
(a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).
New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29
representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and
Texas' 32 congressional districts.
Capital punishment
Main article: Capital punishment in New York
Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared
unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state
constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v.
John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No
execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death
sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal
government are subject to the federal death penalty.[45][46][47]
Politics
Main articles: Politics of New York, Elections in New York, Political
party strength in New York, and New York's congressional districts
In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported
candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections.
Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by
25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004.
New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many
of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and
Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is
generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor

Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester
County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the
past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats. David Paterson (D) is the current
Governor of New York.
New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the
United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the
nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the
most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[48]
Education
Main article: Education in New York
The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary,
middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York
City Department of Education manages the public school system in New
York City.
At the college level, the statewide public university system is the State
University of New York (SUNY). The City University of New York (CUNY)
is the public university system of New York City. The SUNY system
consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate
colleges and universities. The four university centers are University at
Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and SUNY Stony
Brook.
In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest
Catholic institution in the northeast, Fordham University. New York is
home to both Columbia University and Cornell University, making it the
only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. West Point, the
service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, NY
on the banks of the Hudson River.
During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on System Administration Building of the
public education than any other state.[49] State University of New York in Albany
Sports
Main article: Sports in New York
New York hosted the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, the Games known for the USA–USSR hockey game
dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily
favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Lake Placid also
hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, it is one of the three
places to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games.
New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard
Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were
previously located in New York City, they play in New Meadowlands Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New
Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over
several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split
the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never
came to fruition.
New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New
York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York
Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has a
National Basketball Association team, the New York Knicks, in Manhattan. The former New York Nets from 1968 to
1977 is now titled as a New Jersey team; however, plans to relocate to New York City are in the works. There are a
variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.
List of all New York State professional sports teams
Club Sport League

Buffalo Bills Football National Football League
New York Red Bulls Soccer Major League Soccer
New York Knicks Basketball National Basketball Association
New York Liberty Basketball Women's National Basketball Association
Rochester Raging Rhinos Soccer USL First Division
Buffalo Sabres Ice hockey National Hockey League
New York Islanders Ice Hockey National Hockey League
New York Rangers Ice Hockey National Hockey League
Adirondack Phantoms Ice Hockey American Hockey League
Albany River Rats Ice Hockey American Hockey League
Binghamton Senators Ice Hockey American Hockey League
Elmira Jackals Ice Hockey ECHL
Rochester Americans Ice Hockey American Hockey League
Syracuse Crunch Ice Hockey American Hockey League
New York Mets Baseball Major League Baseball
New York Yankees Baseball Major League Baseball
Brooklyn Cyclones Baseball New York - Penn League
Staten Island Yankees Baseball New York – Penn League
Jamestown Jammers Baseball New York – Penn League
Batavia Muckdogs Baseball New York – Penn League
Auburn Doubledays Baseball New York – Penn League
Oneonta Tigers Baseball New York – Penn League
Tri-City Valley Cats Baseball New York – Penn League
Hudson Valley Renegades Baseball New York – Penn League
Binghamton Mets Baseball Eastern League
Buffalo Bisons Baseball International League
Rochester Red Wings Baseball International League
Syracuse Chiefs Baseball International League
Long Island Ducks Baseball Atlantic League of Professional Baseball
New York Dragons Arena football Arena Football League
Albany Conquest Arena football af2
Long Island Lizards Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse
Rochester Rattlers Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse
Buffalo Bandits Lacrosse National Lacrosse League
Rochester Knighthawks Lacrosse National Lacrosse League
New York Titans Lacrosse National Lacrosse League
Brooklyn Wonders Basketball American Basketball Association

Buffalo Silverbacks Basketball American Basketball Association
Rochester Razorsharks Basketball American Basketball Association
Strong Island Sound Basketball American Basketball Association
Albany Patroons Basketball Continental Basketball Association
New York Gaelic football Gaelic Athletic Association
New York hurling Gaelic Athletic Association
See also
Main articles: Outline of New York and Index of New York-related articles
North America portal
List of New York state symbols
United States portal
Naval vessel namesakes
New York portal
References
1. ^ "New York State Motto" . New York State Library. 2001-01-29. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007.
Retrieved 2007-11-16.
2. ^ a b c "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1,
2000 to July 1, 2009" . United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
3. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States" . U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved November 6,
2006.
4. ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Chan, Sewell (September 22, 2009). "In 4-3 Vote, Court Says Paterson Can Appoint Lt.
Governor" . The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
5. ^ "Declaration of Independence" . www.history.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved April 10,
2008.
6. ^ Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution.
Knopf. ISBN 978-0679454717.
7. ^ "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set" . Retrieved August 30, 2010.
8. ^ Chen, David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates [1] The New York Times. May 16, 2000. . Retrieved
April 11, 2008.
9. ^ "Happy Evacuation Day" . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
10. ^ "New York's Ratification" . The U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
11. ^ "The Erie Canal: A Brief History" . New York State Canals. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
12. ^ The Brown Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000) – Ellis Island/Immigration Issue
13. ^ "Land and Water Area of States (2000)" . Infoplease.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
14. ^ About the Adirondack Park , Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
15. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 9780-
8156-08080.
8156-08080.
8156-08080.
18. ^ "Climate of New York" . New York State Climate Office – Cornell University. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
19. ^ The New York Post (2007-06-03). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air" . Retrieved 2007-06-06. [dead link ]
20. ^ "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities" . US Travel Weather. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
21. ^ a b "Catskill Park History" . www.catskillpark.org. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
22. ^ "Map of eleven regions" . Visitnewyorkstate.net. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
23. ^ "Map of the eight regions of New York" . Nyeducationjobs.com. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
24. ^ "New York: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts —" . Infoplease.com. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
25. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007
(CBSA-EST2007-01)" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2007-03-
27. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
26. ^ "Estimates of Population Change for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico and State Rankings: July 1,
2005 to July 1, 2006" (Excel Spreadsheet). Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
abc
27. ^ U. S. Census Bureau (2008-12-15). "Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the
United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04)" (CSV). Retrieved 2009-01-16.
28. ^ Timothy S. Parker (2010-09-10). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment
farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA" .
Ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
29. ^ "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on October
25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
30. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). Retrieved 2007-01-05.
31. ^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York" . U.S. Census Bureau,
Census 2000. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
32. ^ Awesome America: New York . RetrieveAugust d 18, 2007.
33. ^ "Language Map Data Center" . Mla.org. 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
34. ^ Egon Mayer, Ph.D.; Barry A. Kosmin, Ph.D, Ariela Keysar, Ph.D. (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key
Findings)" . The City University of New York. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
35. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports" . Thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
36. ^ The Bureau of Economic Analysis (2006-08-26). "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, 2005" . Retrieved 2007-
02-08.
37. ^ 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, 12/18/07 ,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
38. ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
39. ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – NYS Driver Licenses on File – 2008" . Nydmv.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
40. ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – Vehicle Registrations in Force – 2008" . Nydmv.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
41. ^ "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square" . London: MailOnline. May 26, 2009.
42. ^ Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). Retrieved
2006-11-14.
43. ^ New York City Finance Division (2005-03-11). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?" .
44. ^ "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005" . Tax Foundation. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
45. ^ Rob Gallagher (2005-10-25). "New York Executions" . Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved 2009-
04-09.
46. ^ Scott, Brendan (2008-07-24). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL" . New York Post. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
47. ^ Powell, Michael (2005-04-13). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment" . The Washington
Post. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
48. ^ Opensecrets.org (2005-05-16). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes" . Retrieved 2006-07-19.
49. ^ Thomas, G. Scott. "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending" . The Business Review (American City Business
Journals, Inc). Retrieved 2010-06-29.
Further reading
Main article: Bibliography of New York
French, John Homer (1860). Historical and statistical gazetteer of New York State . Syracuse, New York: R.
Pearsall Smith. OCLC 224691273 .
New York State Historical Association (1940). New York: A Guide to the Empire State . New York City: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9781603540315. OCLC 504264143 .
Note: Linked titles redirect to a free, full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive.
External links
General Find more about New York on Wikipedia's
New York at the Open Directory Project sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary

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State Government website Images and media from Commons
Governor of New York State, David Paterson Learning resources from Wikiversity
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New York State Unified Court System
Constitution of New York (or see Wikisource) Source texts from Wikisource
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New York (state) travel guide from Wikitravel
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Preservation
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New York State Guide from the Library of Congress
Maps and Demographics
USGS geographic resources of New York
New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University)
New York State Fact Sheet
2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York , U.S. Census Bureau
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New York - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2.4 Regions Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4

areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes

Century to the mid 20th

the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern

camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.

New York State is sometimes divided into eight major

North Country New York

1. New York City (8,274,527)

8. Mount Vernon (67,924)

1. New York City (18,815,988 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,381,586 in NY)

after California and Texas, [26] 1810 959,049 62.8%

Racial and ancestral makeup

other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and

north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%. [38]

Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of

Politics and government

members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31

generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor

List of all New York State professional sports teams

Club Sport League

Brooklyn Wonders Basketball American Basketball Association

Definitions from Wiktionary

Tourism and recreation Textbooks from Wikibooks

Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood Succeeded by

Lake Erie / Pennsylvania Pennsylvania / New Jersey Atlantic Ocean

v• d • e State of New York

Administrative divisions · Bibliography · Congressional districts · Constitution · Demographics · Economy ·

Adirondack Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Capital District · Catskill Mountains ·

v• d • e Political divisions of the United States

v• d • e United States topics

Law Legislature - Judiciary - Armed Forces

State governments · Local governments · Elections (Electoral College) · Divisions · Ideologies ·

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