srsrore Flexible Pipe -an overview | SclenceDirect Tops seieeesee at ScienceDirect Journals & Books ® olusegun oyebanji e AST leM anole Ol ae lela Ed Pipelines, Floating Production Storage and Offloading, Installation, Steam Engines, Turbines, Solar energy, Solar Cells, Polymer, Flexible Riser, Mooring System A TOWA CLM Late Cong Flexible Pipe Qiang Bai, Yong Bai, in |, 2014 1 Introduction The origin of flexible pipes can be traced to pioneering work carried out in the late 1970s. Initially, flexible pipes were used in relatively benign weather environments, such as offshore Brazil, the Mediterranean, and the Far East. However, the technology of flexible pipes advanced so rapidly that nowadays they have been used in various areas in the North Sea and gained popularity among designers in the Gulf of Mexico. The flexible pipe can be applied in the environments with water depths down to 8000 ft, high pressure reaching to 10,000 psi, and high temperatures above 150°F, as well as withstanding large vessel motions in adverse weather conditions. Figure 24.1 illustrates typical flexible risers used in deep water, in which different configurations are designed for different water depths. This type of dynamic application is typically used for floating production systems with high-pressure production risers, export risers, chemical/waterjinjection lines, and gas lift lines. hitpsswww.scioncedirect. comfopicsongineeringMexble-pipe setsrsrore Flexible Pipe ~an overview | SclenceDirectTopios Frosting production stom (FP5) Single pont eating bony Eowine Frosharging Download full-size image Figure 24.1. Typleal flexible riser configurations. Source Ismail ea, [I The applications of flexible pipe result from its composite structure, which combines helical steel armor layers with high stiffness to provide strength and polymer sealing layers with low stiffness to provide fluid integrity. As a result, this kind of pipe has low bending stiffness in comparison to axial tensile stiffness, which allows a much smaller radius of curvature than the homogenous pipe with the same antipressure capacity. This particular structure gives the flexible pipe a number of advantages over other types of pipelines and risers, such as steel catenary risers, which include reduced transport and installation costs by prefabrication in long lengths stored on reels and suitability for use with compliant structures, which allow permanent connection between a floating support vessel with large motions and subsea installations. Integrity Management of Flexible Pipes ‘Yong Bai, Qiang Bai, in Subsea Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management, 2014 Abstract Flexible pipe integrity management aims at managing the risks of failures and keeping the pipes in normal operating condition during the service life through risk-consistent inspection, monitoring, repairing and maintenance strategy. The composite construction of unbonded flexible pipes makes the failure modes complex and the way to mitigate the risks of failures becomes an important aspect in the system selection. Flexible pipe integrity management programs with definite methodologies have been established in the industry according to the related JIPs. This Chapter mainly deals with the risk assessment and integrity management of flexible pipes. The failure modes and related mechanisms are summarized. Against these failures, the integrity management strategies in every stage of the flexible pipe industry are introduced. Then the inspection and monitoring technologies are discussed as well as the testing and analysis methods. Design Codes for Risers and Subsea Systems Yong Bai, Qiang Bai, in Subsea Pipelines and Risers, 2005 1 Flexible Pipe Guidelines hitpsswww.scioncedirect. comfopicsongineeringMexble-pipe 224sies20%9 Flexible Pipe - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Flexible pipes have been used for decades. The early pipes and hoses were of the bonded type (vuleanized rubber and armoring). The designs were primarily governed by the ratio burst to design pressure. From the early seventies, large resources were put into the development of reliable non-bonded flexible pipes. As a result of the product development work, the confidence in flexible pipes increased, and flexible pipes are considered attractive for ‘many applications. The use of flexible pipes was, however, still imited partially because no general industry standard was available. In the middle eighties, Veritec (1987) developed a general design standard for flexible pipes, based on a JIP. These guidelines were based on the design methods used by the manufacturers and the offshore design codes. These design 1 exception of Brazil, the use of flexible pipes was still codes represented the state of the art of flexible pipe design. With moderate during this period. There was, however, a continuous growth in demand and requirements (temperature, pressure and diameter) to flexible pipes. Many oil companies developed their own specifications for flexible pipes and the industry faced the following problems: — Many operators had their own design standards; = The manufacturers used their in-house standards for design. To prepare additional documentation conforming with the operators’ standards was often cumbersome and expensive; = The general design standards were not updated and were considered to be increasingly inadequate. The design requirements were divided into two categories: — Mandatory requirements that are auditable should be included in the specification (API Spec 17). = Recommendations with respect to how to satisfy the mandatory requirements, as well as guidance for the design of flexible riser systems, are included in a separate Recommended Practice (RP) such as API RP 178. The RP will include ‘methodology for the design of risers outside the experience range. Deepwater will be one such area, Cross-Sectional and Dynamic Analyses of Flexible Pipes Qiang Bai, Yong Bai, in Subsea Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Installation, 2014 2 Flexible Pipe Guidelines Flexible pipes have been used for decades. The early pipes and hoses were ofthe bonded type (vulcanized rubber and armoring). The designs were governed primarily by the ratio of burst to the design pressure. From the early 1970s, large resources were put into the development of reliable unbonded flexible pipes. As a result of the product development work, the confidence in flexible pipes increased, and flexible pipes are considered attractive for many applications. The use of flexible pipes was, however, still limited, partially because no general industry standard was available. In the middle 1980s, Veritec [1] developed a general design standard for flexible pipes, based on a IP. These guidelines were based on the design methods used by the manufacturers and the offshore design codes. The design codes represented the state of the art of flexible pipe design in the 1990s. With the exception of Brazil, the use of flexible pipes was still moderate during this period. There was, however, a continuous growth in demand and requirements of temperature, pressure, and diameter to flexible pipes. Many oll companies developed their own specifications for flexible pipes, and the industry faced the following problems: + Many operators had their own design standards. +The manufacturers used their in-house standards for design. To prepare additional documentation conforming with the operators’ standards was often cumbersome and expensive. + The general design standards were not updated and were considered to be increasingly inadequate. The design requirements were divided into two categories [2: hitpsswww.scioncedirect. comfopicsongineeringMexble-pipe sat