LINGUISTICS AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION, Wh Bain Adrian Akmaian Richard A. Demers ‘Aan K. Farmer Rober M. Harish{2301 Macht ne saab ‘igus No put aia ma ep yb a ‘si tan a oti sn. te me eeprom ane Pe iy Cora agen SCS ae pees det net SS ENT IAS aia eat pao Contents Cage SA ait = gue? Mephtngy Te Say te rte are 21 Wes Some rant Cones 22, Coops Won nt oes 16 23. Nello Ae Now Wands a) 23 24 sey Dan Mpg $2 25 fae Age Magia Aan ‘Te MamigofConpl Won Meese Conus Mega Angee $8 ager Pern Phen Teri 65 SU Sime Begin Cs 6 $2 The tame Spe Soms 7)85 Sec Teer 91 owe bee 9 comcionsa Coa pete ag 109 43. Te Enel Con of Sn Sn T36 mnie ZL Seve Si a Anup 28 Xu Toy 38 “caper Seared Meig 227 Dect an Paper Nae 25 Nie Ome 8 comer 35 sped Topee Meat. Sing a Igtccag 3977 Poca Lange Sp Pain Campin Langue Conpenin 05 8 Spec Toner 84pen Ce Is 48 The Pegs Rayo Ep Ci 8 coat mr Aon Ci 477 102 Lethe Language Acton Dos"! 30 23 te Ha ings Canty i? Cn ats Cs a Spl Tope $16 ‘ices 56 beet te m7 122 tw Des te aE nd Des Spon a Lanes? 5 at Sec ois 6 PET ma MR me 6 epee Onosapy snl Oopie Apis St ney Acknowledements ‘ate tt a fn ene ae lee. We woul ao te ar pc nk or cola te Unraty f Aa ‘au be Suse Unisty of New Yor at Altay. We woud eycaly ‘Meo meno Kotha, Anew Bars. Lo Bk, Aaron Bra ‘sl Ken For, Br Par Meni Gare, Kn ae, Sot act, hte Jel Ania Thome ah! Fak ein, Fly thas 0 Mezlan O'Donrel fa help wih themeNote to the Teacher ‘Tie th cin of coh nm or cmt clon sechng ued Iguss athe Unrest of Anvona, Caste specie as wl as vale fecack fe des an colar ‘eve ays in which Be mac fen te Feu eld be ox inproved. Tike te ou on, hs dao wo ps Pat ih he tural ante fs of ngage oh. ese poly, sna semen vari nce Pat I Sogmivy cited ant elses pages. pen OF Tage, age cgson, nd ge an he a ths alan mow capo Fane ho re aloe op, My coke ed sees cn spa ps of parca sre, We sate and of Ge chapter that Be ow of dics snd. THe te ste fhe 2, “Merge.” ates he ‘caine apt of Engi oer (othe vey any Lng, Fe that mute). The pimry aspen scm sd cag 3, "Phos nl Pome Teen ioe, tougtoat De bak is mw the Insmatonal Phenstc Apher sci in chaper 44 "Phonoigs.”dsewses thera of i a eed ones a the resp wo meal se. This deus Wi pom Ses 1 ‘cn te paterson sae omc fn ih nd Seq 19 wie ey Eg word thy how o_o {Cher 5, "Syntax hater 6 “Seman caper 9 Prema ‘hep 1. “Lange sib Cio: char 12." [naps a te Brain” tne on vo sel ap We ve a> ‘SMa "Forber Reaa” sso a Ws ea fears 212 a ‘epee to as te lems Kaming maw abot te pn tad Bese cape.‘np te ios conan apts etext ean nang ri gin err eons he chap topo appease {Bgpamen on putin a pate ‘Thagh ne Be ra (RON dco pesenaion. we as ud desl ro eo, Fan, tubs ce ais es kl ge by vue of he oat eet Wor AMl ec, Wes 2d thie ropes ae aie aes stn a way at ou, st propos ny Sond: yo mast engasize cue aga ou cer wih inpaing ase cons uns of ngs an the maid of rgumt- ‘ae, josie. al Rye ee hin the ee a1 ‘hs ee 4) 8 omg sary he ft cr pou ‘ln ate ecpal ng n ee years. theco. We fave che a soa tof Msi cares ta Ne stan To Be ting te fuel inthe Held is ea! ie seu ese cnc we hve alee 1 iow ow 1 re fen ‘sie bypoiesBy desing wih aay sl une oe fn de wns can st fing fo ow wk ile aes of Tings i © an insactery cue can nar ts ng or ‘he Ba iw Re hep sce ‘Think we ane ds the ge cup is eon, a in corer smo eel fen Eg Oe apn wes te "ha we oie th reat eon sig gene ina au he aly spit mle tat compere sa yb Inge rear Tene sais concep oe Mb sss to snes wo bane ever a exp w ha ef te eral a hy sl Re aw a op Ing ‘a wh gue 9 make see pens abou ngage. tk Soong heist and in dane ex. Th my fe ea ese wt wp as ests psi a recor cose: ‘the, we ol Oi scan ha sens be abl eva aly our fatal elas a xh po ths ecu eal kp os an an tie appr twa the sje mae Gen that ‘he may of our eas ae male phe Eg, OH Re [English examples provides bones that we far cue the Ick nan er tags. Otvioly. tb general paps we dacs mst Be ape al hn, ad ae aches ay wish em hse enteral ni ostngose an th eres. Suh mr LESSON on be ul Lingus Work ha), y Aa K, Farmer ‘BU Rid A Denes ako puted by The MIT Ps. PLANS: We have nil this eon ge eae mira iy in spn menses course far Do ow an th sas Os) ‘pec eh The dil chaps a ed Wid Mero ‘Seu ab nih aay het eae teal fin presi HS wih ional allowing a pect tps. Ins na. each who ase ely a week oa cen cha ar able chee abs Sasi 50 tht stds re exon oth mail es evar fe that pra esure-in soo te ook can he wd fh a eae Fativn We el ke up ae pete eps For caches wo te eater em then can he wd aul eae gure couse. Fora ure ita vad tr Sem wpes i Ingustese owine a pose oa (ha ‘os pring om he echo Cheper: Moos (Caper Pons sl emi Tamerpion Cepeda Chaper Sys (Chae 7: nese Vario ‘Chane: Langage Cane ‘The capes id do nx eel crcl othe ns hat ae Be sid over: Us, we have csr tht 2 Wain eorex ihn tira Fer aoncquner cows wlan cps 0 pspcolnguisis. om se wo haan commit flowing a posse ont Caper: Moy (Caper 5: Syate (Chaper 6: Srumiss (Chapers:Pragnats (Caper 11 Langeae Aegan Chien (Caper 1 Language and he Bt ‘Teatho working win the Somes sem (or aching cous th run two quer the qr ssn) wi hd hat his eo ca Bea gt oonaly wit af Sse em. For example, ea (esearch me HS op 1 flowy pose forms (Chane 2: Mertlegy (Chae Pris an Pome Taspion Chaper & Ponogy ‘cape 5: Syms Chane 6 Ssrnces Chaper 7: Lanes Veision ‘cape Lineage Canes (Cape Praga: bv. aches wih br ess wi ck ie als. Fer canpl, ira cure witha pocholngat, conte wc. or ua eommnticaee onan. he follow cae cep oor Caper: Morphology Chap Sane Chae Sones Chaper 8:Pagsies ‘Cape te Pokey of Laneage {Caper 1: Langage Acq i Chien Chap 2 Langue an ie Bra sey age skeet, ubcton sl pca ‘sos crs em en backgrounds an dese sare dp ‘ool esl dh recto hngusks th caso re eek pus PART. ‘THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGEINTRODUCTION 1 scion we wl sine te soc of a Lng, a thing 0 we wil er a sje ha sly complex. Began ‘4s eingusics wei ped wf hat gists spel ee thle ie eng thos Yo eps and accom ore wrt {as wl ashe ncn ofa gage Wha her fal 39 sph? Speaking me Mtne ngage aaa ess tk ‘rot with gro sp nee Ev So ie cat ah fen fw rs fal puncte mae ce w> ‘plan aout bran ngage. But ic ms ca that here a ga al expan, IFwe "ep om se" language and Bok a an objet be sed we! desea ti ot my wed ne dnc amex of nan Ke To tepning sty of src! penis of han ges itis stl to mte a cre the ta ri thon pat Stra easy of hare gage im a te 1 {teas fv so a2) rae a pcs ha per he ray thse det uns cn ec an eI te Sie co rpg) cher 2. pom (cater 3) nly cage lau oye hap 9, we wil css ee dc wi tht nats hve poss ne sy of ise subareas Hingis. tion olan dra nes aah a acs, Poe eee tnd stare pass, we le dca te ms at piles by ‘ich wr are fom sont cel nh ar nd ya tes rst a eed pep. 'n ation 1 desing the co acs aha. psy. syne in onan caer i ds ow sei Enat © ta ery on ose cre areas nay, eae varie (tage 7 rae lane (chap in ox cae el nl the ways ch Engage vars acess inv Speakon fc det gros eponly, socal ant etme) ad wa ines and rele ea eer sna. Tn aig led ‘at ctrl uns oni for combo shapes 3. We trl tn sume ow sich tsa ea ery ln ub dimensns ‘The 608 pcm n haps 2-6 Fam th ce of wt has lastly an ka a race nunc a pac he Unie ‘Sas fee the 12D oe 190, andy cnn fe cea pot ranrmaronaleerave linguist tee espe ‘Mead ee The lt ds fn te pola e Nea Choy asc inthe Unie Sassi tat ne thas a come a bea ‘ont chan Wsem Europe and pan and has aes ml ‘skein seve Ea pea ents a 8 Assuming that the mj of cur ees fe nave spesken of ngs we have daw the ngage dain wed his Bok ast easy fm Egle Lingus Wortook ao paid by ‘Ge MIT Pro fr exons bal en ne 3D lng). Weems You we our ine Ings gens calng oar rents a hyalina that eo st yp, se youn spect f Ung wee vegan, We shu koa, tha Oe emeal aps of eEngitie meer: we develop se ae proposed bol or 2 gags. at et fo a ae at ss ah! we ete yo tink sot er ees Son ‘How sou sy te Eng carts. Chapter 1 ‘What Is Linguists? “he ll Finis. he skies of va rater nag. aging sexing ac sty, wh 2 porta tS a nen ae, aepoly sehiy nage txt, cy tative pact, poopy, compa sis. eon. an a Fl mete. among i. Ind. he tie Hl los wi ings ar he) apne oe ery el fcr the oom aly ete ace a ans ol una cae Tn ape of ie imporans of he fl ngs, any pple, cen apy ecard peopl wi yon tha they have cy 2 Yaga ‘vate lt abot. Some oles that Bt een pes sce ages ey. Orr kee that ge ean ‘aps capone wh can up 3 de wheter tr ty Ti rity me” Yo gui pool to fea pola gw (at ‘2 cx oe af at) Hig tga sg age cs, ‘eet tig sped a Ws UN, a waa pak ee ‘an ee ngage "What gusts, hen? Faken, the elt coment ‘nena of gee sl ing) east perc a prop fave bam faci ltpuge and commansaron he oma of yea, se i may was we a oy Degumng Wander ‘nd te compe na hap of ara Wwe sk What tert enna? or Hoy ds ceca wk? Me ky ‘las that hse quests have mo site anes and ae math wd ral ear i eta) Sy uses sus What is engy? o What ecm be aw fing fn, ‘andl he ee ek ose sn ater sete Li sic ole the fell aie epee ae Wekown the brat gestions abot the nat of guage an coma at imo sll. re marapeabe guess tht wen be 6 nse, 30 doi esbish rene rls at we ct lc iamning cer ane wo ie gs quesons. Unless we limit ou iin thi way a ounces 10 paren fomeweks ee Sannin ier sesh of gage al cme. Me Cb hp to ake prog in rering eb quis tht Rn Ei rd pple fro Song. AS we wl Sethe Md cve 8 sung ral ne pes iG 0 mn a ae Pat of the et coms chaps deg ricy hth sie ‘ual compet ot langage. Capes > “Mpls ence ‘hte peri of wor nd med ang tak. Chapter "Ph ‘ss anf Pons Toncpioe hss the iy toed in the pode of sch soos wel as poobeme an phonic trocar wed 4 pst te se of Els CGrper 4 "Paving" aves te epson pcs that te ain pane he sch wun ae a Chae Syn ete asd of te ce of snes ad pes Chapter Sunats"svey te popes of Inge mening Char 7 “Language Varian” dah wah he way Speen and aug spel can air fam each ori tne the OS omy Of Image hat they ue. Chater R"Languge Chats” ces fan lass change eer te and how leaps cn fe sly sing cami eran snc popes of buna nga par. we tum to fencioal progenies part. Chap 9. ag. Iie expla sme oth ssa sorting van Sh ‘mucse “al poses cenit commutcai Seas te pele (Se when ey tw exh ther Caner 1. “sjcokgy of Lat SS" csamnes how lagu Is posed at velrsond. Oper “Langize Acq Chie.” sade te seg mobed lagu suse by bum wth Dal at Htc al es the onde fe psi a steely endowed “Langage Aqui Device” Fly har [2 “Langage an th Bra.” eas wi how Tange sd aa pcs ts | “To tam fe he pic ote geo, wh a see of he ‘uetyrand sump tht ngs mae whe they sty nga? Peas ae opera Tandmens|anpecd t ban snug al Kelsi mk for pms) greed. Evy known Lng assy ms governing multe, wort oman an ical cestacon, Fre th way in which meaning fe sod sti ps a langage hrc y ples. Pally the te fan fo omnia sone hy pon seria that can be eyes ls. The uknete am neat tape. hte fee feelers © desea accom eB pn ber eosin. ned taper 7. Latina Vato.” ows "hat on seal ia pach emily ae rsa es "A is pst we mast lan npr gucason W what we Be jest sa That, we a wee mn rue an nae goserned the {pecan ta igi we fem Th wage vy floee th Uiypenees doting fs. Isc to ae sora rs of gamma wid we We wd fo 8 Speak and wet "onety™—rus sch as "Do ot ch a sence wit 2 repo r"Dont say ar" Never pt a inte” Rus tas st acl preserve rae: tha 3 types, oF hae speaketh nay te Tnguge spss shld Be ‘or geken in one fre speaker app comet or oa. Pe Seine les a ely mks ef se ae han ese gram shay cot. wk nt pe ms ey ae a 1 prs mle ben grater Books. Rar, at 1b fo ‘le deters ras whan ty ly pags, ks hal dsc ‘he acl nga of ee rp of pak and Some HPO lingnge ta spsien boul” we, Decne as expo snc ‘tran ers abo viroas apc of ngeags Ts, whe ‘soy at Lpuge le pvemel ee weal pte a he sly ‘hunan ingage fee evil micro secant abouts ‘slates mh scr an Tuono aguas. Even th lr MS EO by sie pines. spedkes rete eal 8 ‘Ss sunburn scope whch tal eo Bt 1 kn of ings at eat be tae abot. How gage ais is Prony ofa eons pe) aes chars 2 [BU 5. "Morphology" and "Sona "anathor tporan fkgrand asunpton sal Angus abe ty rus Haan lagu cae a fed plenomcro: Ings Suns tha posi sy buna agua gener and hat 1 sy of part nse Wl ea ewes of nage a tava, Wha do me mn by unease”So bre ave wed ths apse alan ange mio rslonng Wn pe angage ach x Ea Chore Stet {ne smc: pred y ths geo we of hee angage:t wel ‘Sco tha is We rc ue ca fingers Fata neue ej, ll dal whe gaps Sh Pano Reon Peete haan agin apron te fe 0 be oo ie fen ech cer hat fen Sac on sa ow Ensen so ngs ough wo Ako ti bss at ps ngs Mr fam cc ake oo the fice ne fk chr ne fia a ran ngs ae se ingly mae scat Kem gags 2 ir el exe ind Stem nh ting a piven kn ‘apes kingston aw nA thre ting a Be ‘pros in omens a canoe exe aay ae Ob toms ne ngage ay ane mm at us! SE engage, {Cisahays poste vet sw en eee whet we Tay thing we ean mg can. we can exe any haan nga “uring te abc popes. even he femal sts of lange esi al agge Pane sess mle op of sal val ne. he nt itm bing ep fod, wht ar fs me op oF weypnces of sands foe eae of arn Tau ar vi ht me ry il 0 aw ing tr impure share thom When gue Br agua. o trl uma language hye ving ate bk Ive enh he sis aro naps ae eat ma fat fncsn nf ccf cee uve pai Trl 1 wt ean tsa at ivr Pens, me stil ere ence an that an fe stave re ts enka den em the Enns. tak! yet ‘ao saps at wh es nt al 1 Eng We Wl Re ‘aig ann ceneees israel we ee at ase ave be eve a guages. We lnc gia ees so tt you cn Sonal cack orl a stds whet uy ae nicl Wo oud. Lagos, psp eee a 2 ‘ae scapes an opportuni ev he stat pcp Sheesh poss spc inch 5. Syn 30H yy Be ae ‘0 ess te scum often at ease yp fora, Whe Leis ox fe hing fled tbe argurenaton in he hp you wil be i poston cay out ma eine pce eee tent aly ne er bet obertion sot th sre mate nts To mary gis ene am gos mk Sy ‘We hope at we cot 0 unnl esout a ngage, Me ‘sll coesprapy eal mre atthe press fn ‘ph Taos a he sy ohne lly he tal Inman nd Tas sal pela st exes By New Cheesy 8 tisk Refcton om Langage 7S 34 Why sy guage? Tee nay poe nme cn ne Tar ere, tw ane lose gst ta qa. Oe ss fects ayo gt hen a ‘SiGe oro won wih yar ocd ep nor a Decry dm crete at te ap begs, ‘Stkcrmte paue tse fin do main yy ‘hetonape cpl nt dads ae rm gsi oe {be man fu Minn, at sy be psy tt ‘Sabine brug may ute ane cs to eae oc ‘eat ry ed ty at cee cs genetenetae ey ese leh ‘Sy ea ts Area sh iss we ‘may ah cpu nd tt spe eng He on ie ‘Setup vot fence a ges ad ung pe Fer acy Ke ugh adsense a {i ai pct lola ere conc nan wt piel ‘tt er Gas kyl wh nl Tar geet ‘niin arp asa me pri arn ne Se Se we hs ype: a rp be ah ogy {ny N 75 fasion nage New Yor: aan BonsChapter 2 ‘Meehology: The Study ofthe Seuctue of Words Counce.) yoo can sane Tice sume al wd ou ao emer othr ght ayWron we tink abot ur ave lmguags. te ete of wor scum bvions Aral we we hr aos seating cu ave at ‘ge we Da ih ncn Wor In ean pd a. ee tors on th PAS ey sep y ps. Bal SED yout asin wee event ae yo sting 3 el tags ‘hat you ate just star say. Sokal te ease of weds lenger ems cbvions. Whi Bering 1 2 nai spear of Freeh, or Nava Tape. a you hea «br sud you stain rive worth you hve a the me Mek wol Dem 9 il he ema emptor mol fe ble to dv tht lr fod at nies won The Hol aly Spot that he prt tiga hn reas 21a tween th wor. Per (1988, 15810) aac "We [ase ‘pes sel aa wel Bounds when we ech hee of 2S ost that maths soe ey inoue eon” ‘Te ayo nae conten ssa oud (oken lng) ino dscete units ddl wer) ar fo a Sims a cena par angio orca (chap 1). When Dew fave “BASue” rgnag. yo are ale o exit ‘words without flo, This a weal pot eps If yo i Tow and ust my props asd wah won ‘What do we Kao" whe we ran won? To patter my, wha ns foram fe ne Karl when we ka wer a st "ie information ocean Coca we wl oe ‘ha a wordt anata wath Geen kink cf iation In de sit hse tps of oman ew at be ig echo the sul of agus at vl be al wih hs Dok: {.Plonete|Phoaogl informa, For ey word We Ko: Me ave lem poouseaees. Pro kxowing th werd Kong Cerin ouads more po, sere ne of cn. Phone Su phonagyane hemi ogi hat sty the rc and ‘Suet pateming ound hr ngage char 3 a 2, Level smctreormaton Forever wor we he amd. We mately ow srehing dou sna rae or example, Ino ws ht the word re crm be Boke dow 0 a ‘ean pare Incatea fe wor rere abe mao Ton: the won ire pha an abitonlcaent aome epleal™ {cn Morphology el ngs tat te th tra Nontekes 2. Stace ifrmaton. Pr eey wa Wefan. Wear HO i fis inthe vc sce o eee a which canbe For xan. we know ta he word real can be ed ina ene De Mark ead he ook sx he med abe th word rd) ‘embed maroc ke The Bok i eae, We may ot Km ht cael vr ot eal ec ne ot lies hus ae sar fm oe te on ie hn of vntemce Spas ee tl ons ta tas he ‘ral rect of vows and th eaten ial ors sch 5). “Soma informatin, Fo virally ery word we Ko, ne Jems a mening esr ngs For cmp, ®t we Drther 0 kw th ths 3 oan ing (he ia ze figs fe won ab in Joh 1 ently and hl es rear fete tome Soman the sell guts at sta rate of he meaning fia word and he Tf Wot ‘opel iw pes and es se ape 8. ‘Pragmatic information. Rosy el we a, We a ely i meaning renin tt ab Howto we sia the contest dose ‘¢ comenaion Fors, th we reer cn be wl cy ‘oer ma shag bu a a a cones exams. 6 "Oh chr! Wat ams” Isms, we cm vee Bat mening ws uch. For example te Weed hel Is We 1 et, Bt ‘Sone i hve mo meaning hye Yn prise. Praga eth ‘ST gus ht sis he Sf wets a pes ade ‘Sons in th tal cor! f dice eater, Tain fo being concer wih wt we arm wm eS ont nie fe med decking pas that ote [Hable epestaion of the tow, Art sring ota Oe (Suid kt ebuers I New Riverde Dismay a gu psa ti e's seater Sage of wos. Dp th ear es ap: Sen what we An aout nod? For xa the cay he woe Dara god pesnato fwin we kan ou ht Word? Cee he ding try ety fe Bae: eke a) baking 1 e009. a oe. ot ya 2 hac and yo in a ven ake pay) a. A sa tathering a wich hk ed seed. baChap? seen pie cin you ta a govt is Sane who oe Weiter then, snaot acct he te spe wht hams Ne 19 8 6 Ming new wont o analyzing e568 os Besides the tps of information ound Sere—igommatoa ha we sume any eae sake sust hve lea aout a word a cede Ew there re other pers won th git 0. wih my lormay wot be known nate speakers. Foc exam wor nd thei the are sujet To tran ser group ef sper. In Amencan git the mor Bone an be se re 0a tp Ba ris Engl can be wl off. mel oe hod oct, Words ta theres aa ajo vavion ovr ie, For exp the Engh ‘order was dee te gone wont meaning seams” bt om Wed blr aly to prc specs anima. These acs aout ‘von variabon an stra hangs mayo be Keon oH ae Seinen fe Mghy educated speaks. th hey and ect ‘rai oft ent ein eure bu ach Lt frm the sabe Inner of ether important bee of Sagustc, mamey nunge “acon and langage change wh We wl explore in chaps 7 aS tan an ht cach pe offre brs imporan re of SY for subbei eeu. fa ths eter we WIR come wih he ‘big nova ar momo. Fit we wl inde cram bse 28> of morphology Thon We wl dacs How new words fe ce, fu Gnaly te vil ae the pilin Oras and penis of ‘ton formation that wil ais the problems docwed above wih Spec w the inakauacs Isham) of the cons 2 PE sion ofa apeaters knoe f wend ‘ame Base Questions of Morplory Wins the Se of mobos, posible ene aay Gusions hou the nae of rds, Bu among te mere pense questions have ee he Fai 7 What are wo? What are te tse ing oc ia the formato a comple wes? ow ae mor complex words Wilt wp fm wn 2 How she meaty of complex Won! rela othe meaning of uns? How ae inva! wonts 0 ngage ese eh Word of he © Mow ‘Theat a icoh qusicns, ad ngs sing mop ve yee ive at comply satcrny awe 40 ayo thm, Once tre bein wo contro plas anomer, me ly dager ta nr ‘sing and sable new poles ai, which Tek to vse de We can sc his pes fcomtneting and fing aster ylang a or fin question, Wha are mons? To Bx 0 aoc thi gestion, ‘ke rte hat the word ter a complex prem ef sounds aso ‘hha eran meaning "mae sling"). Ter mo moose son ty ‘he parca combination of sounds represen y the Weed rahe Souk! mest wt dos. In Fac, Tohono O'odac (a Natve Aner ‘ean ngage guhern Arizona an noahern Mic), alan the sounds reresaned by the won, werag, an et, rapes ‘wel sre the mening "nate sibling” Cle ce he tre ‘hese that dices wba th msaning opt fo Be: Ree, te pig ‘sand amen sal be array. Ie eB vey nage Sound in he word about uma, plat, Bae ho, rath {22}. But such words om 3 vary se sa th we fay Tang: fo that monty won the sand mening pis tubiray. Ths, 54S dfinon, We might) that awed a are tron paring ofan and means wove, thre are at Kast to reams why this dfn i = agua. Fst. i des not distinguish Bewcen worl abd pies oF enone which re ako (ral) abary pias of ound and ‘mening. Soon wo sich sin ccs sch wns as ‘meaning. The wort spl placer fr th ajo potion a the semen. Therefor: oe al sound sequcoces ar Foe ad 2a Sound sees that ale speakers oll Mlb wer hve a Tang, bat oto 6 no ave am agate dino ote om he ex scion we mil oni nil toes soon oa om he ct. What are the fie ling Beceem he ron of complex wor? COMPLEX WORDS AND MORPHEMES categnee sme an cmpiaz Asie wo sah ee cm 0 Be1 ager? ‘the nate be sound da is wht the meaning out 4 be Sea he pig so ed eine sad Roary I ‘hat aeyguipe cota onomatpoee wes (he. words ne ‘ound cr mi sund inthe wo shout wt mw, Bowne ‘plas bang, hoot erath te) But ih wn faery nied ‘the wor ony een langage: fc te at major of wo the Seunt-ncning paring is rir. Ts, as ist dtnin, Weng ‘sy hata words ar arbirary patron nd mening owen the rt te enon why th dfn sna spate Fins es ot dang wean mth an pes ce ‘HEL which are ao (deel) abit) pais of sud sal evince awn ach ea sen sicha Ion as ‘0 meaing The word gy 4 pccole To he adj ps fe seas. Teel. al und sags af Word. td sound sees tht ve pele wd wey as word hve ‘a meaing, We hve intone abot wht and a word nar tative lngags, ba et we 8 mt ve an te i oe femm no hs net con we wil cml ser 4 the soil som on he it What re the Be Bsn ck te fom cee ons) 2 COMPLEX WORDS AND MORPHEMES es 0 osm ri tht wo st Bo i at et 9 ‘tp ipl and conpes A single mr er sar 9 3 ‘iat the sae oem ny a fea Tm no mrt pr On th br a, he od er a pol vo parts the sun ee a he pla cdg spl 8 as Se. The towing sso lsh wens ea a he lal oe) a beatae nous gue eter: o own Pla fom (73) hey tos tele Tp tee rd forbs rier bt Mobo ‘Note aon in glib eons plu hs Kiso fo exp the pla of chil ohn. nt sue. Howe, fr ns sah ‘he mI). and aes oh lage cas. we canta comple lal Fees (chases are mode up ofa Sma 2) lewd bythe paral ening. The Ds pas ere wordt in the dont king Mocks tht ake upare alld morpho Eich of the pal aes tinal (1) de apt meme beer sachs boy a nd apr crite, whch ‘tached he bse nomen The meaning of ch pla om se combine, insane finest, the ening th Dose mnepine an e meni of th plu morph In So cess ope may othe at Kile meaning. For example. “See inthe wed reer dso ane ah nde ning, {eULis eopazable awnit ccuring tee wens. perce feet def) shon we wil ay thames ae he ai iso word ting a gus hy amet eke mn apy fat in eta he ea pats ‘Te faces of dni the moines te conus sam soul can somtimes al one morte tl One eae ‘Cress modes te aemation of he nde ace ween @ tnd a Cole the flowing wont @ Sadler an ier ‘tee i ange nan at pid of Eas thei ch ef th ours ote ets noted inspected thea to he tite a. A ‘Snr ema nye king pla ai, bu th te Way ond For camp have yu at (taps en sai erin eats 1 ole herbal Another cxample cf ana vate te Spnih od sane (On css ths pul Eng petes>—apeyng tl ey tout Engst plu omit, renamed the sings ‘ale The lin Spa 3 a 7 very inouiag mel si cs fe Seah ohne the Eight exressin kp“ ie” I'yon pombe he Sha 7s ble te ee fo Engi gp a eerie ut eas 0 Ave on hei We ofthe ln sey pt fe wee owetme aby MP meas his scl" An inpostan shane {eof Sea ta pone che fps pn tht ne wed ‘sh sti caer of ous One poe pir and wy where ie Mphomer ae cerned nu tno cere morphed Dice fr exam, te perl rpbeme 2 nich ca oly xe ‘any, wih epi eae soe eter fi Crain and mo ‘homers kro sc eg ths and he meee {eps ror} ae sl 108 prfes when hey ae atacod ‘wrt in) sn afftos when they ae atc he end of ‘Noter mpc ihe in only cha mont pei, ‘rao. The morn to hich ona atc be oe) ‘erphome” A bse more may he Es (Ss re hs Bah {ne morphome ands fre tne) of bound (ie erm A Bn cle ono Egos mores momma in Ste ‘Cerin Inia lt fae ats owe at fine which et tac witinapetber orp. For etample Bono Hoes Ianguge fhe Papin he ni i wd et he post complied acon Sai 1920) Tang te wor hay, anne I ‘ibe csi of ght eps Moony lect the se pee ay heel ee {hence Kae). ato he ee aed in sean ver me ‘mpm ia fh incl“ ime flowing th est Teme be te ged gee 2a tl ound more re sort hae For examin Kg ain words hve eting ror ps ar nto The ds ho flew a ree ca rma fin The ld cor nt nang nye" co ‘rca fen of. a in Thee soning he seat form ‘vol i ie bch sve er cont os Tach wot elangs ta pm catgry Foret, dasa oa, cmp ethan ap SRE, pe peo, a [qty sam avers Avon sch a shes vas proper (Sek of toe words frm be pl dls a dks Tis ai ‘cts to words afl a os and pecs pl noes. Thong owe ae eerpons for anc. ltl elon ahd otln n his bin, wheres wd sch a or cm, Tes rb ake he se“ (a Baked onal, Kadi te @ Sid person She wille They walk ‘bes id peo sigue, " ‘Ver anal be thew ng Sa Baka al aig. acing sneingig, sed ines eh Tt an hal ‘Ades san wally ke the aint rand as in i ge gfe edraemlennienter et! Soo (Mowat more hoa be formed fot adjectives bythe ason of he aay For example he {cv quicken bs cone te ever by ng“, 1 fm {SC ity ash Mh lyn fii in Bash tht ean ea Adj an Go: wines oly ma Joon inl Innes oj in Engi The amor by eset Mager seein parcel ous ad veces in most mt al {nos (Evdeee ess, tooph tho the Teen of sme of the tees pura fom fe mane For cramp ilps » noun Be hoe ‘sks took can heal wih ier single pal mening. Te ‘ repai which x pce pr of he singer ee aud epee) Comsat the plas form. orca it Toho lero haan "ore” pr "Wea zor0r “op” in wd ‘he bxing oft won 0 comic th pr frm Hoy ee Inte agg the pia sora eas yan eo by reupenton(amoag tr mya Io sort em of neve pls apace aes car of ound meres An par ch es sence sach a Jol ge hw ono ea too" he frre iar tn etn fants wt be set othe eine (Ge ser of ie con andthe pace inner a ho “ook Sook" fcc a the sbjo ta whieh "undegbs"the acon) he ‘hc ead ach grams fncom a ned met fen Dyapes ed err The st fan gs sence pally pecs the ‘er nd tect type los sion read the Book. (Comer gt i prim aeons mtd i apans Tec erarple Eg on & sf ws Kosh ait cing ‘he he wei dns) ade eal ati yt Inthe book ora book Arik fala apc, he xg Secs Join hn roa sas Th os om bw fice (nese Hs oes ncn). ta cn M20 ‘nopomss coast tthe Ag als. This ae 1 3 a Tepes speaks cana ees he dio ia eine eve the ‘oot (eine and spc ad Dok (inf and especie. Japanese this sen is demined by Be coe (th ges nd whinge) of fe semen. Fr expe, ican Bok fas en Ineroied n pens nan, spake apse ney Fen Yond a ene “fn et he book” rather an hn tw “To sm wp, whe emt ll ngage tre erin par spech en lnguge that ha gtiont pms pperes. To aout fe tse slain, we Pye tha words sas ica pep fies els 1 este cay. Such ete te wanaly ‘ead nw er, a 0 na we mus ein pn he a gen language nay hve 8 gram carey tft the. The exe of parapet aeons sows that he econ ff lnguge Sin) oe. random Ise Rate. sacred ins speci iron of word be vans grnmail cp). Te chews shoe work, 2 disotin sommes mice Rasen ‘pena word closets words Gamers elena cone on and fncon word, espe). Euanps of opens wots ‘elt th Engh wo oer rn a uly. Tope cs wot, fe ths temging othe major pipe eases ous. vers, Paces, and nN. ih ay Tagg eed oe gi a ‘md opened” Ta animas! mambo ew wt an BS ‘eda id ote chs al ore). Tn corr closedtam wom ete Reon grade fancies (ox te ale memes, que cn fe and pepnton) wich oy lpg tad ce 2 Mente somber of ed eens, ton worst Engh nde cnn ens and, or es ie) deneentaes (ks at union (al. mov some few and pects fra wi. Take ne ‘orale cc come he wed ad The ese ae fe Weed ad ‘tat inci gama coin wot an pass on Ine combianon own prss de woman ante ay Any cae | eneship sucha es haps only ery Sly (ee ces) dm sal res. Ths, pak o Eg may wel exo ‘vcore tons and vers dry te cine year: a texte ‘eis that he Eng Tangunge wil are mw ace re 8 et se he cing yar orem he spears). ‘One familar vary af news ia whch he dsincinn Dewees pnts wor acoso ner kan fle rap pech (or elegrap langace. The en ler Ses frm th nd of lngge ws nike. whe coneraion of spe fan ey fe one be as ee a sib: HAVING WON: DDERFUL ‘IME: HOTEL GREAT. RETURNING FLIGHT 2t: SEND MONEY. STOP, Genely speaking. ikegopic finns of Inui the eps wen a reac whoa te elma ‘nt oil whee pose Tlemcen finn {ou brad loge ad pss bt ea ao Be over aly ‘Ss of ill ngage. ne gach pe ih cna as ‘ers Known a ape in Safe in chad arsine in ‘Sean ss of ey. cypress cally ay ‘flnguate whe msgs at be ew the sna "The phe cies cowl m is ein eval in fpr? Not, mca, that fs colds Be ei {loging 0 “elmo lanes” For eae the ees fpf at safe ay cms fa wl nombre een, grt ‘hanged oy sry oy eerie Both ar sons sue te ‘nl efor grammar mophemet Is en Estes Se {He sean rool las fo lr fo nie weds (ate hat 1 Dea Mins howe, tf we ap at ge i ee 22 23, NHOLOGISNS: HOW ARE NEW WORDS CREATED? How can our Se veal be expend ae al wih oar tcl nite wor? Fit cv war an bea nd tee ‘np of say exkong ot om he change. Sse, now ck: i cote a knyange towgh Be operation of wor fomaien aks. The orf langage sy hat ds wid woe oration a sab call ‘dervanalmorpolos) Crating Now Wer and Chr he Manin of Wards Creating Now Wer Neos) Syeskon cil rte now wok wing th pres kd Pel, ‘nr tt condo thx ome nd y he lenge cernmanty ard ome fr eth ange Cid Worthan tow, vay nonexistent work Lap ering ‘2 tnguage The cen oppo when sean nee Or ce) fe ‘tr tems the eo coppers of wor ud ad mei Speke cain ve wor y avenge seu! spe sal pa ‘np Ww meaning) Fo eames Sans has ACN om cha ek al ve ‘Acnmyms ‘Te eh adorn laters arom eh ofthe es tha pl we word te in er (or en) a ses eer ecpe ‘wor Far tangs radar ds fra detect ad van leser darts en oh aplication (by) soma eon (of a= ‘ton. sina te that en ong ach went ae oialy ‘ted or acny, sts gk lost sch on a th = tyme ce mined et The Wed eomps as ‘ah oem Here jt 8 one Source ‘URL ronnie “et) oan esos fete {GUE iponoced“gney") aad us acre DOS (peounced "sos") dk cpeating ie SCSI (prneansed sks") Small op ten fate LAN ipemomnced“nt") ea rept GIP (momnest “grains orange fora Acro fomtion just one of heaven: or storie. sre a a eg cme in Arsen psAiba Abeer many seat of Ameren Bhs one fin ablevatos sch CD. ER and Phas enya ngs ond ach ar comp Ad or eae ouput eeprom nb perl comper er politcal rere i men ‘or sty rongh ts proses he vy mee Sh cine a te Chane hai vais oma wi sce sree thous He se sme Wena and prea 20 wel Kom) oe sos we Gor” rene povang tn Ice So ne Free ena rae mete prog sings “Cpe” ebbreiatins 508) as po profesor oe Jasin topos p fo poweapieopotaty ae ow come oer cna ant Beg nee the sing mond ‘Mending proces or ae mt! fa mor hth ime (icon iron ad some, edaatmen Com esto ‘erin. brinch (eben a ich eri ‘Heure ad tadtornor. Manca om Mona oni and afar os inary i) Geoeiied Wants The wos Manes and east soe sh sige x cvong tw onde tach aig tele rand ate satay aac wt mance fr the products gnc (ener Hes tebe wd be the procn ef pantocpying geen seraed Uppal hs er st same eta, her om pes ero wird her agg. We he Enderaren (CEMA ‘oe ree oh Hawa and uh tee ang may “The Are ngs cote pany words Spanish wh hve mo a Soi tiesusan polar bene quel reel Toe ‘i propane Moti) Borowiage Init Aa nreing ipo Barong OS wes cxpevaon tee ngsge tid ayo see ae For etample, the toned tems fair an tron hare af cal ‘raion cf Native Armen wets meaning lobo and “ald {rin Oth ach et Bong (a0 Haowe Segura ‘rosa 2k ae perma fen Goran Weta ‘Chemanh ‘Anew maning can tome sit with an citing wor Thea ‘tos mays can cme su = Te armas cacgory of he word changes (changin pat of Sect, ssa fone domi eta 4 in os 1+ The ang of wort rales spe hadi) {The meming of word arose ope tena) ‘The meaning ofa eompex wed oles etic th me gener sonsportonl menting o he cole word (ean), Iii a wo chigs eopt meig Change in Part a Sec wrt can be mi by lang gratia cagty. For example he ms Howdi porch, pon Slope can ew Yet Houde’ way oof let porch nenipape pons er ha, and pep an isan. ie ‘rey anew cane cn be asec wih and ele an eX ‘rn Fe ean poi, he on, te opti he fk Fe ews fo ory the ver sw te pe ‘So making Po. In es tng proper mene mea C2 pow wo des pot de fet te mong he rea) Montes ‘aon exits wih tat tae To Hout oe exe. To Meuperal Fxension tapos! exon i et anaer ny ‘hice mnie fan cxting word ais olin Pe thee Wher tnpmge dba mm ohne fs te gt presen Ie cain pos, spon ke an ang wa ex ‘mean i's rpivae us. The ngs ds eg 9 ‘Sst bur sie wor Roig wa mew way he nga an, ‘Ret apis a hough 2m woe! td hc el. To ke ne ‘kag nretngw note hat sears of Engl have pd ‘any exigent wc onsn navi oe ig, shout spa exploaion Fr ita, we tc th Wd hp fe Spc ves os wo as ceca vse we peak of pcetip ching Wh ater i 4 ay fea 10 te way an ccc zing SP ‘cs: we spa of navigavon nh pes of tarpon; we ca ‘sent pak ofa psi cing gh spa. ven thang no vid ‘rsa ae meet: we speak of cena oe a fang nse a tips as Maing en water we spe @ capin an are ee beth ids sis: al eve cai over hms of hip Pas Sich a lan, hatch a eat olson se) ded I ‘ting tt tem tht sly erie fon these mer ein nviption fe th race fn md in the ‘ra ogc, Te yin ea say Site. jet we arparenly prose cep sams ie ale cing lem iw ways dacete Be mow pera, The {i inporant ft, r sve tology ‘wil cor aoverly ra ae aioe of yovonly nner tows i gage. Ind spats al nan gta {Bex cetiviy aml inspite Jower in exeniay the xsi bn ‘ages few als of expe Jt ik othe mes ‘ing wart hve oon er w comma he pil change ed of gh ecm: for example you "Su" or Migs = ‘Anais nrg ese is dhe metal exon of Wels fen the posi eal of od and esta in he mena emo es tng ners exchange ides. Fr ample conse he owinghaps 2 it wager sound cag inthe ve smi « ‘ee eon Ge Gieron messi imetgion corel _ Sprcciae —srprecaion "Two changes ming ple. Th oun i te ae wos is p> round te 1tsound nthe corepoaing on wont, sd 0 ner hore the main ss cpa Todi he ate wos, va ‘cers on th om st eon in th be wos "The 1a intaces ater abies change when iti aed © sword. Note tha whe abe atch wo vers te sing wo re ects (an he ant nes: © {This bok see. (Compas This bck be) 1 areal Bok (Compare Bs ook) “The ssl nme ew met of meaig ose “se © be Fd” where X's tbe meaning of te ve. Fo en means roughly "aw be boken” movable mess “abl o Be aed” uo Ths af 5 te chang ed wih i all © ‘apoio ange (vn canes 1 category unger asp mg) © semimiechnge (mci change ‘rf al hat Bo a cern sion ot ie For examp, fe expe Bee ha men mre cnet sy Ma urdcoie Tica abe ogee cn yn fous tn and Maye ale 0 oy, hy te tye 1 ‘a wo trpsing 1 spunea tase ess a wench aco it wo neo sce pve he data ia queso. ar we Ce the clus in (7h a genaaton mers o Verbioing ale Verna tating able rea! ae trek » wh oy Monisbey Py se oa wer pa vk ‘The verb on he Kr ransve ey ox wih jt so pea, whoa the vec he a rani (By 89 at wh je. Fo example © 1 Patz thebook, (ead + Me bok = ranstive verb ~ obec) 7 1b ie (d= rans verb 8 0 fowing obs Teny wen, Jo ci. eset ete ethan sve ves. pL inate veri. Neves jt aoe Bt (7), hee ae 10 Re vm erresanpes. Wha shout a0 a Pl Co sre examples 1 0) 2 The opis waltabe Tera wrumnsie . 1 wi form out tat se ae only apparetcomtrexampls, So al ‘nc, Not th he Sts waka a ve Both» tne a a a 1 do wl a the do.evan yh sy wasn st agen na eh manag oy son eget Dato sey erate! Morphology (ord ermaon Rae) ‘Now foci can soe aed by Swing us that tempor ‘fee data pcs. Fo parte ene of ih Po Ss san lea) exe wor wih cr wee and bs can De a. Eg as dees tes ahd we wl SUS the in the dscasin 1 fhe, we wl ae Ua empoutonsiy (the ropes whey the mesing ea whole expen Is dened By Themen fr) el portly bs ero morpions ‘ypc the new wor ey Hse cess ave ance of I Eh any hr agg) now wd ane fn en aly eusng wets by pss Sawn = canpoundins whch instal wer a "je gs” 10 for 8 compound Won 5 isa in ble 22 For example tenon can end Wi he ‘ea ma fm compa nan perth ate i can Be {peed wth he noon room fam De ceed seem the ‘Xetra bone dhe tive ho © en tec Secs reine. Por cxamples ef tar pe compo Sa gia ee 22) ‘oun Soa Adaaine Nour Pepnn 7 Neo ‘Sie Ata ‘rand Seah Cowl iy, ep fy of ei ee sa Beatie ie Bn ene Sse ia er Ss Tie di mgmt hgh cao sn eh atomic eomeunlonn steht eos ShacSoeants oh eon ac wo wr vn bears ch seem en netit aman ae nacre Seamer depen cow tao 6 Behn args weber foc yours copie orn ‘inayat enw en ig vos (2g wn on ase i en Soluce ns ces a pty oe Face hate le re a eps Neer e schism cogs wc Mae ates ecto Eto ete ee paces See an ney td a ein et Punts neh ae rag Th ve ‘iy tno cpa 6 Bag ton res adshostmmatethee nahouatrs [eins pan pap oo enue Pea alae lb ecptc Ne ced Temucohm it ft Sa ns wrt Baka a pling en "tf th prt he tnt cet. Ths ra Engi or Speias alvend Cons, sah comm eer an ont rie ot wet ha sie wor neous te converses fe wing German ae are Gen. Two-word a ‘wel cossnds wen age went Unfaliersterangfi (Gill ean Fearne Ph = ca) "bs gon mse agaist ede Comin compoimds ne a chacteriic SRS pte (sn pe ser, For camp in compe nous cosising oo wor he i ss (psn fet en crs oth ie ei he ‘en. Th corp ove sar pmunced MOVIE (ne ‘pa eon inde th hen of an a, me moe STAR: he comp nom Patron pment BH, Bt UetOON The arse ptr cn utes be te whi ‘gue fish snd chair be pd Hoar, NC $64 compoxal noun doting» spc Kid tha tabs it in eden he roman siCH FR, a wc ese A Se 8 ‘en pine coig ofthe foun char mn by he ace ih Soc sre cai th ppm w Be hh (at nant y's high chai) Oxor ws ta ce be wad W ambiguus ean cg isle tei (Grae a ipo) st ‘eave ery. Migherchan,hgheat ch, anda very hha a ena ely wih prs (ot compe) nee. “Alou We ming 0 cnet Wo th ree cei oe ofthe meaning fH prt the mein compos cated aban eric as a a argon fe ety egy ‘sepia For een cone the coe awa he [rund algo slot and Moses alge shoe a hs ae frm lio hit horseshoes ae cox sts me an oh tue tr ar on Se” fr ae” bane, Sia. al pile 8 Pe me of ake bot alsa ee ser mad of Te cond 27 es a hic eae wh Tage Fb De ‘ompexnd bsg deem rr le ti Neves, etn [snerivatins can he ase sho the marine of ompoure For x Simpl an apron ing wad one. whe iE ape Wns ‘fap: im tbr orc the meaning te Rot of the compen scot be cent in he maring of the whe cmp a te ‘Sun het rer Composing oth wae of now won in Eh an ery snpounds aha leer crit Jk show, goes. Sarton einer, and che nga amb ames et ios wo te nga Pap len ask ny the compen map eis tp he icp am map lees dr ec nt) sl he est fm Maple Lethe Be Toronto cyte) Ta news se tat pops of he ad of a conpoune homie precy fh ‘ol Aram he peri tend map wa Ia oth tng he we een aia xe ‘cla egal Reais te paa Ecos De hey ea ‘ws eho ot eae a a ds St Somme and granu! popes ihe meio be compan Tn thr weds the Word fea’ net te helo Be compa hs noun soe "heaen” THe dt gu) meee ts apc, al peak we he hl Spl Eas Headless Som Pend realy re bt my sche pllpoker al ee ae om Bigsh wars Pelpocer an cure cin fe eee = heals ses ty dont ree pees pus. ‘The Agnive tix er Aone noe oe Wy he wo foto mle “Ad the ati ‘wave Here tiy sale the nous is ae dss » Verb + Azentve oun’ er) (wo) weie wer ov hike (worply pier (toy win mer coon gene “The rv noun fim ans mngy ns who ds J oe an inset at doe X" whe X eee evr. Spe hate sth cet Ela lena, sch he vt sero (real ht err wee orginal teak fr 2 paying pr- ‘eh Nate speaker of agi atta know at Ue vblems Ger foe ember ss hae exe te wef fpeme crm y ducer, wing in vero ne Bs. Tsim, dese cs tw that epoca ls ad ess a sing adr pects of mre they. In asa. spake rate and heres wade) ek gpl ce Sr ses sae aes 24 INFLUCTIONAL VERSUS DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY ‘uty md francs tacos hn ln bon fer Seco so deriva egy. Ts se son never bn ae ety pe, bt wen pn ying eas of {Enpnh dt we fred oa cee! afer fertona xcs (cai sig to pan ogc chi cs il = Nace sas (hegircarehere) (tar toa Verdagestenaloes Uahe-taer (ebater ee Chee «Prone marker ing Sigs (heyerctngine) 1 Pati mates tated Weharbotda cote) " Adjecvnesonat ines 1 Compare marke festa (She etrthan yu) 2 Supine ae fates (She sfaser) gl has cas he incon fie Ind aoc, al nn Fe: in Engl fe ies (ote ae pins, ike he saan wi Sento! fc, whch nla bat us and ree) The daictonhetwoeh etn anal sis Eng is bd on 4 aber ffs Pin eid after me ange the cape (728 of pec) of (te fee meen i mere wich Dy ae tach) Fr elo eta ate vers bh ae yo are oa. I fem deat aero change the prt pect oD ‘moron, Ts, ead ve bt readable man psn. (As ed Sater though, same deeded fer oc hae cso. Re ep derail pts a Exp ener ot ln ptf ‘prot ofthe fe mpc 10 wich dey ae tached. 0 tht bch ‘Second iftona ad derivation ss acu ic enn weave xis vn wows namely icon suis follower Innes, Tha, im mosenienndenset the ital flor ‘ational “ie If iSciol o akkdfo ae ah Inadernces then wo Taber devin ses ean be ahs. rh fe for nade ceet, wth flea lowed by ional ‘al For th escent ht inci ls ck Sher liye of wor, whee dermal ues ark te "te layer Ths propery of crn and tna 952s tmz male 22, whch pies apnoea amis of p= ‘rds ening st Eh ss th able we have ged erin Tents sling for example. rend able fy ssp readin: Tents th aon of cri dri fixes ee row tae frm son tht ir derail crea ies an tah Ths the str rao te ates se ah ‘ers keer wes sn ne the infita eing + acl 0 "hem the ome, hon. cern derail ks center meone? ‘The ves onthe fa anti ocr wih jet nou pha) hows he srs th ae sane ay BO mk Wh ‘eas For emp: 2 Patras book (read +e ok ome web + objet eh bjt Jo at seb obs 9, 4 Fate ironies wth foe obj) 1 Tey net © John cs asco 0 be th ne hate aac ony 40 ve vet, at to inns wtb. Nevers jst among. th vs Ted in (, there agpean i be a somrcxmpe, What show abl! Corser tee (17 uw Te vl un ot tno ya parent cout ea May nthe nes. “The (0) expe ets the inrenne a ora ts (ce ‘ne venom hs vr ht aval or eats able ‘An ering ein ees een ees wh ane Wes seu sens hah competing “ble win Aare ee ‘wing xanga Wha ein 0 Moning oo We can ad se books hese Boks = be of he we read) tb Mase ok ae radi. hese bots —suhjt of are readable) 2 1 We can wah thse las th Theses ae washable 1 Wecon dive ia This Gir vale. “The rela that ers ite sat fcc () se cone spon othe bet the espn () se. nar Woe Te bet of Vr able ays end a te be Oat ch dere" We in) of VF ths ren femme) we sy Kim in eae, we a hat ober lye can bat Kat (Kh ‘Sunes ste ej eat edo an at Ki ble to bat ober pes Rening to ur “causexample." we cat ow Sa in it seczts with he gence jst ey Mary rn thee They fn ey ronson of fe amid Byte poet sence 8 Category changeable atch ansive eb ad es mt ave. Seman change: 12 the mening ofthe ver, hn ale als he sree “aw be 8" In genera then, whenever We pose a sysenae mapa ‘sain haan sos of os we sare (0) the temome sagen ange any, 2 he ery change, any an 3) he Nota aie cae ih eo hanes we ate seed wh he ole ‘Sti Tor mpl, Taglah avs seca diniouve waft, tly ot change te pat of ech the bse th dala ay oot) {ld dente he same prose ht the frm ay od Sn ay kore fly cont). (Along yes wo ae ‘Tongs we hve Sc in cometon wt le not eee Ihe ese hat fits ese sch changes en sed aes aye tc word ac 5 feck Even ough We na hing aon te me Imp of ls word Hwee wld tat abe cap be td feb {tem flv nec intr make cl hoa nab property of fea, a aie eth A fr lbablne aam at ‘ene “ale © bef nd tha a ate Backlormaton ‘Ge anther new wo, 08H, bl onthe wo Ermaon Se ‘Mou of Gg hy compe poomer ted spss f mapa! rly 8 pctomenon kiya as bnlfreton i Maps fe» Store et sont Engl hat the sou per, er Soke sanenser wider cor burp apr ti the Tngamge tre the eaesponog verbs pie Fe het ese sons deed geal fusion ea speak mg) Sepe om ‘sans oe nt ht gpition sae eso) ‘apn ad Ine he yer a fn ad ener ch Th fet Rec, py tak hi mgpence Yo the apne al a ‘ade a ingles” Ie Heil pomenlatn of ad, the ‘redux ceria phooslopal popes stand withthe EngFate earier arm ater by bake peengion opener 1 enc tat een the word acfemationisedegngbakfoma Une. The ei gue er Bunrationet a Eg A nd noone Bets Hinges ing pater afore od Xf "ord eng me! vt 9 Hops Yo Bcfrm.Whal 6 haps "cree st moe fen eh oa, rac ene, ‘hey san ake + nun ending in sofort he ening, sn athe ally shy ist srt of formation ba api 1 the sword rms Uni vty rst Ameren Engh he com of Tray eid Inthe mor ans kgs ele sm anor mrp ound anh cram that tone ‘ord of ngage Carey. bowener, cea twp the memphene Thunb styl an independ od, pelos of Engh hve ep ‘nape, ance. an carpe By veacing the cgrabe Pim crs by belfry ing vss ae ads Prolice (nd hore enrtand) aew monde ming peed ce pond those es and anos se eh did ne ‘tml deta ply The bs rth ton at Megas never a mde ey pc, ule ca gin expr by ag {healer nga ht tera on fle ne onal nig (cad acading tthe part oF ech ach ca Nag sonal fics (stays Bot ob eel ee (they mates) Pope mart ng soe sone (they are ng) pcp makers en oa (Sie har een er) tate bulgg Me hr Bed eae) Meche toa fies {heifer san you) far fi (She taMe dice tween fecal sel eval asia Ee is bod on a ater of ton. Fi, ici fis ter change the cate (pt of ct) oft fae mart ths poe whch thy i stad) Fer ‘Soe deta sok cae the pr ef gach th ae Imogene. Tus, read i vr, but reads ae AS wt ‘rl, ough, ee dea lies do at change eacgny. ee ‘Stamp deacon etic in Etlsh genera donot change the ps fsa ote fase expe w whith thy acd 4 a Bo ‘arge ad reolare Ke ste a) ‘Sts tonal aa deat ses cae i 3 cain ‘ve oder witin words nana stl sls flow deacon faincs Ti, Mt medemce-mednzes te lion fons the ‘atonal “ie. Iran sor suk aed 1 We a wih Imaderizs, bn fbr vation ses can beaded. Engh ofan madre wah inet lowe y deal he. For thse ess sof ad that cea be atk he oer yer of we, he deren fs mak eins ler The popes of dana an ints a Sa Imad in be whch prvi 9 nepal seas of ‘to combining sed Engi (nthe ube wen ‘ral ein ets apelin Rear rad abe + pd rea) us frm ew stl Or date en ean tach. Th he ie svete a atin na ch tr tere, ihe ks vt, can tne te ifconl dng “taco 0 them, la tht fc, coin stole coe rw men, fora gon pret soles wes nna fis ve atch 1 acady using members pen prs as, Tas the ‘ince eed the shoe sown male 23. aly ase ed ersten fy on te dog tems fea is. Ine ee i ic De a terwcen the meaning of te hse meron af te mang of te hase sisi gute regu Hee, the meaing cen been nee an res gaa, pr plo! que lyin ober ‘ie pir comising of «no i un pal combina In contast i be cae of devanal ates he eon even th cine fal Ine erste mening ofthe ase meee ar he mening Fhe te +i 5 ‘omcmes anil we hn en. Frets he pr {sb sm spe ening lan ("Xo "ale Be Bo "hor ph ead rade are waa whe he he a hi uk erat def al an cra emt ‘ining sl th empl oman fhe mesg el esi fable. Suh semen ell her dsl ea 22 and 26) peal ot Kd a ssa Base + afk So tat wont su a res Seg the plu fee a hes ecu eal mening ‘Ne tha ero an aa ass an smi be n= ‘alm fom For compl ing flies tht cd too Th, pam atch he tm ww en eer rung a the eee Yam wring, However tres ab a si ‘Real sig, wich allah 6 vet fen comeing teva, For expla the verb wie nb changed it sun, wring, Se he sone Her ad wri ar ran Ia is ee i “ng changes wth tt oun, a this oaspry change ach 0 day sig deel iTo amp he iin insite cen pata fa nsf worl Gk spunea ede ‘sive w dao er an oy a mt aed wih coin anges hat a ascted wih diana lh ch ae ‘ngs oc unpcdiuble meaning chanson sae een ‘Geused in tems of ed Sb ello paradigms Foe expe. he ‘rious fr that Yes an ke ake Dokki eam 8 Sto ‘rn nu evr paraiom, th params in Engh ae raher Spc cpr tsa prams iy. the Romance Inge ‘tan, Fee Speith eres. an hers) of Latin whch oe ‘samp 2 sf sue amie “to lve” al fe a aD ‘cal om nang an “Shwe” ame "tho vest” ona ‘sn vel” amabonur we wae Bei” 0. PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Nom we mm 8 one ote ha aso Ei ing necogt musi amy he ecopins o parent xcs ony pts £1 phen ami The of thse eens msg the eo 4 xrex word iohe prod fle ana and Bound base morhenes Prabatiy "We i tha te ic es tat ly uate ve, Yet Eh se 4 sal St om tht a oo a sae abe Face semble fempanenble Seale tmaragebie | feonsle Inpesionble xtc owls Dose is stn hat wont famine 23) i wn? The ane seems to hea Te oun std 0 2) sl nd ee Ta njns can el Es way. a nse Enlh dat const ‘fable auc noun Usa mee tical ems. We ay Tt he ache! able wie ve is prodre tat apn ute See—basits aah nor pdt, Now Vai ems ccna cnt he ang. Bt he Dow (8) a row er dl xp thts ead yt mot Rr oe Says by a presine le This sso ean ta he Brain wien i fa Hci ps of woe esas eur reaeship Rew thn fe at iy ar reed y ale a eee ‘nl morpology ie ove ore wa a pr countsexanps Fake Amis ‘Aneta zr pote we mat Be eset the psy fae en espe Ben hgh thse wont lia the phoned Seq tis iy at we woul wan analyz his eens the able For ewe thn, abi Yaseen dbs tm we te mening “oD fhe chs corny fou of eu (pacts) able wot Fancher ing th ale alc can cl gary take thea > os Kiecve Noun read easily Froable probity Frelable belay Bus sot pi vi he wor 27a a seh a at posse Etlsh wont. We do nt pak te hap {aby fe hte sabe the. a 40 pet. a, abe in the words (27) diy sii fxn the pei it “able hence, wal som be a fa ysis ai ht he weds 2D coi he predaye stable: Thse weet singly hep nd in Sones Sl able, and ey bear ey ache or ‘Manco won wih he late Pally. pt ino erm we wt cater. ble et he ead ofa capex we cessing of te ae Retwing the wor im (8h we mip yo mae the ee tha ‘hoe ed aly the poets spn 9 an thoe ‘nen ht eof word en nc the mesg "be HE" fex. mariageadle “gle vo many". and the “iy moan. oem Inarageabty des sn psi (toh Same speakers rah ‘tight wel jp. tr won (2, omen tt ee i {ny ven st cays ut 3 nampa ans et a Be “afl deme wth the press in gwesion ae pte amt ‘wet cerain ass might fie asi ‘Compost a appears Wo playa mae rl in tein» mops Nove tat the meng o eal pray ‘penitea:wmeing “slew te rend" Bl te rering f= {ote se east Coe el ce te meni "Wo make 90 ‘ai si 10 gp acting ize" Ths, Joe ed the oor nig be wat w decibe Jos earings or peas hes fw ps of unk acing wo se. Bu this nth he ‘Soune seule mes The ni “sr lng asl wa fhe is wba sgn ch Bethe ening "ows et ‘lly bic 1 the cohnon wo? ipo He sagas of sounds Ban Bae Maghemss “Cy redo tse ics saath li bem of mapa, pty, BS cee of cp won wih a eenahe o FER wo w tse th a exiting Wer of he neue For ‘ape among the-ale worse wer sah as ile 3 ese In bath ic th esl pl se the ere Roce 1 et ft rp Sr te) fe he rear mening “be ge at thc he fons pee fmaeaiy a fat. Ff. We ane no ren wo set ht ae oes nt he al a, Nein ee re kt oe a fe i oanble joa + er ba hore ae eng eh ie ‘eps Eg ua male ofa, eca Ma ota, We thus hate w allow fr th eases ea pe wor whose he ex fly hat cle wen cal he car cus fhe Ba ese sree, ih co nly i enanbery dv te wnt). “i poten dacs 0 fae poles i lating We Deseo eopct wot) sansines the hae the fm wich he aie ‘taco cams en had te mo Kg pate epson, ase ets wor! mio ne (2) sometiss on mat Be ast he ees os platy be ia of Be Hse, and 1) sms The hse ay the xing Welle se poles fae 0 ‘seal ang tw the aples wel 8 st 26, SPECIAL TOPICS ‘he Meaning of Cre Wert “Autrey ebony bow wane he mea fing of comps wor a How w dermis the ion etn he ‘meaning fan cate complex Woe! and te meanest spas. Ts fats o te err dcson femur dit. Fis, ene soe empl wis Ta pyar © hve pede meaning, For exanpl fale cst eh ong the han "abe tobe ta” mendate mean “able be mcm” a fla as “able be fla The meaning of hse able weds ees Bea ropa cobiion the meng ofthe verb som ad te spl cringe thal ai Homer ther ns ceri cmon ai. Tks fr xa, ‘teen rade poh quvonale in warabl The wera fhtedoes nt eins able heed Who we 9 th Bok ‘Ral we voy ma hat ml widen, pe fata Wi pple om Ober | cs me mea gy atthe fa “athe pi oat dte~norma eww pyle sein "eel be pad” I thy cea eaption orto iC not my tec that ean Be qs. Al lyse an fe qussona. con ve) ees ces. Ra a tle hoy or scout one tit a dbs ad age aly the word whale doer oo can ry Pale fo be wah i ic we the wor inary gai way ween con OS eet. aly faves. Hone hough we can tlk boa washing at Wonk esmewha el ay Ha he as wax een tS 1S say speaking, te) is poy nara evs Ua Shins wastoblec that plas pas oa able ae wale whes the woodn pas aren “Tee fats sea ina pacar clear way that he mews of runy eons wor ae net mercy composes of the meanings of ths par The wo ashlee re tam soe of war adHolgi! erin at masa has, we my ht he ord nerzne oman dre At iat ere vs hen her the ane! mete tomy pds, Connie the flbming Nova + Neu tapos [mbt gift. drmeedop. head sa sho Pablo ou wil sil je tom tl ple nde Tt i hey a Bes, though at ssesly coring word Ar oentind ue, ‘dese are Noun-+Nown Vandlond, sna mall) Adgtne — Adestve (rol rag Adve Mean (Madinand igh chr and ‘Prima component cach word that makes ep the compound ‘nopolsily simple Speer ernte ew compounds of i pe Fstily cy (ote th ena term, mck compancng i ie Prasicie cempen wont a pave we nl be okng ot rt) ‘ir nw fir etample Ser. mun Sere fm ve y ach ‘verse “earn lng sane bu at “pono? tn der to seo the evant fons ‘tre te ral tre Conaer he seiner In ble 2. Ie ‘Sm wows grim (he snr (0) ndash the tence CGrimsoming Roan scpabe compouns 4 MN. Be Pree fay lowing the wer the sec (20 0 har ve eave The compound pou 1 hte frm Gch aouper2 Maroc Amera ‘nee eran han cra ng ae cms oars ‘Athi vats atin Rawee,e ep 8 ete a ‘todo un plese why the Bo unl Bos ‘orp ae sme thing. The ings hte wis ats mas {igh pheno, ew we canine og dt a 8 Rec ma Tenner tm heros se te, a ‘© maps In gl he mone incon sia when wo pss being we 1 pik nil: > May sess The pencn who is “ting.” May. is he same ponon Whos Ding “seen” Seatac 0 ony prncins Bt ako Wo er eatgees f wont oe Te sd in te cher rete allio he shorn, denon pe the ball aes {hevecn he veh andthe pepo ae Corsi shorap. In ‘ecxanpl The dovtr ried hoi silly sno pie the ‘in hat ame los gfe, not he oa pete dtr “Te ptr at in ened canbe cp the loin t= ‘net (a alpen of Roepe an Seg (1978) Brat Ser Principe om |Add corpus ofthe fm WI W2 = wo E+ ont a feed by king WI san. etn oF are tha NS the nr (W2) mm sens and combining th W2, say how w inupra ih canion a try of compe, fhe few crc erent reach, Our re ee Hae at conpoutng Ike cok mortage nd grams poss, Indes frig ih den cary thee" alo FOP ris ofthat eazy. Verb compound des ct ede ns emis of woe Quite com: ast sth slit ale cance ch jst yer, so ost any ed ean ee as WL Wh jst ‘my deveral W2. Thus, compoaning governed By Peis at ae Sette ramen popes of th med nove ey Mice steadier ‘oil selena! femsenet—sleamssnent tkecved sided empled Seemed mplyle —_semplyale Slane feng fearcive —eleamcive fabs Slay “The data in (1) state thats may tach oa nun (ade. dena, amusement) oan ate ete employed, desractive.Haweret Sn oe aah a jas ay an ce aC @ Stet set ‘seo nat ote tat he nous a aes in he ea te (8p ae all ramolgially cpl and at thy a al fsa ‘et fenplorableenpl, nonin amsementanaze ‘he seas ot ach dey wo etebs fee said ley element) Geny etic ne ead) Clay here i same bind of pendency Hewes fd the wes, eto sch ize to he veh. We cen mate the flowing ‘Seep obtain he det ans edn in at thte'on anne vr (st sta ant slp edo Ge imran rer fet mie hee py te ely font he bo ‘hii ot to sing ssf Sanction nae a oexe mp he ajc a th eet wer the eet Theor eater ‘somone ho admies Nin oe esl, n'senrcon as some ‘ne doping heal tr, an This nae Sano the won "asthe" han wiht neo to whic the we og (ough thre mt expan fr wy verb eve hgh ey tye tained tally sen beatae st eli "eaten ” ‘ morpolgal suse manly, the dsncton betwee deat Metley ey tno ‘They len apd wth ops con ao ee (Grom south eee ee pase ay pone Spe Impey Iter Consider th example in ale 26. Boh dy ander af hat Whew Nuns oe he ing of the ain (eg enon) lamin“ of ny of so unos Th what eo fot sue pater fam Bh te anes and the creping nse Tha 9 the note of het Jon myer inte =p une see he sane este ina lamin) Tat aan of yet he ss pte howe SStibton fan wo afin? Mey eet anaes ve FOP ing thatthe are two own es eral ac, Fo oe {hoki wos Ga abe 210. AN Benge ‘hs I my sinh 4 maple eowpes wor tha conancom Sot i ic crm tach ¥ 3 mpg compe wor Sat coins Sofirwe hve sng pit oats dtp nes nd 4) see an aman sat te ve Of ra Ak ‘no yo clases To acta iy ping oe 0 cass mc ne Cakes and ales ace td aj propa sluson mate Ince in are ey i 2c 4 coniritewn ig te ene Ae a ig me?ow we tm Fh i Medan aon? Ett ‘eg ashy Dove Suri a fh on” ‘Tmumen Sah on ene onthe ee nna Ae ha fc rg Tat he orm in rep Aa ee fling qo 1. hs pt i yh Tt he ‘Sc he “= Gam ‘eT tp te oh mt nh ng Oe some ‘ete mbes popes am ae nnn ba sk sotoy 1 Engh iar ea, we we a ne ing Scpnie tnucpune i See [AW pou he non ht pi ats ‘ha i poe See sn — ad Sep ng he ein te dh 1, Now a ch ns ptt an a ol en Sey hhh ll 4, Sei § ma aye EgihNow oie iw es ptt atl Se it te ea td ‘ime oe al pt ala won Pa 6 ated 1 on, wh pa af th es te enlist og Ta wh pe ete enana ay dc rt a hn he mening fh ne fe mung eng ssn pt a ay cite mnactwa e pe er talaieeate B rena pe ce he leet sake hed ng ‘Sng sn wil ve ta ree ening Show how he a ‘Sete Sng! we mp cred be aha ch ar en ie ‘pee eat Eg > 1A We i he De ec ay oe at Sn te wr amon ale re pfs fa he ett gee 1A pla shan aH) he ih ae wd ta) a ep ath Ne an De eel tr egg) a dy he aio oe pre Peri tee a seinem i i mn ech Morse ny is pa ee. ero Chae bs tote toe 1, tnson 24 Cin es Deion ph") we me ‘hh vcr tn om ave Are og ae shown sara re Tale ation thy oa Bow emi mr ir rom soln med won 240 Rone haw er oyna ec te oe pee 1S. On Jane 1, 1985 he ed “Cat eS Face I sothe tma t ga esinn n ween ee 3 Niuean ot somes tase Sena cece ery nr a ed “Cu sons nh srr The a sae Ci oman tt on we os ‘al thr Eni comp ae sighed he ming fe i ‘ene te coment seb cee he mene ‘compra, Tang spon sn ce at po ay SSeS eh Cv me ob Sete'tn tw ude snesees“ ane ‘Reena shoud st i ety, open Di si See Bil chan Boose 8 ge A ce cn at Sirs 19 ae Be ‘Sim mira oie spr ssp ore cess conning. Roan Sg 19 SG 1982, Liter 1980, Pk 15a wes ed thee. Anapons phe, tne ped» cur dae a wig cg res ot ‘St su pty. and raga The Br ee Ife an Sts 1 Ress Rend i ‘ec hee a ions dean aes Sect me Ry SS tb Sol ae manage. Linn nin, Naural Langage & inguin Theor, The bi SS eine fos ae oats ‘Aes, V7 Anon Mao gh worm, La oe M8, Worformcion sore sama, Cae, Mn dy, DCM. hast an Za. Sac iin ses EOI tits rl pes Co Sontahey DSc A Mn Wie. 19 Oe inion ovo Canes, Ant 7 Mpls oie so Sn Jagr). Mam gla grammar Lni: Alm Ue. gan Lesley HS. Yaga ‘tsb wna Sl le itt Ara ined om ul nity Mn, 83, The cate and pe of preety alk mn Soman a Me: Bask Mews 97 sma Came: Co Mathes.) Mor: An rion the ter ofr tire ino Cane: Com ent Pes Fence, Dan Sas Str argentine Ena Bae nd or Ang: rt Cals B= Pt, 195.7 tne Now Yor: Harpe cn ir. 19% Wordeand nie: Phe greta New Yor Base ear Tan Roland 98 Rey naar 4, 65.70 pe, mM Se 7 a mtn mt Shit 0,12. The nf Cane, Mis: MT Ps Shp D.C 19 Tepes nh mops. Dic seta, MIT ‘ita J M75. Orgel page New Yr: ese “Zee 0. 13. A Paps gna, Tse eyo inn Pepee 3 Phonesics and Phonomie Transcription We uke ir gta can wre ngage with dct se tals (eg. an apa. Homes, sph is othe mo pa continuo: ‘ster he seus sal (eon Wave) hor te ede De ‘ore areas (2 eng and aps) cn be ken dow itd he kif dsc its Hat sarespo We unis epee ‘wide smo. Fe vamp ok athe nae oh Wo eo Fase 31 (A wave gry charges in he ampli the seo ‘rive (rials ant fe Rone i) Like this oe ts ‘vlogs eps ve sons patios kar ae here sym of writen ech ae ct lk few SEE ‘pvt You cin bse an ovetap ination by comparing he peo- runciaon ofthe sys Be Bah, oo. You nd hat whe Fremonce th B Your tng ake in positon 1 prone be “long” vowel. Meer yo vl Fi that yo pe re cay pana wh ou pronounce th Pn oo een nah he NA (te faking von wen sym with nay creed doe stk tas at we era of he lyse ensayo ap S38 Se bpe cr ly fhe proper ofthe sch seu fgg Ste se thar what apes to Bethe most conte gt pes Uphbte repsaatnis ctl ighy abc i as. ‘MI SOME BACKGROUND CONCEPTS Plans is emcee With tow sp sounds ae pede (at ad) in ewes act ae ef sy kan ss arn phone 18 wel as wih he ysl propre ee spe ud avescae ‘ica fh gh wl The vr a i er he {gies ote oud wee octal ets ene ie pwn te pl ete ew a ee Promndatn ofphink —pmnd mend el 4 ‘moron ke hd easy th hy nl eat (ek om rtp. ‘iho tm phontr soy Ue aye ay ‘t ssoute propria of soniye tm poly the set ‘Super i er wa tear seract icp ht ge he ‘bt of wun ngage. ln is car ew eae ‘oye wich sua oun pc cig Be ran Engh gach tun tpi We wil ooh ot to er ‘ta on hese roe of such sae fate loi fm acu eb ae Lalo 199 an Jhon 197 Tn cuter? weds he Eni plea mers He tpl no oe y tating he pl mph. ch 8 ‘li do ot al end wa eae ele ale cp we eee speed sou fe deen, Dt Bt we the mate of tee south mks 1 Be oped wih rove ALi anak he gh sgl ily Ming eis of esta ae peed ae te, na ad sh pasa ‘he rt ot em te rehome he nov One = some vow at aig 1 pk gn ois ety Be cat (63 rms tat move the Hpi al nga The sonal ‘Suche coe, ofr 10D mss eros ital ‘am cnr guage pect of the Sou wats thi ay pach (Cemetery 1907 Tee son was se pods ya cpl a ‘ction of) a cata How fe fm he ngs, 2 ions ‘he atoy ate lan be Alan's aye "oe Doin he had, ‘atonal miei fhe tow by poston sores ‘henge anche stil states 0 evra a, We wl fens ca hse component, The of en he ngs dai psc is sever spn ropes beth Bow dig ut being Fis. dunt Sp, thee 1 fur ne a ma a ex ing lt bean. Stool t spsch he somal beeing yn is ebngsd el inhalation ie rapa exaton mich ha es. Tih ‘he ramber fea per unt ine dees ding sch Fou. he ‘hw ofa unimgedsl dng quit rehing, wheres gh he tif encom resins Ith cts a ches ht ‘scar he throat and moh. Whithorn in the no Freting pate are ecg ding spec the fn of eating {cache fo an cron ke) cots wh no dee the speaker, ‘Om te primey mess fr expan ngs dine a «gst behing an sch the coracton he apr oe ie Sd. dato mela se Ha separ the et any Be sido mio Tis consi cams he dag to Toner el pestcy can rte expson of he cht cava tt of ‘Socks betwen te ine oh cage he extemal moet. Co ‘ection of hese me cas the bt it al ane te 7 ‘tat thee ae ings thy svn on, incr the vole Ft chet cv. Sic hangs a taco the wf Be cst ca hon the chs eaiy exp, er Sn dpa contac or feo movers te fg. bong li bo expr. As th ngs expen air fons in up 0 the point when inion is compl During gut eng the hr rets a this pan ad thetn ee tw ‘te cis nh fone ‘te nl ous oe ‘Ser al en page in wh dong bet ao ce ‘Shy nse se nena Dis Sne a “ant the sh cap su ute. thn iene th ae of ct Sy Ther age sho he ee oe sid gs bin sik lowing a Now ot quite iil t ‘he bering wh csp fe ilo. sy ch Iwo te macs of he dpogni ib cage cain Be tne, raring he is tes coping to ply Wits ‘hein ro sph wl ted tf ad hen esas ac {he lng tin. Th tens hve dev spel aan ests dag specs ce ey vad toe tein ‘ek aloe te eagle ed 1 te nas och Te lof the Lay Spec ‘The fet pie the tb Bon te lng ccna cet resin a the Lens a srr sl sn age td st the up en ee rach er wndpp) Gee gee 82). The sistance «amb ened y the ile psn rd iene nthe powal ord {ceva two muses ands that sth fen fe 9 eck win tet eRe 3). Durie uit eating i es ‘esa ped spt li the ew de Tangs, Daring sawing. bower the cos are daw phy ogee {© Kp Tow mcr en ering te Ins. Por sp et ptt syrah hy can Be mae be i ‘hei ewe te sie apd and hey ave te Po (Cephoanen)Toeropeneolbeion dis hs pace pth Boca the wed et fal a a ae i. Ege ‘tv ieaely ower than he suey of ibn em ‘au cin The ph of al ma’ yes hus me ha a of fal hie, "oso the “et mis” te "za" at acon he rode tio of te >-ound Yeni of he pal mop ew in be 3. ‘Wey tht he send oid, whe te ond welt The lk fog nis oh at ht he vl cn ae me part and em thn ring the pedo 2 seating conn ink woes on iin. ‘her sch sour ud i mas aguas aso elie er pes of oe co cng an ovens, We wil taming sone of th trim he hap ‘Seah @ gh deaee ofc oe be sounds the vr cts can price: The ality 1 sing acy. expe, deeds co Bogcomes — a ‘mano ong sl a i o the Sma ea ye oe a te mien areata sie sun mam crnogrphcaty roped in tao dea ways the Ir ka he ‘aiming ofthe word and he eters cathe el the wor, The wid tow lets with sound. Bt hres epee by the ee ‘Sher pelems wc wih elt sound nj Tis tal sound ie reps bythe er bt mine ale “ag” Cd ‘ple ) i wore chases Even the aes Fe de Sons sch a idea le eps he sound ‘he wend he como staged sme tha pro. Batwa ye ‘gol sald we te rp he peck onde fg More ‘ound pode! by pace of th scl at Ash seth eth ge vo tht whe om the lps pes ete be rested The fist wing a ht wl Kk a cla hoe Tm ‘ome nn om The cc pope et» fee yen ‘you shrefreovoces te defense stn Eglsh ape ec Thoag me wl be cog Engi alma ice i oe. ‘a oat a al haan npg hve» repr ae osien Sncie semis that ca be pres poe The Consonant of Ameen En Te 42 depos te pone cnsmansymbse sf Engh. A ome yeh ope th ee i ‘Sot naa ie th sound i a) ce md ie te 04nd Sd comorans ae dc i ems of (0 ibe pla nd the ‘moe of thi cation The per ef atin oe th 19 ‘arctan es the lfc se fe 12) wer fe ak {> tow the aresaors ps oan) sche conta with olny {elfen We wl tlw sate sss gh ‘tc hy sgl st lbenno ny te em. work gana uble 82, ming ne he tome ens Shon ‘tn IPA at pet ae ‘iam tes talon commen anges wien chewing pote Sie re semis podtnd when the stow is completly shad Ip A clos iba op. Te open sod pmb by pf dee ‘The aon St nona By the complete lone af he te HS. nce4 ‘li | _ | i a lewter| 1 ele ("| i | Hag. 8 fF: ad a Br ti. este thet Hilabal fe gue 34, The sal a ees {he int wn te wd ‘Ry A ws bbl tp. The ound pst by hi hee se ‘sof aealatoa ap bt aconpaiedy voicing, The Sat a eps he esas sounds te ene Ba. WX sik sear top. The aelar cmon of ag ae ‘oles whom the fn ip (or ape soe He 3.4) cr ble peaches ori thee of Vion tna eth ‘Menard avs ge behind he upper th ig 34. The Engi sound esc by the sj! Aas ie. ten Be ‘my uopsan Tews whch th tongue ip kes he wpe ‘Got A Spahr cual a voile dal sop. The iba "spss he il sunt the Bh wd A wil colar sp. Te sou reeset by the symbol as th ae pl enim abt asempmid By von. ‘Te sya epee the fist ad lst sounds in he word Da fe ag sgn of he case lA al feos ie ‘eed ena pate (Se pate al evel a 8, Tue 4) The syd eens fest sou the werd te Jal sic la sop, Te sound eps bythe sel! ha the same ple fala a bt aoa By wig. The ‘se 9 pss th nn sou te ero Frcs roar wns prt wh the sii i st eh 8 aro opting te oa eat 0H ae py tt A occ hioenal fce, The om abode indica Yt the pane eect inahes te owen pend the (appen teeh The ‘ed ests fi sun In the wor a (NYA wie lice eine. The sods erent y he ot ol a i itr ny in wong, Reng vows The sl ‘Sse the ist send ia he wa ie '8I_ A ies ners eae: Bah he sues as 97 ‘nd is ve cp 3) a pt thin he curenBrgith ‘ering som: The trot! nh re pods wh nrmers 1s pled agaist the upper wed. isn beng ead by aie aed Travecn she ope th andthe tngu For mnt Ames Engh Speke the gue Up pj sly when i es Btw he per and loner th. The stl 9 rpc he fist sound mS ‘orm mas, the Ok er taal ee wer hs [yA vied internal eave The sya 2) eld eh or ‘ramed dl. You cn eth dice hates the cls sbi 8 an 90 ew a shi very soy. Yoo wl Ree ad feb the ving that acenpns the at he Bin he, ad J ak es he ft st fhe woh ae et 1AdA voces solr fate. Nowe ta he tie sound pe ‘src! y the obo mah baker thin ths Fe ed ee Sera y the sys The bln os eee BY aps eter etre ge pce he he some Erg palo) the abeolar ed, then ties he th ata hgh vig. The ‘yb epee he et son fhe we 15}. A wo see fave Te em ren by aj er ely in vn. eng vie. The sae epesens eis. sce eve Zee Ig) 8) A seis sop tein. The symbol ely ‘plas Ena etaahy epson 4 ts sb at the pen tae sib es ast find the avr ie he har ase hence tb tracer ee? an 3. ge 34, Dung the acl othe tongue tip canbe pesiene cer ner the slbolar ge isl (wth he ng be aed) ets sn th shea alge a wach se the logue Nake des ae saw DE ‘acted The sy front the ted the word ip [3 () A vo septa rte, Unik the ‘cpa sae. The symbol epee ft seen fen ames Sich ab Zoe Jag, Du Wave Engh wort heh ‘hf Mae comme. oes ine ee of El war Fo ‘ace th tern deco ed mere route he ‘apse y 3) WA oie ta ev, The wun cl oa Ae foc he veal one ae pene 0 hat sal went tule tow pode ars the lois. However, pay ose sue this sph Son sence cea toe pits log te veal tat wer the oar by or dk aprons te 1 a Yow at fous hha he aula aga Set ea, evar the tng bi tone igh tl ora the feane note proce nthe pla en, The sy ee ‘ens thf und he wor hw al here ics An aficate is 4 sale bat ake sun. Bgining op ba reas Seen nb a fee IML) vise sop fake. The sl pss ‘hei sali the wo hp (ly pla), I a “ing tis sound. te gue aks comet a he sane poi ot he ‘ofthe ths te ail the samt eps By alk hog Pt wh compe lcs fe ec act (a tp Barth 6 my les 2 cae Sod fev. Hs) A vo copa fear. The suas ees by the sms an alr ely in wing, 6) se Wel. The ‘poet 6) eps te fin ad at sn he dee CAS in pe bh an ee, in isc, Neale In Bnlish th nasal ae vial or spss the wed tops cas sore in ht hey are ian are pric wih compete ‘ron in th eal cai: With aaa poweve. te ion nb ‘end eee ar hed i thems pages Ge I gare 38, de Whe lower of the vel Gee 8 eh oA iil ms. The we ereso by he sy Dh ae ai he ame mnt ex tha Fa he vl Towed ab ow an use sk he ial pusaps. TAS sym eps he et eu oh wad mie J! An colar aa. The soul pesca by the bol nical nthe Same poston yf, wih the nea here. Te ‘Salsa the ts inthe wed JA veurns The sya call en (oe ong eve ‘ind pets te Gln Inthe word sig The noma agsping his ingles ng. rr th sous an wp rh tony on woundcompar le weds ingr an singer Foe ‘ao speaker of Ane Hap he mile conan he wed inger Cs ft sous ear ma 9 lle by he wea ‘op singer bw, oly th slr ec Bo me ena i fig Seta. the word og ch ely in 2 Sg cms th arts. Ne. hover ecu od ‘sca preemcason of the woe! Long inthe ees Long and Coma patos on th Now Yet Cy aa steal pounce Seal! Lang and = Loin "Te ple” ty of fe 18 Mag acd he ae ya eco th the Veh oer Ts jot sn The msl Counts of a 50h aa coanepa of Jah Th Sun esc! by ts snl 9 ds mx ec ia Pes i Elst wor, bu meal wd Ba poss, cue ‘tals show A sing lr asa speed Ne a he Unie Stas, isa cron sane Caton. Foal. atogh Exp oingrphy sms ss digraph ‘into of to tr) 4 epee!) amen i hl be feed ce apn dt te velar eal a single Soc cua. Sit tty, al tat er como sande Engh a eps by wort sages in he cue lig sys fe 6 a 8h eT anh ef Yet of se eso, 18, sis ng Spe San te igi wands se fo i te overvlnig njty ofthe was lamps, an Enh oe: The tm id nonce mpresimise capi aby thatthe sma “a ah "Dos ely Lash propertis of oth enone and vows asthe acon of cea coments th ong Bei rst {ard he ena! a i th aruaion of owes 8 alowed 10 pas tush he eal ety witha rest eon fy Aa cous. areuln of Eg wee ‘ae mito nd the pes ken com ith he cle ng. The sks of th ngs ae Tower ping the ar and sc ery 10 tow cata The ymin 1 repens he Ss som eh wo Me ts Gide a vowels artcuitions that psd afb tr wore ‘The kam de sl the osc that espe a sea wna smh cen pose, Bose he mgs poston ‘arising he gh af sew te kenge poston the vowel in Pee aml Boor spc, tse ge ae Nance al laa ebeva) gh The sue epescaed by he gba at ith th aly of fog sed nih, eck po ‘on, vie the sf pale (ein. Lip ound aso acer he roucon of issu The Syl esc the ssa he wont fn) A bla laid) p> exh a voc epg. Sane ‘eke orgs ane die nil som the woe hich nt ‘ek Ferns sala he ail sou i lick pn a aces Sound kw msey by te ef Some Ingest we his il nd a the dh Lif An acl pe Amore Eph i rad with 2 weve ‘Mak thar asad val th clr ge. Many spss abo thespet no arrose poston cc pwar so bck Oo ie ong ip eit he erg hs the th a i ‘ae of ie tas ova te Foto he math. This sued abo raced eh ip oun ( pusing oe ps) anda reco te ftps te ge Te sabe eset th i en the won "We ae ftw IPA commen aig the “upitodavn yb fo the Engl pana The “igheeap ose ‘Shel il sun edn dso Sch Engl, “Aus suppress ea oun 8 Kab 196, [ML Uy) Ao abel gh. Te sound pet by he smb [se wit hay lh le oe ssl igh ‘a pst tse he ha pale Ts set sets he et sour in th de "te Vo of Ama Engh ‘Wao crits ae hat by obsueons—citber pric wel inthe Weal Hac he ode wh a lay pe ea ‘ee wih anos song chro. The don cei stp ego sh ot me ge [eer ou an at oh Amen gh sn the pon fh Jaw oe Hig 3. Albngh ene aa ‘me, to sme etna come hey ene npn ‘aly vol bo cldte anced vowel oat we ett ow “Te spi of gh x vom edge in Ge 37. te eine thi ae sprint satan ft Yea tet {echo tht dep fig 3th te pene ofthe vol in in fue 34) We ca sing ow desertion of te ara of ‘cy ima a chun to te ah DL to ih rot vows. The tems ih odes te pos te oth tng ne oa ie 3. The so! i eens the vowel sua athe wows ad wit ‘ed ls i vowel. Te tong by ey forward hepa fib sey owe ese 36 Ts 0 by many igi, ad he ym fj ween Ste vows ‘Sind rd ak jf Ue pce with ft tone ly ad Ri ton in words snk a pt ath and for JA You a Mogonce the vow ff, you ca ft gon tngbe one tk ahd 1A, satis cl wee cc woe sch pu ad sk” Note ta the words pu app wich rin he amber of fal in he Englsh opeling sym, cal i in het Yow ‘Sis de pu 0 he ft that the console alta ‘your oun mech oof he Engi spoken In yor ares, The we Sind pened by he symbol! fpr) he lw back owe ‘itt by mm pene of Anctian Fgh pial ed fii han romeer hath ese vol i in red 38 icin ng tan 3b kx towel yin 7 macover the end rrnan fegpeney Corman of i Shae an ef ae pers oe te ‘tae Hg et vol The symbl A epson the von! sand in wd sch bal ade 8 Jay hina TA test fl, lave Aeron ssp Sigh) Tis hgh om te epee fete IPA rnc Sra gobo i Th wae foun in won sch ye ad ih Pe. ‘he wma wound word such at oma wd sh an fod) dba ound) vowel ih an acum Tigh hk tye ih back ge repented tthe TPA Diphibng ate se vouet sous sa en I oe yon psn and od ix mth vowel or gis poskin, Sat wpahng, he sol aj nfo! me phen aloe Oy have ben elon Jo) (mative Amadis ascripion foi) Ame id back (ound) vows chan scompnyg Nh fo fg. Ti tan tenon pens thew un won sch wy BM a Fld so ‘owe (an scompaning ig ark so. Ts tern Tepes the yor! on ithe worth cv fa a Mee ta ‘Sime dts of Ameen Lage dpshng op wih «ow fet Someta he rmsd a a) tatmatve American asso ay!) tems ow back vo! (than accompanng Hahn pho. This meron repens "he vol sendin nods ach my a nd ih (Gries fousd—among other laces the spt Ne Eng ress tht spears of npn ve some Bey in prnoncing tame ag) wow of Ego te ion, whee the cmespnting fowls Spsh an talien ae ae For tape wave sealer of [Nnern Engl who ean lian ly 0 promos te word Tmnitn Polo. or ths aon, tnd of fp anger ha ome wither oie wore sch Kan ound spe Iprap dlc eilfowne, American Bagh at 39 ‘ere (2 cononns a 15 one Haan bt 1S perc Is the owen pt the fom Soviet Uno, bar 9 peanemss fy commoncaon ners in pe of thar exeundy ew ‘Ako dep noel owns, the vowel ound inthe wor Tansee tesla and te roduc nila one a ‘he'mouth All ingunes hve an Joe vowel nd ans a fend nthe may of nguagr The vowel 2, ad blag PO ‘ows Comctans ae mje to mere ripe van fee Impmes lve more commas then vowel Neveelon, langues ‘hl sop shu pan, Sellar stop och at ‘essa ska hone mare fe es mo 2 (or and soe tnd of ive peda like 00),tei! Aim language he rodcton cs tenge make ‘pins th tthe velam a a br pon Tarr fet Te 1 puta sana, sey hy Towering the one ad jew When he ‘Sond re Sime cick sods te mae by Hag sealer, and hoagh hey ae mo par he Epo aga al, thy a ll te rmoincad tsk ek ink” The ot et sng cick sand mace ‘ae eine ver the pf the tngue a the sel In the Aca ings Xs, pte y Neen Mandl ce ‘ek with aa ese he sot se ppl To aa ‘32 Pe epecomaon or he occ “Te fo ofthe Hh Ma Re Tee Hypotes ‘Now tht we he ato yb hat pert ws asd the oo foam ud vel sun fag na see way, we a eta Te 3.1, more acu, a ile 2 Hoe hep ape pen a5 ith I, i. Eve ih we sn 1 ee the loc praca oe ‘url merce we el wih asouming he dso Fu nein of it fam ofthe ut me et ame ot oat en oe sone pen tn unt We nil parte Ms bln by fom Scr pec, wich we wil sn ow ad rie fig fe for fhe lr Tha, fr exam he pl i hl seine ‘ih ome fae ae sind wi tod Te nv ‘Stig so (Patz Mogieh soon ogo a mae speaker ‘hed parashpes. Ons actu fr he la ban 8d tris atin fom oie ral mrt be sa why Bren ean bane, an ht me mat sig ach nal tha see: of Lapis hve sny menos he pool Gr ot ‘he plural fr cc nica nun Thedabson athe fms othe pes ing of wt) (het ket) “a frp) nap” (hat bets back” {dog Sage) “ton "hs Amal “su [esha ah {buf bof a {ais ab fds. a3} de” yates 3b cons wh heat tha he ae ns sh hi Feeley fhe pene of Ego cn spotneoly ap with comer ‘es the pare nan hy ve seb! hr od ee foun have memoria. We tah ver have id th 009 Ba etn ic ie nonsoe mod3Uwe en Sed eae ha heyoun hate in aks the pl fam 8, we i @ teen ro a Sats every meta eine ath de {aks the laa fo se every un tt sinh 8 Eu. Tete lal em fH tps 1 gu the ns ha {ake ely ny jo aly it i es ft it sur. Ts ets asco! ype about the asion of th et os he pra mpm Fas 2 i aon) SR na in {Sth opem atti teem ae oh Nace at Inputs 2 sow ine Engin peters ud ‘wc one th fa at th prs wl ake fr ay Wen ‘Ace he sk ft bythe gg leer i sing te ‘won of te pa oan et ur ype > tan ke pee ht langage eae Jo me mei eile ‘hie wha pr far oct wh paral sw Get ‘i a oad. Of ure he asl sure we lr on es to be mermiznd. s widh the exept moans clin, en, seep Inon an 0 fo. We en the tthe ae ans we al Flo pte 1 exp n Ba he neni me 4) a ato yp? "To eta hype 2 il act w ha less of piu fomion wet os in hi oi worse 19 rng Eth pr formation prc fon wor that enim sot ound mt foe in nih. Se Engh aon fsroany sence on ea ss a ly Cea mo unc the mae oth Conan corpse Bath a ts penance 0 ‘Geman. th ial esa fee, This sou. Sos 21 0 pa ofthe Eg phone ssn. se Engh ake ‘the mame Bah (bein he ra, rng i een Wo ge eon f Bas hs a a Fi ache ~ as Te {oben ate sou ds ee ape esta Hype 2 We defend © develop ano hype Ui 5 the Enh spenker's ay asin pat weds a In sours at ae into Eng Te conse wl ht ea A (ut ake he pl oe 4) a ses hat col a (ih tke the em jl We a sen th ant wes rsd Bt rcaly in singe ar taresamey, eles, who voce word th "he Se conrad ih wove) Tae the pla whe ‘ord th ine bch nad) take the palo. M wet Sst era are the none tke i we ct ake eng ‘Shenae ooun es wh a ses sound the wi hee ‘eels pal Yo a ied wh cel oan the tke tb woke pal fm 3. Nae tat We now hae an ecm ‘hy Iypass 2 supe none in vow wit Mov eng in ote onrnarsaths ypsh 2 pat(): osefd ‘ling iw oun wi eke th pl om Lew aot 4 eons tha ke he pla om i, We ok hte al conenns of tese nous 23.3. eor di a eset elafeanvesavwopalaaficaesceaopalialacas o pothesis 3 (Use ofplonec anes) “The fos oe pal mores oe bt ac the 2 The lr more ks thf te Ba so a he oun wich aac sn col cae un ena Feat, orn copa atic Otherwise 1 The ler mops aks the wed oe ft it on The pal morse lakes he wks on oe a sia ‘enon viele ngs pla formation demonstrates th iaton of wo pas of rg grammar, wher the concept of gram nas mero ‘an pony as wll yo Eagksh pm nels 9 meepo ie pat tt ps ta pa a oma hy aig aso copes {rumen of al guages continu orploge componant in wich torpbemes te cn ofr cme or coound wend In ht ‘erben, hth nem al ae ial shap the ch ch hacked Orr ft my te pmol rs hat pny ei pono! shape depending hte phonolplenoamot The gin poral merpbeme I ne a ‘ype in gh ‘ied «When he sound 1 aces a he bing of ye, Paps oo fr iemtatl ae he 1 prom. You a a tru he proce of he fs "0 oP asin: Pe ncn he wl at cane the ple of apr eater we sprain) ngs essen cle (be) pom apn By Comenton insce smol ae etl gure Brkt [he SiEies ute cubs we dita eb a Poon bss iam w f SS race cece a Segre sf ln. ee ee Nowe Tigh tang ut he aes nse Se aac tray pect Pah (Sint) Aer Aa pe hs Sey intely preceding the alveolar articulation is symbolized as [°1}. 5% lp mao of te ceain words ie undoes 10 Me intact move toned te solr ge el thee fhe fil yas Towing ya enn = ae a The tom ae eee 1Sense tan annie Yon ho! en, sole te snd ed 9 el one ‘Simeon ule hak A te ay eg Tame apntcte ro mu) kb ob Te et ter tn no agge vere ch pie. ity po ne bh som! by mt pata of Anca at) Ego ‘Ths oul tsa oy rang 1 i eee th ea eRe te py ote ala Stun ie = flap (ra eed pe) wi (Bang gr AR SE a Say eas “Aopen 1 Cie ing we Eg sins Gxt wd nck acho ndg nye ‘ae apni Wht ye en ot io ‘mc pronace ch bob sng ee th shane el For nny eae n thee pce bette aor niga) eo he ef eee roe Mer te nce my a ae Tin and sc amr See oat es pasa sp fae ty Be vena “se” te ms) Si ee Ri nme anon at Cen a ‘etal esas Lng oe i pent Se. eit ss wand eer He nf ing sto seu el eee i hs Aen Eg o- Tecan oe won gre. ny pa teen Ua ‘Site spaton pomance we on! ee nee fun Ih inca stay eon occ oe feowing Te as an 8 aa ig peso es Tom ups wate nee ean fe pe 1 in Anca Eg Tse tao Sol cv ‘ma avn ele 34 Te cen aa ha 8 ‘pst of eh nic of te wi onder Foe wes of eo Anes uh fesanay Pace Canny age nat oh tira Une) ink ast ‘al sp eee bien ‘un fn Hap Tero oe wen Sot pi i Ace) ie Ne sek (8) Fle, yh aon mn a “Types in agit ‘The ng gg as to ps oe nr 8 a ‘eli Te dh an od thar del a Tower sua than wih ce a worth ek In Els d's hase Isak qui db oa owe fat eal ty a sccranying rc sl exact one by Beate tga feck (ct sone body, drs sant wee 1 rz) Ligh a postna atan occuring Dele fet vores ‘heh mi an i. Bote fe vows nt proce ih ‘nett ogg bdy—the aly em Foeardane hs he ah Sarit i peed. An Engh sake eng Peach, Sp or ‘Gsm et er pounce i ofthe segs ih ‘ce eet as ar The IPA sys ha ah! Tan er), spc Toe Ruaotipewon Ponte Pans Repewean ‘We hve en tht the pene hist momber of nee warns ‘keting en poston a wor Kes nea, ne a ‘hepsi tad i acaly sone yb ea ange Sounds phones accu tal such Ween ef al fhe ‘und shoe oh 0 3 eet Sel alphon Gameimesh ce portional variant ce ty osu cf ‘no Te pl vant at we vance wb AEE tn ae al stn he ane fbn is npr 5s that ee por var epee Wy 8 plane Ine ey shor a leo: eae Hen te a owes et {Eis pn 1 ces fan 6 88 He FE A Caden wr oe ps a ate ‘ese ne wie pres a ae Ba nisl oa ne ing wo it sae epee fr sume Eg (nd tha ngs ee an ha ‘Sse inermaten cms exh sem For cng. ‘cic epson Sm exe psc inten cng {Spntn. pein on Bap. sng ons ch ‘Stipend hn! Oi srr ne 3 Io ine pone een sb ae ‘gs ch ame eb penton se Sieve a wing wo cence gue rsd psn ‘mesa rcs Why deal habe! Hw er neath wo tem ree peltlhloma yal! ew ep tain gnc ie for ee ene) ait so ‘cde ye be cn? Wh shal ne ne Po {Slay we ny oe eprint son Thea ty ne ways me Bese usin cma hw wl pire he ra Ban ose diane Forbrere nm po ot eo Sn wl eae en waa ease on he {ovien hewn pied ee pret wh Re {tome cfxpni wil in era amb epee a ine sen oem wa “he be Ks ie dant werent pec semen scm fe fet Mtn y cng Pn ‘th ngs 9 inal py py wt a (1 Tre oe ane minor of pummel 9 Comaprtng pron eo works sa 2) Ar emg, At Seine po wae an iT aie tt foley ey sey eta eal {SIN an fac in pa Now kt gear RERUN? so ger see eS Mae ‘ie ise ronan 1] {Shelby mae sph of Ameian Engh a iss of te se Se iT, diaien fcc felons fad pn Sem psn bm ero, ta we can yh ee Spon haloes fae Rare es ‘Seeen) at poston. “The iti of orn Ga min pi wn the he no an ie wane se ee ‘memo cnt noses By cnt he seo thes ot nl pis) helo rs fh ae ren he lps phe it sr wht a comple mene dertuon: th ee lpn cin are eon ne the arlene cer peat svi er. The em cr ‘ect drdton ws tase buon of pe (Ce ae fh arb of hr) ec exp fst toe ee a Wc Peierls a hayes Poin. Alton se pore esa aay in foe “aro rsp btn, et in ca ce thy a wt “omme wh ne sae To pen tony whe os ta Scr ht thy se meter en pone “he pe aly a cone ee okt ants ik alopone) tf poche ets we The plone an be vel rh poss mess! conn a Sah sh oe ch ovr cn sem pm eps {gpg ce caviennen fn wich ops SPR a ‘Aner Ei camp he os (0) FE, ‘Shon ange round" pmo. Shee ings marie he pncte smew i: coy does spot fo a icy age cae A ccs of ie even Gb th onset: Hen ‘uy be pede in lor legs Yer. any Ce hee igen he her tating sd nag, nny gees ee poem rn Be apaWe wre pbcoemialy, cen 0 rere th ininllyeoting spsch suc ofa ngage. Neves, Ings ao ve sn #0 ‘recat the fer pone dik of «ngage. For example lice areola st pone eas ssi of Arena Engin my be carping cro spoking nate engage ees {ta give tm thor "Aner anon” The spit fsa ‘eis tps seme sch ay tae fr of Ei po usc, nd we wan epee i in sme Way. T lt WD wo ‘ould few lb ge a proper carers of Antrn Eagih ronuncn.Fr i eon We ae 8 pete eset 5 {Go a wl aa pore epson sn ew cee the scans of Enlah (ant human lege fa gee, Speen fen an Sais for example dos aspen ae Is sop, and Speakon Aes Els can pees he 60 Romance ngugss eter i ey am w sapyes thr pation re Moreover. th oe pti tak fhe ements sed ane ae gpl Aericn ish butte Beh Ens sh gis ds not have the Maple or des Fr the me Pa Fume he ha sop reeset i wn poston, Tha. he ‘on! pitta te Tae pneonc pesentton av hl Det ae ‘Amun Exp). bc spe eens] a esh Eapk bt pe ia Ansan Ea So fi we hve the car spl tht ar poe en pn ecalraonsefd co Amean Engh ee imo 0 me "it ngage Genie with mp ot pore Fen Fon inc Fow cea mH pugs soon In ie ‘cae on dso ft econ Fr specs of Hanh he cosas) ta acd) ae poche to comely et cnn see sal ie il mal pg et ‘te. For cope eam barb Br ey han per ne a Hn 246 ‘is cone nes oS ey ee Hn ene iw ES IKPIS Scare TRIS Sane! meant pin wher o a phone ee fr tbe pam that nti ie ome (rene) 8 epg pre pene tse. Tht phone dato ec pment legge ay Fay nt fn phoney er neg. Aston Fc pericaly k py H,B s ‘binuh inc Ela "Tou mor ump the 90 pose dition Betws an scan an sn Pa Sage se Keven. In Kein se 10 ean ain epee Sr: ya ope of ge Phoneme apace oy 9 sie poor oce. Se {ein agi lh ft Dt 4 mae Jee Spek te Engh rs ee ed ut Te hee wer How cum a soo wo leet ond te sane? Toe se sot ‘i fo cra gags cy 8 ae Soler dings In cnt, eres tat Qt Ot ‘Eos ay fh to dg Speak apc ae le ‘Singing Ene Han fn th sane vay a age agah tne woes nga Fn A wa 98 Se penenes te Gs th doin baw phonies pense ee seis ant he rc fr or pros. ol Sige wis toes represen wg age bk (we using tie es fhe prmcaton a won ie, ad Phere repent, slim) en dscns Sil ces nd soca rn abet es arpa of $endgal son.Whon ns panerc nee phone Spc eva, we nll ie we er ose te at ton dice, 33 SPECIAL TOPICS Vorck ei ‘eon Engh 1 fen ne of he rt cut eae of ancien fr spas of ee Tangs Far Ts een had fe rate sae themes sng ene the ct ht aon gen By an Amer Eph I ak ne the ss sme alc yaar —for oe, is he Wo Ds ‘roses hy Ted Kary (US. see Masco {ry mse sg uh as Gv Joes, al Ten Bria (NBC Bing Nowe anchor ave ofthe Midwest fn fac dies inh pro 2a ef) 5 cml hat we ate our sete expe hyo the fers 0 your on,pers As incr pct of he pomtcaon of oo hat ab ha 1 tering on tcl vation we wl ses nthe ncn even i and tbe vel tt prac i is werd, Whey Being len of tigi srt themed, ty fen se et Sowell They mote tht he owe nor sends hc fan I ome if een gh yan ht doe em pte Wah re me wt i ead i. I ay he vowel er is ete sa i 1380 th mlb opts ‘oy el viet ofthe vee phoneme ite rig fa ‘iro he ani aision othe You ean hs that te once ‘wows by outsng bth igh voce he one mr ‘Whon yon me se wor wt onde seus When ou ‘Sl onl emit oth et er ge Perini Aes a eet Seon seme Ths 1 the it ene owen re 38 ‘remest pow theres vowel 2 Us you work ough Pepi lp rep of wor er and oer seed ‘rows. Te word ers noobie a has one "bse word Jeet ib ant Bet, In son 4 ew ice 4 “The term role vel opi see sound hat ve sic popes f te ge ont be anion of » mk Cent vowel Hi ting that St Bish ag wtch dcr not [ve relond vowel te owes fhe sues fe Aneta Englsh nce id im ppt the sane oe wi loin Cantu hone Talons ng ese) om i a esol he ony Tolling hetemS he sma lays ose ore Yoel en Iomatasyfawig sya The dtm proper of xe a Teco na lwing rau can be salen mote tong » Behe Tage ‘mc tc sp ee cet) te sige tsoud aoe + lex vowel then itm be the pone do the ease vowel fy Vie 3.10 pe wont that tn the sae "eel =e leon that dot sepest fe ewe 510 ae fa an A. For mon speakers of American Engi fader ntoeurti A fs aly args wth fom {here vowel ween 5/9) or, pepe dw al Su ‘Sven symbol, and Jn)—aye ms ese he Sane ‘han eagle f atl varaon ving ome flo, om Use Snes epoca the Wes pronoce the ond este Je However ary ies othe East Cost eel ose fo ‘Now Yon Cig, pounce tho all ie many JES). mery esi Mary own he vol he es Wor 6 ee ‘we eater Sn he ee dvs tocar mt ete tov vali to i ‘pe son! plo so be eae aout he a vowel ht en sgpeae bet bugh notte of Ket Engh ike fof) chncon Im poncncng co tn capt Jat ath ‘most nat al dace hae the vowel [5 la mayan bl ‘hie eye! ns word sch es A ou pronounce ne wed, ‘he vowel remy oun "hgh ad ere bt hi in ue fn he ong Moreover, the wow ef Towel 9 jn fowl hy a rand, Soa wl pronounce be wadtm Omer rer. Tec brn fare a vr ft ee ele pnemes a Fai Contos in Cs Spon ngs w diana he ponte propery of Engl. we haves a xd ator hose deals win sng wor. Now me ast ae ‘hain aan sen forme of Asn gh remeber of ‘Meni Gm sms of th eh He witha pe ‘Nice ph gt ke Coal mal wien ormad grd sie ene sone ae ior Be te, ‘iy oe ey aye fet ae ‘asian iM oa i ‘nin toe ‘etl, fom pest a sates of sepa wads ‘os in mre east tap spc they ne “ergd™ nw ingle pe toy form fa with tno the Fi lib, nd ‘out by an ast mak ake the Be me, Noe eter ht ‘he Bae fom fi he wwe af aa! 1 a ae eumer msgs Mae om Pia, nt i hed J the onsen sll. Rec hatte reed Yoel andl cet. ely suns yb of «word a nfo UE an her tinh wots the se fl far 409 ‘er ponae pcm cheatin fg we ant nnd we ‘Conse Boe cations atl ese! won ‘ec forme fe! poh ae scl [>] be he owe Is ving ton vel md merge wth the 1 a fit te PF owns te scr ees ise thf. {20 fen, seta ene vl a ae a he rt cn, fo) he SH! HE ‘pis. Teco his sabi pte Jost what ed Inthe gc cetaetns jum) i and Je and hve bosome race to of} aod a, resect. Thus me thew tho seen! fr) at he rms ave wre {Gv a eyes) nace hat ne te was thin occ with prof the ame pla. Tere I aneber ‘at ponancaon of he onto Jo namely >In hi te Ihe an ea be merged ree the eer vowel "Te sue of Engh pc usin wont bir, I Ss. ie ms cml on Uh rer te pe SCS a aca, H two contcants secu atthe bepaning, however, the posh © ak ab tp SPL None fee camino cn hein Engh wont, wm hth they fama be fand weninraly (eg, mpi By cones ll he eo etn) pene worn ene gh © arg pL spo saggdng thn apse ne naan vt of Pees fn (and the allowed segences in 5) i tha the former consi af tw ope and Iter coms op lowe yf fag Sop pls fee spose (ah owe a expen) Cons CIN pes Beery wr 6 the pote na ot ents ot Tages "ho onowing Tague Whom Bigtsh words ae boone In tbe alan ngage, he conan abd mst Un Halon shat fe lost fo th Eghsh coors a enploye, ast se he sein The Kgh rig Mery Cn ssa rye we ‘cesta car whe he ag ern i eon it Havin Tr sr i och lh expen Mery has Pies ‘ed 8 won Ve, ad Eng as 3 cons ed ‘clo pe Moan Som sus hs ha he cnt cosa gle Haan Te ter ia sly followed bya vel in th Doomed ward MeliKalhamoks has 1, Gere Bene Stay, seg he gi ptlag ey i da 2 oss sing fac po. Wh sa Te vo oma a) 2 Ge de Ing ct cd yt cht es 1 be fig Seieaey doors f sce sepa ae ineieL. [RRES is os 2. Dose cach of be foing sash send sy wing any Sim ho 4 te he sc sy ft sna oh te ‘tok Ena A chat Sri th Stimee A Shee foe pa Swe fees 5 Wh sp Sounds rf ou co ing ‘or xml Beach ghF Sp gto sc 5 St 6 te hh sma anf he swe inch fe ong faeces Bee 1 fl dat a fe 1 in ae a Se ee os ak e ai ah hih wt e e if is tte thr ee 18 We he tinny wh hte Sef ca pm) 1 tome of ening wd (i) he a he Pate en se pene patel em in ik ie Behe en 12 Tree aig wed hing on eS en 338 1, Wee fig cmb a cea (msi, pb, ‘Mihm mea Esp al = PS tay 2 ig amc nes tee pe, «ae am th ‘tou ey mete escent ame" aat Crates fs Wh So Pee Madeacomers tment lend te erp en ed vee [Ryo pcs path ed nearer ad ‘Mie il aay th bt ic frame. Bo nd Hae TB kay ow Leman tin me Lge The ‘Span Bea oP coer a pnt Sta 199 Fs ed 1 edn Ea an yy ae De a Pe OS Fortes pd ree tte ign tinge sure sy eggs Firs atcasn ae hornet PAP) ol er ee ‘em ering me une Pl ol Ladue 9 in 0 on xt nd ce on he hone ad he Saami ws nd of Pos, Pca. tam f he sete Sy of Ae SENG Soh ay ine gree ert ma Hi Scie ain, Md Ws hy, ad ale 8 hr de ai Ya cen GN al 1 a 98 CY pegs pie yo ‘hei Cone Mon MT re is, Pa Pan 998 The uch ca The ps of engage Ne Yr We Frome AK. and A Denes 201 4 nus matt ho Ins, D.1 Thess eek Cmte: Combe Unvrtyfe esc. 7 Aan adoro Canby, Ma: Bac Kan. 196 Slit genase gh phy Ds at PH ep Nee Yt Hs ne Lees 157 Bayalfamkaine flgnge Now Yak Wa nH 8 Sy pa Mackay LET Pha he we of ec prin Boe Beet M19 The sani fh commie’ Fda meh ‘Rrcatin on nd im Ne eh Mas An Pa 0K, an WA. La, RR. Phe rm pe Dad Sl 99% mle of pr 4 pa me oan tam eh Ma Aa nctapers Phonology The In he inmcian w caper we med that he dee, Hea ‘con ss tht we we © wre gegen, Thee ‘noting ie clea elton Oech (aon de ‘owe sal da cept Gower pris for ‘ring ssn. Spach cnimeas nde phn sg ove. tsps Hele ble ccf ta ph cn be eps By a wei ym ht wes nse an ay wien sy Sah ‘ng sytem ve Renae rare han tw tonsa yet, Sine he Grek. npie y th Pin weg scm, hyd Cnty tha epee? hh scl an conuoan ae spl Se stonmsas seh tal th ti ea! es ‘Sgnge ae ccna ar vol an yo a Bal tmly 2 the Geis ctr way H deer ht cna a ‘oes num compos we Rae us the sla dante eae We wil dense ec Res eae i is chap 41 WHATS PHONOLOGY? Phomkoy i he subfield FSi tat ses te srt a ‘ono pati Osun in ra pag. The em pol ‘ea a oo nap On heed sonw) 2 seg Souls oa pcr le a he as severing the sa ‘ftone sounds Ths, me ext tk stow elegy of Engi, Geman. ote agai. On the cts ha sw a ut of fe gal hey hua langage tha come wi Be rival propeies otra language se yy copes ‘eed 8 mays al han Ings) is chap we Wil sebe apoio ote pany oF Enh ot we wil a dssoom one sew prope fe ge gue a wae ey fray th ends the sued ten of a hngtgen in st. we ‘ary sme ofthe oma ls ta ef ent dae of ‘Nn Engh. ‘Ss an al stay we wil uke te slowasn in premuniaon of the Eig paral expen a an ening ene revel ps this ape Forxarp in ed the plural morpkeme We an ak te lle anton + What he proper description of he the doen sud of te [ph al aoe mst se 317 + Wate he condone lemon tal aco whe the difloum phono! one fhe Engh paral mph i? ‘Tw mo gatos altar 9 Be mare gnc OF hier + What i pperdesernon of he vous ea hat ae ‘sel in mn argues ‘What te poper neal fare dsb the sont paras tat ing ‘We poised five ever 0 he it 0 guess in hats 3 but in ‘oe 0 deve all anne, i som dei We Fmt ise father popes OF pmol € Ens as wel of ‘ahr ngs INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SPEPCH SOUNDS: DISTINCTIVE FEATURE THEORY We wl in his ete that sch sounds (pes a pms) te ot te set wns of pelle ae, he sph Suns seme are comps of 3s ess oF alton ‘We ats atc i cater 3 thie gees trie) pig Dal rm ree ts em em ares ach {in erasing He Cagis Pl Rae ne mae ee fe Kat “cy i at a ei ht Be id es {se Hones whe ut cn tf Be emma ‘Yh te pola! Gm fh lal meeps esl by 2 goed sina proces, iy the pl form oes the fil pment no vl bat se El pete ‘fh mun is cd. The feof veins ten, allows Ws Sa cca tat we is BY ml sig panes copa aa. the dics hype 2 a8 of he PhralRee in chp 3) “ts Elsh Pi Rue ccnp a inp pom aout er mining whch peti eres oa eggs ar it ft esi fs fo thay pay. In rghit of sic pit wo spat rks: 1 pis oral ke semen ‘iia segron ach nth Pal Re. td) eraly ha har vw gui ps ah 8! sa I ‘nals such a 2p Ingen. en te sport ‘ont eis of nan agg the that py crcl it the stasnam of pong! mis and asia plonems en ‘ome ane. Besant ltr fn, hs etc ety ‘slain, “Ts uss aly roca arches What ae Be cost ‘ecu? How any sete? Arte sae ccs in a lings? Werte iene 4 ae scm i cat 3. The pa at rmanserofariclton es epsent pina fe adler hat spc sous cane ctzed Dy the ne fs that ‘uae yp ese sou The femues psc ne 32 appear 1 ‘ay the etre oily charting pool eis tnd Sere «0 minal ding phoneme Us the eats. we fam pik ot claves sound het, he mane fre of woking fem ale 32 was eesary Or an Imghl chatevan Of Be Phra fms Bu the psn nis in ke 3.2 ot gue ig ged hry of phn. This Rae the ule st emely em ‘fe way conor eal i Engh rex, he sg ‘and ees hen pen tht in Eng thse sop ae ticle With nae pki cont wih the ae But is ot aw Yanda ari nal ngugs,For exp, in Iga snd in coin comin Eean lng ch Syn) and dare det sp: that te wep aks iat the teh rato nc th aoa ge Ths he ee se that Frm the hs Sr tale 32 woudl beac Rr Spon Sips as te wh spt he poses 1 ae “This eves sn am eiiciy psn: afr al the an io ity natal sone wich we eat fn Span, Des, td Engh al ve te sop creme ed wher onetsi da and he hr ype is ely alec suk 9 Be ‘Ste, Farts cn iene lage esas ra pliable w bah Kis ff a For cul, a d tre poltalied as fa Yack he had yl), pal ea {ein te creo of fous sch an) Such plato ross sully hyp he ean fh fa sc ah $i ef. Poriasane. nthe Ela esl gest pinnae of for ps ow a ch out. th Tina 0 fd Bees) ‘wen oid wi he geo ou Tn Japese te nee asthe postal vari when ied by the high vo i ‘rpsliiraion poses found it Bran Pooper, whch is Sent dental spn Tew exp ile tt dye mr iene te aration a ex cos BBS hse eo very str plaza pres and ermal sn we ‘Tce. we wate we shew elk abot spe sch a an ds a tr nes pe ha Oh ot “This en sa el sch in poy has on i ot eig at pont ewes th tt a ws 0 abst ‘ay tam Engh ander lng i ich 2 wy that we can ree {© cena ind vows a ger fon sx! wh ingisic ‘aby. Forex, ins of ing he phoned fete ata ‘sete Mant, png ne poll 4 foe corona ‘Asebe ll rican wh eh ngs Dk en apron Ge ‘ent teh the abi. the epatalwpe e l ‘ft out The eae coronal ety amore sma ate a fe fc ale, a tins vik ng yl ann Tignes. spans of the fit ht Spanish and apn ne + deal and that Els hase we can that hs ness ‘ll hve (viele) covnal ops. Crastingute comin hve ‘mpl us 0 props eur coma at 6 mere eer a eal errs) aber, dena Samet, honever, we af pel repo ees ha a fn dsp of ana ets, We nd her 3a the poms tag xeon velar sp (i i peo fn th ee Hts hea pate cr vl) Dt fit ek sways conte sel Unseen cremstancs i aud ‘ehh bay ets sing net wh te mee a "he pe whe he a ase othe ela procne apeeta Powoe spit Fe exam whee yj iva yt te vol Satong jf ore ie hen a pea tation. In wor ich ey ov cute pear scan ela in acing or (he mg by mas Be rat in ih Pst ea he Pa palit. and acing A Dee ts pho ‘ees, teal 6) o's ated 0 tha te vn is Ava ad aks contin he evel ep. In oa, whe iefoouct y 0 fck some ec ed Seb fan However te m9 pot fo ta sss ‘or: al fs of Eph a arid with 9k toe es, a thy ie ny tw for back igh gee ay ke, ene with her the ath, Ths. aah Rae pope ‘athe eas high and ck sae es wn he rg ‘of cin swete—sbulé chants ahr tan etre lr ‘The Alta pie om onc, sah ai wil echt ‘gh bt nobac the ta pets Hk noes, sh 3 Be Chartres oth gh se ack fn ron Bh es Fgh, bt ssi Se Backes termi hy the ace ‘ews sn thee the lave acs ithe Ji) is fan ince Reval tha dine aes ene 10 dingy pho ‘amex. Searing th sg fo rear sk tw Fee gh an rack om as ect the cou We a ngage hat has 190 ing pero a se and as ea sr a ‘Su each Remi js ch lagu By pli 4 ate Sch velar with es ih ad Bek we can pel Seu he ja Enlsh fe hve in ete Tangs, te sae tine capaing wi te ict pps kane oe, AS we cuamine w rnge of ngs, th nl 0 vie fe system tht has ue yay wil bxome een cae. Tis ‘res must desert al pnee coral Ings a mes. she exes a the pope plies tre) ih pence Forth ess suse eis erat the mans an ace sarizainton Tene fl bk 32 a 91 Orin etc ans he dsr he woes Ings Bose of ch room 4 ter of bags Re pono mative patihe capers ithe Gest of Bin oss ies = = ae = a] So = eee ie ee ee I iw = ew a SPE Sys ae = Sinn fc “amit am a =< son ‘Srey ma So = Ronee Jtsic Ustohon se Tie 1080. te SP aco he Cro ve eran rae (0), wi ncn nr he fear ora mine vie), sich ines be snes Oe fst ac pone ee repeat nly congolsbe sist ‘ricuton For example the ete lf eed the ing Sonera fe whom The phoneme Fa this hes fst tas ‘htt phoneme 7 fa th ese [nas hs nes tn ‘in wre aces [and we wl th convention i ere ‘scape i se ton, all phoomes Inthe SPE sum Ieper tht at frou ay fees i fie and mines, gh can ence ales and 2. Note tha theDit ee spelen of ag ou a ee 4 eam low usw digs ll he consonant poner fee ene ‘oer ala he se tae 0 kr occ enh he ss of warlsscoumnans) The distinie fea Of the SPE sem, ‘hich we mow bay dee nil are pond ewe eae and no mcs eas pcr gs Syllaie The ee [shi signed 0 phen tat can ane ‘a the Brad or peak fa ete wil die "yb Re Sealy sein 43) Te wows Eph as eco NC Consol Ponces withthe fom [4cosonatl ae Ss fe. NOW tat th sae foe nt tus conten, ew Sef ey te vores ‘Smron "Sonora sous are psd with «ys et ev in ch sponncos wie i ose" (SPE, 30, Tn tor wots the See met ke ans the exe a hw acon the tied Vow ps, Ii, tals eal = somos [Fite conanins a ely ee 1 a abuue. Voiced Pees evs wi thats rer by 1 pends viaton fe yr cods All ofthe pos ae wed Thea bi) ee fod, wes te ona pf) Foc Conia |-soicun) ere mode with acoplee Boxkage of theo ivi sonnei wit ah sags, By this dino mala [conse ope aogh aw nd acs ery ae sh hgh te Ev "Nal Phmsnes hve th ee (sal whoa He sli ed hing pk has pring he aw a sol ey wo acvae scene m cv Strident (vst) sounds ate ccc by he high ancy Teele re tht amperes he podaeon 6 se aes reac. The poems I [sre wes he pee 787 {stidem, aerate tip oe uni aily ocking ie ise, ba the awa pas lng nee Bh ses fe Tossa the ‘sigs [sara The perme fs be cy [ite nd in Engi Disb THe tm darted wes We ke eh of tt ta ie angus aks long (0 a) te wo he ‘The ng fn ably baer gem of cat log Be ffke woh im abcaing ff han aecvisig sas [sect] a i |-atbte. The em ania (stb) ti pial dear ve ben wad inthe pat caine it cur di Aria Yo Deas Releae) Rel ht was se pas by beer ste ding whch he at's engl Slopes a ‘te unpopesecntly c 'scane Ts oge tsp Psa ee on in Eh sa stl phoneme, nan 1 Tahal A Tl arculion ses binging act ecg Of ep. The phones ad al (sb Round ma arian ies an exes ant psn of te pA so that we (ren a ence Tai} [=a ‘Sn rt ss [ro Them ada ae "oh Ka peed ah rat. Coronal 1 rating 2 [orn pneme he ble othe ee ‘era ovat orcs tc eth he erie, oan on the tuck of he aver ge Denar and vp ce Soma [srl] pone Anterior Atkin sous ae ade whe pinay comicon in fram of ie eal pn, Labi del ere ae ae Lara [rateee,‘gh In aeuting a (ih thosene he aly of Be wn ‘the war cr mcs fe wx fe wom The phone Ay, i tie ack (sock pam emake wit te Lge oy gy 1 ted fe het oe rein) postin. ck phones (0 ‘ais em ar ae te eng Baym a ln fava po un The phone check wees tk tha Bima ow Peers wh hs ote made wih he ng dy wad te a reacted. Ane En yi [0 Base ts ‘sical tage! comet ‘We not he ponte fh wc ge i le 42 ‘rhe eae (hgh A a bc] ae ae mg Bal Ir furs war caceang consans. The gees soc Wh ‘ho etn wc Ro exam, However ya ecm. onan Two our fees oat vowch [oie] a (en) ave ai lead besa cose comscon with wel. The fee [tes casi dh moe cree acl Bo ha Fens] da) coum Th tee] vowel phere ‘a a be Fee ‘The tae [os wad 0 dings an atoas We hae sey xe tht hr ne tha 9 loan eh and mice ters feteen thse vowel fe pis ia iphone uth he ne ako ih te, Wee et ied the em ng ch ea a me th ats i fit sepa. The ening dps a) [fae te ‘tble 42: ey em be anaes esc oO pees fo ‘arp a =a The we ine so the phnccs of | ngage may be deci it tem of eg tb the uve valle wt of icine ets, sae of wc ie ley Bsn dics in he dso igh pens. Aogh al lngsgs ew nthe sane wera sof exes. nivale cir the pnp of fue hat nae up tee pce. For camp he es fon tcl [aia ad tic we a in Eg, bt they ner ee ‘egto tsi pene Tn etn Na awl ay ‘Sp ao ence coon: for wd an segue speed ee ane tuna) fest Fock tt ech anes AaB To Novo (oh As) nig) eoo4 ens) root 4 tr Naive Amaia gus of Non Amick he aes ‘cc i coo cal a lateral act: he Na ‘word a “ote” bens wth is pono whieh epee theo lees nie Nevo wrt sue. To ake ane xp, ngs dacs nt hve he eae of oun et vowel. bt may arpa legunges do ann hem Fc Genan. Hugi Fs Th the wy flr end osu wey bn as actly on lero conan ey sl tl a ch se pn as sa 42. Desi the ft ta eggs daw apm ee ates #9 make pst phe, ce tree a spy nme cme ihe st systems Of man language. To gel sew ike ‘pects com mw he nos lt able 43 dw be eclas gopapcly sept angus Node tht ow br aus fan us stops athe sae gts dans he yor wae ‘he fbi she eo enna, the (sigh, ack (al, inde [ih sk] (el es Tes kine tht, dese mi dienes in he Beals f pom sen, he scr sme se ene lange a nn ‘jr ofthe wok langage. se aa tse ane es of rato, Thee mun enc hat tse ptr Foes of tniclan ae eps Ort abt Ske 198. Fer eee the wand peated by xngustp cones gion the en nl shen pon eel se asia tat es ee‘ney conta pats of mit sits se he positon of he smene wien tis poe Ta coast te seg of alton Rewer he oomonly cory pis of alton for cumple rp 6 the ti etch th enlace an he pull rpc ‘Hc eps of ass nate wh sen a sal nthe psn ibe wngne les ral changes te abuse pei of he ‘oun Tas itis oy rates mate ithe we et nS {fassisbiiy that he seme "leway” Ke NE poss on, This en penis mre mpd seh anf cariuation es wn the ata Ie se a eat areas net 1k say I pbs tan ide, er that the may” OF the words gages hve coronene wh ple fara {he sia tomes i ble 43, sein he fos Ui [emo gh a Te ‘We db mot wish w widens th et that se ae span emus hava aguas In char 3 we dese hs. ch ‘ae par of te corsa syst Svea aging spice the Alen comin Chance of ck omuman i hat 0 ‘imo asst ate gus pace thm Im ado, he fe ot. pn comtonans ao pel of Aa leegege thn fe Kd with to sina pis ofcntct. The Hn eke {en wr)” spon a Nis, ci snl un mae ih ns poi facto athe Hp od the ern he ver eo. The Tanne nave enti hi one ween he othe der ‘Th aicelacry combat sm ow EA wt se Brg pester w corde ct lene se ‘ins srs The eques -d0 oF Tego fe oa tad {ke cart. Thre an anasto ani how dn te tenis sd tipo wir Da ‘Css wih xe thn ee ca of arelon ae mi nko son In fc ne ear, agi J fb ail ae var sien Eh has hc cca ela apse ‘lean, whch hes os Uae” quality an dls tenth sof rach, Geman and Spans. which ae never pcs wah 2 acomparying Yl arteaton “To cosine. ts tena tne FRO 9 tH avaabe a alkenes we oe sea craton fees ‘Se sey deh ssid sae “Te Role of Dissive Rots the ages of Pl Res ‘Wo tive boon aru thi he nar sti sf geo 4 pment he ete tt ae op he pce ‘Adit oppo Sr tyne pooner st a occ oes omy eh Be sap yt penioal plbe cane ‘Sad ine of he fest th ee up he pone, ts ue il ew te Eph Pal Rae and loa ‘ain ee ofthe SPE dic tue ‘prt fe fonnon enol 0 as aati pom, We sand cape 3 thar the pal al "ioe saes je tnd tha thse wre aig w «noun pening cm he pone tues fits a pone Rel te alfa of th Paral Rue fen duper 3 © oparhess 3 (Lis ofphoeefeatrs) ‘Theta fe pal mre ar dst aconig whe losing coos 2 The parlors aes the Kem Fa fe ast son in he run wich stata i ebeolrrcave seep cave ora ahespalaa! act, ‘Ober: 1 The pul maple us he ok am if te st oud in The pla moxpbme aks the vis fa fe hs Sond in “Theis eves fe the asunpcon hat there ae thes Ailsem plural fra pen ot ore a alla: ely. at the pla narpbene has one shape ahd at re ae ns on romuiion or pho rs) tht demi the ealzaon of "he ios plane We i esate this propa ey te. thas eon al Pinker an Pie 18 tha these sae the ual mate i a taal aration re dew pp fl oF Bhs fe wage th all all pesca rg mn, thot me met ne an elation he ft tha me ‘tly ty a ee oot haps 2a in Pat oped 9s dt th “prea! Saks loa ce: sie aleopalatal ree, adapta acts Theresaapr {9 he ae manor fares ae gs WH the Senses ‘5.20313, osha pater ope ines the SE cece ats ete «aly expanton for groping mal thy te ‘iiny deol che cmon conning te tas [verde So Ste SP cares hn te vous advange of ating omens, ‘Second: snc opr apts 3 des neg te fa om ote le erp sl pp nonmen "hare pla morphene iJ then a mt be pet Bete Seti Kava se epteia cmon secrete ee Boe the [sen cru the pra ening apr nth fa Teno, ternal cnsnant fhe nae. "Ts spo nee the miviy oft pln eng, Tey onovteng te po hk ssi jou or ne af te noma a The are pl an cpt a bear canna Exar ae on ach 1 pk pedi) apd ae faba. Ts cammon promo ‘be inter ord ic eds ote sup fom "ae, "Wich engi to xno tht sein» fase ‘hanged why ached wo noms ody fa [ose vcd the Prt Rie whe sly ot ely «plu rue sal se © hats a ple The plan! morph ean i jt ote owing condone 1 ite noen eds ns [seen coro consonance [simone boven he pal ending an he non Prey neon, the man end fn (ee) conan, he ete [ote i sete pl woos Note tt we no longer ae “aid ot of amen At ey 2 ofthe fms eh paral Te shape i we the es of ea at ue he be fo ht wchangd by le sol a 1 Yo el) a eth wo a Bu hse ae ae eth along cannons of Bgsh mown © Jon's coming e's ex, Bas coming we see stele sepntly fe he pla th eid pean por ‘recantation re abet ea he eprint, (2) "The ptering of rps se So the gh lt fomation reese santa eon forthe ams of phones {ela of as can aly be tis by lately sal uber Powe oes eh ae eli naa ca of poe ‘Sto ae 96) nich meso egy dia lls ” art clas fino efi) For example the coins om pla oration 2 he png ‘fahinene oo 0s th era le the eo o- tense ute eo ending he cas of [secre cn fone lt of romaiing poems ht esc eh [ace] (vote