eT ET Ra et) he fourteenth ecition ofthe classi text, Design of Concrete Structures, is completely revised using the newly released 2008 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Cade. This new esition fas the same eros erect Oe ee ore ene ‘= To develop proficiency in the methods used in current design practice Design of Conerete Structures covers the behavior and design aspects of conciete and provides updated examples and homework problems, New material on slender columns, seismic design, anchorage using headed deformed bars, and reinforcing slabs for shear using headed studs has been added. ‘The notation has been thoroughly updated to match changes in the ACI Code. ts the basic mechanics of structural concrete and methods for the design of individual members for bending, shear, torsion, and axial force, and provides detail onthe various types Cette eee me een eae ti oie eae eae te Sete Pee Serene en esta Bee eee eee eee gtr) Ban ooo are ee ee Dora roa ee ee ae ee ay ca Pemeirecleo et nor scus ‘+ Expanded coverage on bond and development of reinforcement using headed Cee ee ‘+ Slander column design requirements revised and updated in Chapter 9, See eee eee ee ta cee + Updated design procedures for prestressed concrete in Chapter 19 Cee et ene ne tn rere eer eee eae! for seismic design in Chapter 20, See ater ees en ea ee Rec) our! 311397 Visit MeGran-Hill Education (Asia) at www.mheducation.asiaDESIGN of oncrete StructuresDESIGN of Concrete Structures Fourteenth Edition in SI Units David DarwinEu Higher Education DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ourteenth Eton in SK Units Published ay McGraw-Hill «busines unit of The McGraw-Hill Cmpasis, ne, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyight © 2010 by The McGraw ill Companiss, In. All, sighs reseved. Previous elitons © 2004, 1997, and 1991. No pa ofthis publication may be ‘produced or distributed in any form o by any meas, sored in a daubase of eival system, ‘without te pir writen consent of The MGra-Hill Companies, Ine. ching, but ot ited {o,in any tetwork or othe leetonc storage or transmission, o¢ broadcast for distance lenin. "Exclusive ‘gh by McGraw-Hill Baton (Asa) for adaption, manure and export. This ‘ook cot he exported rom the county 40 which isl by MeCraw- il Sone ancilaies, including electronic and print components, may not be avaiable wo eustomers ‘outside th Unite Stat, Cover inages © iStockphoto com and Dreamstime com Woe 7654321 err cos, 282 ‘When orig thie ie, we ISBN 978-007-1137 oe MHD 407-1313 Printed in SingaporeAbout the Authors Arthur H. Nilson was engaged in esearch, teaching, and consulting relating to steuc- ‘ural concrete for over 40 years. He has been a member of the faculty of the College ‘of Engineering at Comell University since 1956, in charge of undergraduate and grad- uate courses in the design of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures uni his retirement in 1991, He served as Chairman of the Department of Structural Engineering from 1978 to 1985. Dr. Nilson has served on many professional com- mitts, including Building Code Subcommittee 318-D of the American Concrete Institute (ACD, His pioneering work on high-strength concrete has been widely recognized. He was awarded the ACI Wason Medal for materials research in 1974, the ACT Wason Medal for best technical paper in 1986 and 1987, and the ACI Structural Research Award in 1993. Professor Nilson is an Honorary Member of ACI and a Fellow in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He has been honored by the civil engineering student body at Cornell for outstanding teaching. He was elected Professor Emeritus in 1991. He has held research appointments or lectureships atthe University of Manchester, Salford University, andthe Technical University of Milan, He isa registered professional engineerin several states and, prior to entering teaching, was engaged in full-time professional practice. He received the B.S. degree from Stanford University in 1948, the M.S. from Commell in 1956, and the Ph.D. from the University of California a Berkeley in 1967 David Darwin has been a member of the faculty at the University of Kansas since 1974 and has been director of the Structural Engineering and Materials Laboratory since 1982. He was appointed the Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering in 1990. Dr. Darwin served as President of the American Concrete Insitute in 2007-2008 and is a member and past chair of ACI Committees 224 on Cracking and 408 on Bond and Development of Reinforcement. He is also a member of ACI Building Code Subcommittee 318-B on Reinforcement and Development and of ACEASCE Committe 45 on Shear and Torsion, Dr. Darwin is an acknowledged expert on conerete erick control and bond between steel reinforcement and concrete, He received the ACI Arthur R, Anderson Award in 1992 for his research efforts in plain and reinforced concrete, the ACI Structural Research Award in 1996, and the ‘ACL Joe W. Kelly Award in 2005 for his contributions to teaching and design. He has also received a number of awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers, including the Walter L, Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize in 1985; he Moisseift ‘Award in 1991; dhe State-of-the-Art of Civil Engineering Award in 1996 and 2000; the Richard R, Torrens Award in 1997; andthe Dennis L. Tewksbury Award in 2008, He has been honored for hs teaching by the civil engincering students atthe Universityw About the Autos of Kansas. He is past editor of the ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. Professor Danein is a Fellow of ACI and ASCE. He is a licensed professional engineer and serves asa consultant inthe fields of concrete materials and structures. He was hon- ‘red withthe Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Univesity of Hlinois Civil and Environmental Engineering Alumni Association in 2003. Between his MS. and Ph.D. ‘degrees he served four years with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He received the B.S. and MS. degrees from Comell University in 1967 and 1968 and the Ph.D. from the University of Iinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1974, Charles W. Dolan has been onthe faulty atthe University of Wyoming since 1991, serving as Department Head from 1998 to 2001. He was appointed the H. T. Person Professor of Engineering in 2002. He is curently chair of Building Code Subcommittee 3I8-R of the American Concrete Institute. He has served as chair of the Technical “Activities Committee of ACI Committe 358 on Transit Guideways, and of ACI-ASCE, Committee 423 on Prestressed Concrete In private design practice for nearly 20 years, the was the project engineer onthe Walt Disney World Monorail, the Detroit Downtown, Peoplemover guideway, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport transit system guideway and is responsible for the conceptual design ofthe Dubai Palm Island monorail. He received the T. ¥.Lin Award from ASCE in 1973 for outstanding contributions to the field of prestressed conerete and the Arthur R. Anderson award from ACI in 2005 for advancements in the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Fellow in ACI and the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCD, he isan internationally recognized leader in the development of fiber reinforeed polymers for concrete rein- forcement. He is a repistered professional engineer and a consultant inthe design of structural concrete. He received the BS. from the University of Massachusetsin 1965 and the MS. and Ph.D. from Corell University in 1967 and 1989.Contents About the Authors Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Introduction 1 Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Prestressed Concrete 1.2. Stwctural Forms 13 Loads 1A Serviceabitty, Stength, and Structural Safety LS Design Basis 6 Design Codes and Specifications 17 Safety Provisions ofthe ACI Code 18 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced CCoperete Behavior 1.9. Behavior of Members Subject to Axial Loads References Problems Materials 21 Inimduetion 22 Cement 23° Aggregates 24 Proportioning and Mixing Concrete 25 Conveying, Placing, Compacting and Curing 26 Quality Conteot 27 Admixtures 28 Properties in Compression 29 Properties in Tension 2.10 Swrength under Combined Stess DAL Shrinkage and Temperature Erfocts 212 High-Strength Concrete 2.13 Reinforcing Steels for Concrete 214 Reinforcing Bars 2.15 Welded Wite Reinforcement 216 Prestessing Steels References Problems 0 19 6 2Contents Chapter 3. Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams 67 3.1 Introduction 6 32. Bending of Homogencous Beams a 33. Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior 0 34 Design of Tension Reinforced Rectangular Beams 80 35. Design Aids 4 3.6 Practical Considerations in the Design of Beams ” 3.7 Rectangular Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement 99 38° T Beams 108 References us Problems 116 Chaptor 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams 120 41 Introduction 120 42 Diagonal Tension in Homogencous Elastic Beams m1 43 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement 44 Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Reinforcement, 45 ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design 46 Effect of Axial Forces 4.7 Beams with Varying Depth 48 Alternative Modes fr Shear Analysis and Design 49 Shear Friction Design Method References Problems Chapter 5 Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length 168 S.A Fundamentals of Flexural Bond tos 52. Bond Suength and Development Length m 53. ACI Code Provisions for Development ‘of Tension Reinforcement 7 54 Anchorage of Tension Bas by Hooks 181 55 Anchorage in Tension Using Headed Bars 185 516 Anchorage Requirements for Web Reinforcement 189 5.7 Welded Wire Reinforcement 190 58 Development of Burs in Compression 191 59. Bundled Bars 191 5.10 Bar Cutoff and Bead Ponts ia Beams 192 5.11 Structural Integrity Provisions 199 5.12 Integrated Beam Design Example 200 5.13 Bar Spices 204 References 207 Problems 208 Chapter 6 Serviceability 213 61 Introduction 213 62. Cracking in Flexural Members 213Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 conens 63 ACI Code Provision for Crack Control {64 Control of Deflections 65 Immediate Deflections 66 Defletions Duc to Long-Term Loads 6.1 ACI Code Provisions For Control of Deflections 68. Defletions Due to Shrinkage and ‘Temperature Changes 69 Moment vs. Curvature fr Reinforced Concrete Setions References Problems Analysis and Design for Torsion TA Troduetion 72 Torsion in Pain Concrete Members 713 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members TA Torsion Pls Shear 113 ACI Code Provisions for Torsion Design References Problems Short Columns 8. Induction: Axial Compression 82 Lateral Tes and Spirals 83 Compression Plus Bending of Rectangular Columns 8 Strain Compaslity Analysis and Interaction Diagrams 8S Balanced Failure 86 Distributed Reinforcement 8.7 Unsymmetieal Reinforcement 88 Circular Columns 89. ACI Code Provisions for Column Desig 8.10 Design Aids SAL Biaxial Bending 8.12 Load Contour Method 8.13 Reciprocal Load Method 8.14 Computer Analysis for 8.15 Bar Splicing in Columns 8.16 Transmission of Column Loads Through Floor Systems References Problems al Bending of Columns Slender Columns 92. Concentcally 9.3 Compression Plus Bending 914 ACI Criteria for Slendemess Effects in Columns 95 ACI Criteria for Nonsway vs. Sway Structures 216 219 20 m3 265 269 20 ms 276 278 279 281 2x5 268 201 22 203 208 25 299 299 300 303, 310omens Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13, 946 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Nonsway Frames 97 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Sway Frames 98 Second-Onler Analysis for Slendemess Efects References Problems Strut-and-Tie Models 10.1 ntodvetion 102 Development of Stut-and-Tie Models 103 Stacand-Tie Design Methodology 104 ACT Provisions for Stut-and-Tie Models 105 Applications References Problems Design of Reinforcement at Joints 111 Introduction 112 Beam-Column Joints 113 Strut-and-Tie Model for Joint Behavior 114 Beam-to-Girder Joins 115 Ledge Girders 116 Comers and T Joins 117 Brackets and Corbels References Problems Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames 121 Continuity 122 Loading 123 Simplifications in Frame Analysis. 124 Methods for Elastic Analysis 125 Ldoalzation of the Strcture 126 Preliminary Design and Guidelines for Proportioning Members 127 Approximate Analysis 128 ACI Moment Coefficients 129° Limit Analysis 12.10 Conclusion References Problems Analysis and Design of Slabs BL Types of Slabs 13.2 Design of One-Way Slabs 133 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 134 Behavior of Two-Way Edge-Supported Slabs 135. Two-Way Column-Supported Slabs a2 320 3s 30 328 332 332 332 30 307 356 336 424 26 29 2 36Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 136 BT 8 Be 13.10 Bu Bia Bi Ba Contents Direct Design Method for Colummn-Supported Slabs Flexural Reinforcement for Columa-Supported Slabs Depth Limitations ofthe ACI Code Equivalent Frame Method ‘Shear Design in Flat Pates and Flat Slabs ‘Transfer of Momeats a Columns Openings in Slabs Deflection Calulations ‘Analysis for Horizontal Loads References Problems Yield Line Analysis for Slabs. Ma 142 43 144 145 186 147 148 49 Strip 15 152 183 134 185 136 137 158 159 Introdvetion Upper and Lower Bound Theorems Rules for Yield Lines ‘Analysis by Segment Equilibrium ‘Analysis by Viral Work Orthotopic Reinforcement and Skewed Yield Lines ‘Special Conditions at Edges and Corners Fan Patems at Concentrated Loads Limitations of Yield Line Theory References Problems Method for Slabs Iroduetion| Basic Principles ‘Choice of Load Distribution Rectangular Slabs Fixed Fges and Coatinity Unsupported Fages Slabs with Holes ‘Advanced Strip Method Comparisons of Methods for Slab Analysis and Design References Problems Footings and Foundations 16.1 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 ‘Types and Functions ‘Spread Footings Design Factors Loads, Bearing Pressures, and Footing Size ‘Wall Footings, Column Footings ‘Combined Footings ‘Two.Column Footings Swip, Gri, and Mat Foundations 439 407 458 462 477 480 482 439 490 42 334Comets Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 16.10 Pile Caps References Probiems Retaining Walls 17.1 Funetion and Types of Retaining Walls 172 Ean Pressure 173 Earth Pressure for Common Conditions of Loading 174 External Stability 173 Basis of Stucwural Design 176 Drainage and Other Details 17.7 Example: Design of a Gravity Retaining Wall 178 Example: Design ofa Cantilever Retaining Wall 179 Counterfor Retsining Walls, 17-10: Precast Retaining Walls References Problems Concrete Building Systems 18.1 Introduction 182 Floor and Roof Systems 18.3 Panel, Cutan, and Bearing Walls 184 Shear Walls 185 Precast Concrete for Buildings 186 Engineering Drawings for Buildings References Prestressed Concrete 19.1 nzodetion 192 _ Effects of Prestessing 193 Sources of Prestress Force 194 Prestessing Steels 195 Concrete for Prestressed Construction 19.6 Elastic Flexural Analysis, 19.7 Flexural Strength 198 Paral Prestressing 19.9 Pexural Design Based on Concrete Suess Limits 19.10 Shape Selection 19111 ‘Tendon Profiles 19:12 Flexural Design Based on Load Balancing 19.13 Loss of Prestess 19.14 Shear, Diagonal Tension, and Web Reinforcement 19.15. Bond Siess, Transfer Length, and Development Length 19.16 Anchorage Zone Design 19117 Deflection 19,18. Crack Contol for Class C Fewural Members References Problems ssa 387 387 613, 633Chapter 20 Appendix A Appendix Index Contents Seismic Design 20.1 Introduction 202 Structural Response 203 Seismic Loading Criteria 204 ACI Provisions for Earthquake Resistant Structores 205 ACI Provisions for Special Moment Frames 206 ACI Provisions for Special Structural Walls, Coupling Beams, Diaphragms, and Trusses, 20.7 ACI Provisions for Shear Suength 208 ACI Provisions for Intermediate Moment Frames Reterences Problems Design Aids Inch-Pound Units to SI Units m4 14 16 m 726 m no m2 “1 “9 49 751 785 787Preface ‘The fourteenth edition of Design of Concrete Structures has the same dual objectives asthe previous work: frst to establish a firm understanding of the behavior of strc> tural concrete, then to develop proficiency in the methods used in current design practice. To produce this SI Edition, the text has been updated in accordance with the provisions of the metsic version of the 2008 American Concrete Institute (ACD) Building Code (ACI 318M-08). tis generally recognized that mere training in special design skills and codified procedures is inadequate for successful professional practice. As new research becomes Available and new design methods are continually introduced, these procedures are Subject to frequent changes. To understand and keep abreast of these rapid develop ‘ments and to engage safely in innovative design, the engineer needs a thorough ground ing inthe basi performance of conerete and steel as structural materials, and in the ‘behavior of reinforced concrete members and structures. On the other hand, the main business of the structural engineer is to design structures safely, economically, and ciciently. Consequently, with this basic understanding as a fim foundation, famil- iarty with current design procedures is essential. Ths edition, lke the preceding ones, addresses both needs ‘The text not only presents the basic mechanics of structural concrete and methods for the design of individual members for bending, shear, torsion, and axial forces, but also provides much detail pertaining to applications in the various types of structural ‘ystems, including an extensive presentation of slabs, footings, foundations, and retain ing walls. Tae important topic of joint design is included. The chapter on flexural design has been expanded to improve the presentation of both the basie material and the example problems, coverage of seismic design is updated, and an introduction to presizessed concrete is included, as in previous editions. “There have been a numberof significant changes inthe 2008 ACI Building Code, ‘which governs design practice in most ofthe United States and serves as a model code ‘in many other counties as well. Among these are a reorganization ofthe provisions for both slender column and earthquake design, the former with some simplification ‘compared to earlier Codes andthe latter with some important additions; and the ation ‘of headed studs for use as shear reinforcement in two-way slabs and headed deformed ‘ars as another option for use in anchoring reinforcement ‘In addition to changes inthe ACI Code, the text includes the modified compres son field theory method of shear design as updated in the 2008 Inerim Revisions to the American Assocation of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRED Bridge Design Specifications. ‘A feature of the text is the comprehensive presentation ofall aspects of slab design, A chapter covering one-way and two-way edge-supported and column-supported slabs, ineluding the new Code material on headed studs, is followed by chapters on slab