n a scientific sense, a chemical process is a method or means of somehow changing one or

more chemicals or chemical compounds. Such a chemical process can occur by itself or be
caused by an outside force, and involves a chemical reaction of some sort. In an
"engineering" sense, a chemical process is a method intended to be used in manufacturing or
on an industrial scale (see Industrial process) to change the composition of chemical(s) or
material(s), usually using technology similar or related to that used in chemical plants or the
chemical industry.

Neither of these definitions are exact in the sense that one can always tell definitively what is
a chemical process and what is not; they are practical definitions. There is also significant
overlap in these two definition variations. Because of the inexactness of the definition,
chemists and other scientists use the term "chemical process" only in a general sense or in the
engineering sense. However, in the "process (engineering)" sense, the term "chemical
process" is used extensively. The rest of the article will cover the engineering type of
chemical process.

Although this type of chemical process may sometimes involve only one step, often multiple
steps, referred to as unit operations, are involved. In a plant, each of the unit operations
commonly occur in individual vessels or sections of the plant called units. Often, one or
more chemical reactions are involved, but other ways of changing chemical (or material)
composition may be used, such as mixing or separation processes. The process steps may be
sequential in time or sequential in space along a stream of flowing or moving material; see
Chemical plant. For a given amount of a feed (input) material or product (output) material, an
expected amount of material can be determined at key steps in the process from empirical
data and material balance calculations. These amounts can be scaled up or down to suit the
desired capacity or operation of a particular chemical plant built for such a process. More
than one chemical plant may use the same chemical process, each plant perhaps at differently
scaled capacities. Chemical processes like distillation and crystallization go back to alchemy
in Alexandria, Egypt.

Such chemical processes can be illustrated generally as block flow diagrams or in more
detail as process flow diagrams. Block flow diagrams show the units as blocks and the
streams flowing between them as connecting lines with arrowheads to show direction of flow.

In addition to chemical plants for producing chemicals, chemical processes with similar
technology and equipment are also used in oil refining and other refineries, natural gas
processing, polymer and pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, and water and
wastewater treatment.

Unit processing in chemical process

Unit processing is the basic processing in chemical engineering. Together with unit
operations it forms the main principle of the varied chemical industries. Each genre of unit
processing follows the same chemical law much as each genre of unit operations follows the
same physical law.

Chemical engineering unit processing consists of the following important processes:

 Oxidation
 Reduction
 Hydrogenation
 Dehydrogenation
 Hydrolysis
 Hydration
 Dehydration
 Halogenation
 Nitrification
 Sulfonation
 Ammoniation
 Alkaline fusion
 Alkylation
 Dealkylation
 Esterification
 Polymerization
 Polycondensation
 Catalysis