AT6703 AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION AND CONTROL LTPC

3003
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION 6
Pollutants – sources – formation – effects of pollution on environment - human – transient
operational effects on pollution – Regulated – Unregulated emissions - Emission Standards.
UNIT II EMISSIONS IN SI ENGINE 11
Chemistry of SI engine combustion – HC and CO formation in SI engines – NO formation in SI
engines – Smoke emissions from SI engines – Effect of operating variables on emission
formation.
UNIT III EMISSIONS IN CI ENGINE 10
Basics of diesel combustion – Smoke emission and its types in diesel engines – NOx emission
and its types from diesel engines – Particulate emission in diesel engines. Odor, sulfur and
Aldehyde emissions from diesel engines – effect of operating variables on emission formation.
UNIT IV CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSION 9
Design modifications – Optimization of operating factors – Fuel modification – Evaporative
emission control - Exhaust gas recirculation – SCR – Fumigation – Secondary Air injection –
PCV system – Particulate Trap – CCS – Exhaust treatment in SI engines –Thermal reactors –
Catalytic converters – Catalysts – Use of unleaded petrol.
UNIT V TEST PROCEDURE, INSTRUMENTATION & EMISSION MEASUREMENT
9
Test procedures CVS1, CVS3 – Test cycles – IDC – ECE Test cycle – FTP Test cycle – NDIR
analyzer – Flame ionization detectors – Chemiluminescent analyzer – Dilution tunnel – Gas
chromatograph – Smoke meters –SHED test.
OUTCOMES:
 Upon the completion of the course, the student will understand the fundamentals of
formation of automobile pollutions in SI and CI Engines, various control techniques, test
procedures etc.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Springer and Patterson, "Engine Emission", Plenum Press, 1990.
2. Pundir. B.P., “IC Engines Combustion and Emissions” Narosa Publishers, 2010
REFERENCES:
1. Ramalingam. K.K., "Internal Combustion Engines", SciTech Publications, 2003.
2. Ganesan,V., "Internal Combustion Engines", Tata McGraw Hill Co., 1994.
3. SAE Transactions, "Vehicle Emission", 3 volumes, 1982.
4. Obert,E.F., "Internal Combustion Engines", 1982.
5. Taylor,C.F., "Internal Combustion Engines", MIT Press, 1972.
6. Heywood,J.B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw Hill Book Co., 1995.
7. Automobiles and Pollution SAE Transaction, 1995.
 PART A-Two Marks
UNIT-I- INTRODUCTION
1. How the emissions are formed during transient operation of IC engines?
 Sudden load change
 Acceleration& deceleration
 Hot and cold condition

2. What are the harmful effects of various pollutants?

Pollutants Effects
Unburned HC Photochemical smog
Nitric oxide Toxic , Photochemical smog
Carbon monoxide Toxic
Toxic
Lead component

3. What is meant by pollution?

The mixing of unwanted and undesirable substances into our surroundings that causes
undesirable effect on both living and non-living things.

4. Define air pollution.

The addition of unwanted and undesirable substances into our atmosphere that have
harmful effect on planet life.

5. What are the major sources of air pollution?

Automotive engines, electrical power generation station, industrial and domestic fuel
consumption, refuse burning of industrial processing, waste, etc.

6. What is meant by greenhouse effect?

The progressive warming of earth surface due to blanketing effect of man made CO2 in
the atmosphere. Green house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs)- causing global warming.

7. Discuss the various types of pollution from automobiles.

Unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, Nox & particulate

8. What are the major sources of Unburned HC in automobile?

Engine exhaust, evaporative losses from fuel system, blow by losses, scavenging in case of
2 stroke engine

9. Write the effect of unburned hydrocarbon on environment.

It combines with oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical
smog.

10. What is the effect of photochemical smog on human life?

It causes watering and burning of eyes and affect the respiratory system, especially with
the respiratory system is marginal for other reason.
11. How the carbon monoxide is formed during combustion in engines.
When there is insufficient air supply inside the engine cylinder, it leads to formation of
carbon monoxide.

12. What is meant by global warming? How the automobile are related to it?
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels

13. How much amount of pollutants contributed by the sources of pollutants from
gasoline engine.
i.Fuel tank losses : 5 – 10%
ii.Carburetor losses : 5 – 6%
iii.Crank case blow by: 20 – 35%
iv.Tail pipe exhaust : 50 – 60%

14. Write a short notes on recent emission norms adoted in india?

In India the euro norm are followed with minor change.(BS-I, BS-II & BS-III)

15. What is meant by BS-III?

BS-III means bharat Stage III. In BS III the CO levels -2.3 (g/Km),HC & NOx level -
0.35(g/Km)

16. What is meant by air quality standard?

Air quality standard are designed to protect human health from any unknown or
anticipated adverse effect of pollutant.

UNIT-II- EMISSIONS IN SI ENGINE

1. Write the emissions of gasoline engines.

Unburned HC, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur and
particulates including smoke.

2. What are the sources of Hydrocarbon’s in gasoline engines?

Wall quenching, incomplete combustion of charge, exhaust scavenging in 2 stroke
engines.

3. What is meant by wall quenching?

The quenching of flame near the combustion chamber wall”.

4. What is meant by scavenging in 2 stroke engines?

It is a process of removal of exhaust gases from engine cylinder and fills up with fresh
charge.
5. Why the carbon monoxide is formed in engine?
The carbon monoxide is an intermediate product of CO & CO2 in the combustion process.
This will form due to lack of oxygen.
 6. Mention the major factors which promote the incomplete flame propagation and miss-
fire.
 Poor condition of ignition system,
 Low charge temperature,
 Poor charge homogeneity,
 Too rich or lean mixture in cylinder,
 Large exhaust residual quality.

7. What are the design and operating variables on SI engine exhaust emission?
Air fuel ratio, Load or power level, Speed; Spark timing, Exhaust back pressure, Valve
over lap, Intake manifold pressure, Surface temperature, Compression ratio, Bore and stroke.

8. What is mean by valve overlap?

If both inlet and exhaust valve were open at same time, this time interval is called valve
overlap.

9. What is the effect of surface temperature on CO emission?

The ratio of oxides of CO will increases and hence reduces CO emission.

10. Why the hydrocarbon emission is less in high speed engines?

With increase in speed, combustion process in cylinder is increased by increasing the
turbulence mixing and eddy diffusion.

11. What is the effect of inlet air temperature on “NO” formation in SI Engines?
Formation of NOx is depend on temperature inside the combustion chamber.
Inlet air temperature NOx
Increased Increased
Decreased Decreased

12. What are the main sources of evaporative emission in SI engines?

 Fuel tank.
 Carburetor.

13. What is the Crevice quench? How it contributes to the emission?

Crevices in the combustion chamber are narrow regions into which fuel-air mixture can flow
but flame cannot propagate due to their high surface to volume ratio causing high heat transfer
rates to walls.

14. How the emissions are generated in a 2S S.I engines?

The emission are generated in a 2s S.I engines is mainly due to scavenging process.
 UNIT III - EMISSIONS IN CI ENGINE
1. What are the diesel engine emissions?
The pollutants from diesel engines can be categorized into two types:
i. Visible and
ii. Invisible.
The first one consists of smoke and metallic particulates. Smoke being so conspicuous and
odorous is objected to public and also reduces visibility and has smudging character but is not
harmful to health.The second type consists of CO, un burnt hydrocarbons including poly nuclear
aromatics, oxides of N2, SO2 and partially oxidized organics (aldehydes, ketones etc.,)

2. How HC emission is formed?

HC formed during
i. cold starting i.e., low temperature inside combustion chamber
ii. rich air fuel mixture

3. What are the factors contributing to NOx emission?

 High temperature inside the combustion chamber
 Lean mixture

4. When will CO emission be more, at rich or lean mixtures? Why?
CO emission will be more at rich air-fuel mixture .due to insufficient of oxygen inside the
combustion chamber.

5. Explain the characteristic of particulates.

Particulate matter (PM)- consists of fine solids and liquid droplets other than pure water
dispersed in air. Total suspended particulates are particles with an aerodynamic diameter greater
than 70 µm. PM with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 10 µm known as suspended
inhalable particulate matter/Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) or PM10, remains
in the atmosphere for longer periods because of its low settling velocity.

6. Why CO formation is less in CI engine?

Compression ignition engines have long been known to produce low levels of CO because
of excess amount of air available for combustion. Theoretically it should not emit any CO as it
always operated with large amount of excess air. Nevertheless CO is present in small quantities (
0.1 to 0.75%) in the exhausts.

7. Explain the blue-white and black smoke in CI engines.

Blue smoke: It results from the burning of engine lubricating oil that reaches combustion
chamber due to worn piston rings, cylinder liners and valve guides.
White or cold smoke: It is made up of droplets of unburnt or partially burnt fuel droplets
and is usually associated with the engine running at less than normal operating temperature after
starting, long period of idling, operating under very light load, operating with leaking injectors
and water leakage in combustion chamber. This smoke normally fades away as engine is
warmed up and brought to normal stage.
 Black or hot smoke: It consists of unburnt carbon particles (0.5 – 1 microns in diameter)
and other solid products of combustion. This smoke appears after engine is warmed up and is
accelerating or pulling under load.

8. How the humidity affects the NOx formation?

The temperature of combustion chamber is play a vital role in the formation of NOx. If the
humidity in air/fuel mixture increase in the combustion chamber will reduce the formation of
NOx.

9. What is meant fumigation technique?

This method consists of introducing a small amount of fuel into the intake manifold. This
starts precombustion reactions before and during the compression stroke resulting in reduced
chemical delay, because the intermediate products such as peroxides and aldehydes react more
rapidly with oxygen than original hydrocarbons.

10. How to control of diesel engine smoke?

 Proper maintenance of the engine.
 Proper choice of combustion chamber design and operating conditions.
 Adopting fumigation technique.
 Use of smoke suppression additives.
11. What are effect of fuel in formation of smoke?
Higher cetane number fuels have a tendency to produce more smoke. It is believed to be
due to lower stability of these fuels. For a given cetane number less smoke is produced with
more volatile fuels.

UNIT IV- CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSION

1. What is the thermal reactor? What for it is used?

Thermal reactor is a chamber in the exhaust system designed to provide sufficient
residence time to allow appreciable homogeneous oxidation of HC and CO to occur. In order to
improve CO conversion efficiency, the exhaust temperature is increased by retarding spark
timing. This however results in fuel economy loss.

2. Name few catalyst used for oxidation & reduction of emission in IC engine exhaust.
For oxidation: Platinum or Palladium
For reduction: Rhodium

3. Define EGR?
In exhaust gas recirculation a portion of the exhaust gas is recirculated to the cylinder intake
charge. This reduces the peak combustion temperature, in order to reduce the emission

4. What are the Importance of unleaded Petrol?

Vehicles equipped with catalytic converters must use only un-leaded gasoline. If the
gasoline contains lead, the lead will coat the catalyst and the converter will stop working.
5. How to reduce the NOx emission from engines.
It will form due to high combustion temperature in the engine cylinder. If that temperature is
reduced, then NOx emission will be reduces.

6. What are the methods involve in reducing the combustion chamber temperature?
 Decreasing temperature ratio,
 Retarding spark timing,
 Decreasing engine speed,
 Exhaust gas recirculation,
 Increasing humidity,
 Water injection,
 Decreasing the deposit,
 Increasing the S/V ratio.
7. How to reduce the oxygen availability in the flame front.
 Rich mixture,
 Stratified charge engine,
 Divided combustion chamber.
8. Write the parameters that reduces the CO emission from engine.
 Lean air fuel ratio,Added oxygen in exhaust,
 Increasing coolant temperature.

9. Write the methods to reduce the Hydrocarbon emission from engine.

 Decreasing compression ratio,
 Retarding the spark,
 Increasing engine speed,
 Lean mixture.
10. Briefly explain the Ammonia Injection?
In this process the ammonia is injected into the exhaust gas. Ammonia reacts with NOx in
exhaust and forms nitrogen and water. Thus NOx emission is reduced.

11. What is mean by fumigation technique?

It is a method of introducing small amount of fuel into the intake manifold.

12. What is mean by crank case emission?

The emission of pollutants from the engine crank case is called crank case emission.

13. What is the major cause for crank case emission?

The blow by is the major cause for crank case emission.

14. Explain about Water injection?

In this a small amount of water is injected into the combustion chamber. Due to this the
peak combustion temperature is reduced and thus NOx emission is reduced.
15. Mention the different types of crank case ventilation system in engine.
 The road draft tube system
 Open PVC
 Closed PVC

UNIT V- TEST PROCEDURE, INSTRUMENTATION & EMISSION MEASUREMENT

1. What are the testing procedure carried to measure the emission standard?
Drive cycles:
i) CVS – 1 system ii)CVS – 3 system

2. Expand BIS.
BIS- Bureau of Indian Standard

3. What is meant by FID?

Flame ionization detector is instrument used to measure the presence and concentration of
hydrocarbon compounds.

4. What is the basic principle of gas Chromatograph used for IC engine emission measurement?
The principle of GC involves separation of components of the sample under test due to
partition in between gaseous mobile phase and stationary liquid phase.

5. List out the common carrier gases used in gas chromatograph

Carrier gas in gas chromatograph is inert gas such as helium.

6. What are NDIR and FID technique?

NDIR techniques is used to measure CO emission
FID techniques are used to measure HC emission.

7. Which instrument is used for the measurement of nitric oxide emission?

Chemi-luminescence detector is used to measure NOx emission

8. What is the FTP test procedure?

Federal Test Procedure -75 (FTP-75) is a transient cycle consisting of a typical actual
driving trace for the light duty vehicles. It consists of four phases
i.Cold transition phase of 505 seconds with a weighting factor of 0.43
ii. Stabilized phase of 867 seconds with a weighting factor of 1.0
iii. Hot soak phase of 10 minutes
iv. Hot transition phase; repeat of first phase of 505 seconds with a weighting factor of 0.57

9. Define driving cycle.

The driving cycles are composed of a cold start period, idling, moderate acceleration and
deceleration, and cruise modes. The test cycle is given in terms of vehicle speed versus time.
10. What is chemiluminescences detector?
Chemiluminescences detector is instrument used to measure the presence and concentration of
NO compounds.

PART B (16 MARKS)

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION.

1. Discuss the effect of various regulated and unregulated pollution on human health and
environment. (April /may 2018)
2. What is meant by transient operation? Discuss its effect on pollution? (Nov/Dec 2017)
3. Write a note on green house effect and global warming. (April /may 2017)
4. Write note on ozone depletion and its effect. (Nov/Dec 2018)
5. What are the sources of pollutants from gasoline engines? Explain each of them?
(Nov/Dec 2016)
6. Explain the effect of UBHC, CO, NOx and Sulphur dioxide on environment. (Nov/Dec 2017)
7. Write o short note on (April /may 2018)
 Fuel tank evaporative losses
 Carburetor evaporative loss
 Crank case blow by
 Tail pipe exhaust
8. Explain in detail the major sources of air pollution. (Nov/Dec 2017)
9. Explain the sources of pollutants from gasoline engine. (April /may 2019)
10. Explain in detail : . (April /may 2017)
i) Unburnt Hydrocarbons iii)Carbon monoxide
ii) Oxides of nitrogen iv)Sulphur dioxide

UNIT II EMISSIONS IN SI ENGINE.

1. Illustrate and explain the effects of combustion time and spark timing on “NO” formation
in SI Engine. (April /may 2016)
2. How the carbon monoxide is formed in SI engine? Explain the effect of O2 concentration
on “CO” formation in SI engine. (Nov/Dec 2017)
3. How HC and CO and Nox emissions are formed in 4 Stroke and 2 Stroke engines? How
they can be minimized in engine design concept. (April /may 2018)
4. Explain the low temperature and high temperature reactions on combustion and emission
in spark ignition engines. (Nov/Dec 2017)
5. Draw and explain the effect of equivalence ratio and combustion time and spark timing on
nitric oxide formation in S. I engine. (April /may 2016)
6. How is unburned hydrocarbon emission formed in S.I engine? Explain them in
detail(Nov/Dec 2018)
7. Write down the HC and CO formation in S.I engine with necessary graph illustrations.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
8. Explain the effect of compression ratio, spark plug location and combustion chamber
layout on emission formation in S.I engine. (April /may 2018)
9. Describe the mechanism of HC and CO formation in two stokes SI Engine. (Nov/Dec 2018)

UNIT III - EMISSIONS IN CI ENGINE.

1. Explain in detail about the effect of combustion time and spark timing on nitric oxide
formation in CI engines. (April /may 2017)
2. Explain in detail about : (Nov/Dec 2016)
 Black smoke
 White smoke
 Blue smoke
 Particulates
3. Explain in detail about the combined effect of engine speed, cetane number and
combustion time on nitric oxide formation in CI engine. (Nov/Dec 2018)
4. Explain the effect of design and operation variables on diesel engine exhaust emission.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
5. Explain the effect of nitric oxide and its operating variable on CI engine. (April /may 2017)
6. Explain in detail the factors affecting odor production in CI engines. (Nov/Dec 2018)
7. Explain in detail about formation of pollutants in diesel engines. (Nov/Dec 2017)
8. Explain the process of controlling the smoke in diesel engines. (April /may 2016)

UNIT IV- CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSION.

1. What is meant by EGR? What for it is used? Explain the method with a neat schematic
diagram. Also draw emission reduction characteristics? (April /may 2019)
2. Explain in detail about the three way catalytic converter with a neat sketch. (Nov/Dec 2017)
3. Explain the mechanism behind the carbon monoxide and UBHC oxidation and nitric oxide
reduction. (April /may 2016)
4. Discuss the construction and working principle of evaporative loss control system with
charcoal canister. (Nov/Dec 2017)
5. Explain the construction and working principle of three way catalytic converter with a neat
sketch. (April /may 2019)
6. Explain in detail about open and closed PVC system. Also state that what for it is used.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
7. With aid of a neat cross section view sketch, explain the construction, working and
limitation of three way catalytic converter. (April /may 2016)
8. i) Explain the PVC system in diesel engine. (Nov/Dec 2016)
ii)What is the necessity of exhaust gas re-circulation? Explain in detail.

UNIT V - TEST PROCEDURE, INSTRUMENTATION & EMISSION MEASUREMENT.

1. With a help of a schematic diagram explain the working of CLA (Chemiluminescent

analyzer). What is used for? (Nov/Dec 2015)
2. Explain the working of an instrument used for the measurement of CO and CO2 from IC
Engines. (Nov/Dec 2017)
3. What is driving cycle? What are the various driving cycle in practice? Explain one of them.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
4. Explain with a schematic diagram how Chemiluminescent analyzer is used for exhaust
Measurement? Sketch and explain the FID technique. (Nov/Dec 2016)
5. Briefly explain the construction and working of FID. (April /may 2018)
6. Explain the Fedral Test Procedure (FTP) on emission testing in engines. (Nov/Dec 2017)
7. What is meant by NDIR? How it can be used to measure exhaust emission? (Nov/Dec 2016)
8. Draw a schematic diagram of chemiluminescent analysis and explain how it is used to
measure emission from automobile engine. (April /may 2018)
9. Which instrument is used for Nitric oxide measurement? Draw its complete layout and explain
its working. (April /may 2018)
10. Write the emission test procedure in detail along with the sampling system-3 and the
necessary instrumentation. Explain the FTP. Also explain the Bharath stage II and Euro norms of
emission standards. (Nov/Dec 2016)