BANAT v COMELEC  Total number of seats na pwede

ipamigay sa mga party list minus

Steps in pro-rata allocation of seats in the party-
guaranteed/qualified seats na
list system:
naipamigay sa STEP 3.

STEP 1: Kuhanin ang total number ng members

STEP 5: SECOND ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang
of the House of Representatives (HR), tapos
entitled sa “additional seats”.
kunin ang number of seats ng party-list.
Ano ang additional seats? Seats na binibigay sa
Mahalaga ito para malaman natin ang number
mga party-list (maximum of 2) na nakakuha ng
of seats na ipapamigay natin.
more than 1 na score sa formula na:
Ang party-list seats ay 20% dapat ng total
 Vote percentage (kinuha sa STEP 3)
members ng House of representatives.
multiplied by unallocated seats (kinuha
Paano kunin ang seats na ipapamigay sa part- sa STEP 4).
list?
Kapag 2 or more ang sagot, entitled sila sa 2
 Kapag ang given ay number ng total additional seats.
members ng HR: divided by 5.
Kapag 1 or more pero less than 2, entitled sila sa
 Kapag ang given ay number ng district
1 seat.
representatives: divided by 4.
Kapag less than one, wala silang additional
seat.
STEP 2: Ilista ang mga party-list based on the
number of votes received.
STEP 6: THIRD ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang
entitled sa “remaining seats”.
STEP 3: FIRST ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang
Ano ang remaining seats? Seats na binibigay sa
entitled sa “guaranteed/qualified seats”.
mga party list na hindi nakakuha ng at least 1
Ano ang guaranteed/qualified seat? 1 seat na na score sa STEP 5.
automatic na binibigay sa mga party-list na
Pamula sa unang party-list na di umabot sa
nakakuha ng at least 2% ng total votes (vote
score na 1 sa STEP 5, bigyan ng tig-iisang seats
percentage).
until ma-distribute lahat ng “remaining seats.”
Pano makuha ang vote percentage ng isang
particular party-list?

 No. of votes ng particular party list

divided by total number of votes ng
lahat ng party lists.

Kunin lahat ng percentages ng bawat party-list.

Lahat ng nakakuha ng 2% or above, meron na

agad 1 seat.

STEP 4: Kuhanin ang number of seats na di pa

naipapamigay (unallocated seats).
ACCOUNTING, IN GENERAL
Four accounting informations: OFTM
1. Operating information
2. Financial accounting information
3. Tax accounting information
4. Management accounting information
Two sources of accounting principles:
1. FASB (Financial Accounting Standards
Board)
2.
Three kinds of financial statements:
1. Statement of financial position (aka
balance sheet)
2. Income statement
3. Statement of cash flows
BALANCE SHEET
Concepts:
1. Money measurement concept –
balance sheets consist only of
information that can be expressed in
monetary terms.
2. Entity concept – accounts are kept for
entities, as opposed to persons
associated with those entities.
a. IMPORTANCE: separate ang per-
sonality ng corporations from the
persons making it.
3. Going-concern concept – assumption of
the continuance of operation for an
indefinitely long period.
a. IMPORTANCE: di kailangan
kuhanin constantly ang net worth
ng isang entity at ng kanyang
mga assets.
4. Cost concept – all assets are recorded at
their historical cost.
a. IMPORTANCE: Kahit tumaas ang
value ng assets, ang di affected
ang records. ‘Yung acquisition
cost pa rin ang recorded.
5. Dual-Aspect concept – Assets = equities;
Assets = liabilities+ owner’s equity.
a. IMPORTANCE:
i. Bawat dagdag mo sa
assets, may kasabay na
either dagdag sa liabilities,
or bawas sa assets, and
vice-versa.
ii. Bawat dagdag mo sa
liabilities, may kasabay na
dagdag sa assets, or
bawas sa lliabilities, and
vice-versa.
INCOME STATEMENT:
6. Materiality concept – the accountant
Difference from BALANCE SHEET:
 Income statement: flow report; refers to
information over a period of time (e.g.
from year X to year Y).
 Balance sheet: status report; refers to
information at a certain point in time
(e.g. balance sheet as of MM/DD/YYYY).
character. EXCEPTION: sound reason to
change methods.
does not attempt to record insignificant
events.
a. IMPORTANCE: no need to record
as loss events such as use of a
single sheet of yellow paper or loss
of a ballpen.

Concepts:

1. Accounting Period concept-

accounting measures activities for a
specified interval of time.
2. Conservatism concept:
a. Recognize revenues (increase in
earnings) only when they are
REASONABLY CERTAIN.
b. Recognize expenses (decrease in
earnings) as soon as they are
REASONABLY POSSIBLE.
c. IMPORTANCE:
i. When it comes to items
paid for in 2016 but
delivered in 2017, the
revenue is counted only in
2017 (REASONABLY CER-
TAIN.
ii. When it comes to losses,
when a car is lost in 2016
but it was only in 2017 that
it was certain it will not be
returned, loss is counted in
2016 (REASONABLY POS-
SIBLE).
3. Realization concept – revenue is
recognized only when they are
reasonably certain to be paid.
4. Matching concept – when an event
affects both revenue and expenses, the
effect on each must be recognized in
the same accounting period.
5. Consistency concept – once an entity
has decided on an accounting method,
it should use the same method for all
subsequent events of the same