Survey on various modified LEACH

hierarchical protocols for wireless sensor

networks
P.Paruthi Ilam Vazhuthi S.P.Manikandan
Department of ECE Department of CSE
V.R.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering,
Arasur Sriperumbudhur.
Email: paruthi.ilaya.raaj@gmail.com Email: manikandanperiyasamy@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Energy is an ultimate problem facing in Wireless sensor network. Hierarchical routing protocols are
best solution for energy efficiency. In this survey paper, we present various modified type of LEACH
hierarchical routing protocol. The main aim of this survey to discuss how the different LEACH protocols help
to improve the life span of the sensor network. In addition, we analyze how the related protocols method
tackled the energy issues in WSN. Furthermore, the merits and demerits of various modified LEACH protocols
have been analyzed.

Keywords— LEACH, Hierarchical routing, clustering

I. INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor network is formed by a lot of self-organizing sensor nodes which is capable of sensing,
data processing, storage and wireless communication. The main aim is to collect the data, process and transmit
the sensed data to Base station with low power consumption [1]. WSN Routing is very challengeable due to
limited resources such as battery backup, low data rate, less transmission range and self configurable. In some
scenarios, Sensor node has battery that cannot be replaced due to area of deployment. Hence the network’s
lifetime depends upon battery capacity of sensor nodes.
To increase the lifetime of the sensor network, clustering among the nodes may takes place. The
hierarchical routing protocols provide the maximum energy efficiency. In this survey paper, we focused on
LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol to analyze and compare with modified
LEACH protocols such as LEACH-C, LEACH- F, LEACH –EA, LEACH EP, LEACH –EE, LEACH- M, s-
LEACH, Solar-aware Centralized LEACH, Solar-aware Distributed LEACH, Multi-hop LEACH, Mobile-
LEACH, LEACH-C (Centralized), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), and LEACH-HPR protocol. The above
mentioned protocols were developed from clustered based architecture. Group of sensor nodes forms the cluster,
where it consists of many member sensor node and cluster head (CH). Cluster head is connected wirelessly with
all sensor nodes in single or multihop fashion.

II. REVIEW OF MODIFIED LEACH PROTOCOLS

A. Outline of LEACH Protocol

LEACH is a clustering based protocol which consumes low power [8, 9]. It is the first hierarchical routing
protocol in wireless sensor networks for better utilization of energy resources to prolong the life time of the
network. As far as LEACH protocol concern, it has some following aspects such as forming clusters by sensor
nodes location, Cluster head node may change dynamically with respect to available energy in node, and data
fusion takes place after formation of clusters. Most of the hierarchical routing protocols are developed on the
basic of LEACH.
Routing is done only through the cluster head. The entire member sensor nodes transmit the sensed data to
its respective cluster head. Cluster head aggregates all the sensed data sent by the member sensor nodes. The
process of aggregation of sensed data in the Cluster head is called Data Fusion. CH performs data processing
and decides where to send the fused data. The data transmission takes place only through cluster head to cluster
head and finally send the data to sink or base station. The basic principle of LEACH, each and every node in a
cluster acts as cluster head (CH) at once .In another words, a member sensor node is elected as CH through
round robin method.lic selection of the cluster head nodes, each sensor node can share the energy consumption
of the whole network to improve the lifetime of the network.

B. Operation process of LEACH

Each node to choose a random number of current round n between 0 and 1, A node becomes a cluster head
for the current round rotation if the number is less than threshold T(n). T(n) is computed by the following
equation (1).

T(n)= p/(1-p*(r mod(1/p)) if n =G (1)

Where,
p is the desired percentage of cluster heads,
r is the current round,
G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster heads in the last 1/p rounds
Connection establishment must takes place between the cluster head and member sensor node. The
following procedure tells that how the connection establishment and data transmission is carried out. Initially
the cluster head broadcast its information to the surrounded sensor nodes. All the member sensor node detects
the signal strength of the cluster head broadcasted signal and inform to the cluster head if the sensor nodes are
interested to join with the corresponding cluster head. All the data sent by the member sensor node is aggregated
in the CH and forwards to the base station.

C. LEACH-C protocol

LEACH-C is a centralized clustering routing algorithm. This protocol works by knowing the position
and available energy of the sensor node. By using the simulated annealing algorithm selects the cluster head
with reasonable distribution. Hence the energy consumption of all the nodes in the whole network is reduced. As
far as LEACH – C protocol concern, energy is the important parameter to select the cluster head. Nodes whose
energy is below than this value are not allowed for becoming CH for established around. To determine best
clusters, BS make sure that work is evenly distributed among all other nodes that is, in a centralized manner [2].

D. LEACH-F protocol

LEACH-C protocol is modified to LEACH-F for further improvements. As like LEACH-C, Cluster
formation is done by simulated annealing algorithm [3]. The base station is formed a cluster header list after
each cluster formation, where at once the cluster member nodes have a chance to be elected as cluster head .
Cluster structure will not change when the clusters are formed.

E. LEACH-EA protocol

LEACH-EA protocol is improved on the basis of LEACH-C. The cluster head selection considers the
dump energy of all nodes at the beginning of each round, and the average energy of nodes in the network after
the end of the round [4]. This protocol provides the better solution for reducing cluster head energy
consumption, which lead to prolong the life time of the network.

F. LEACH-EP protocol

The drawback in above protocols is unstable in re-clustering the network by considering nodes
available energy and position of the sensor nodes. This protocol which minimizes this issue by electing multiple
cluster heads. If the CH fails due to scarcity of energy resources, another alternate cluster head is taken over the
session for data forwarding to the base station. Hence, the strategy used by this protocol provides more stable
[5].

G. LEACH-EE protocol

The Energy-Efficient clustering routing algorithm is improved based on LEACH. This protocol is
somehow improved the life time of the network through data transmission from cluster to base station in
multihop fashion. Cluster is capable of transmission in high signal power as well as in long distance, so that it
can cover large area [6]. By transmitting in low signal power with multiple hops from one cluster head to
another cluster head, the energy efficient problem is solved. Hence, LEACH-EE can lifetime of the sensor
network.
H. LEACH-M (Multihop LEACH) protocol
The LEACH-M protocol is same as LEACH basically. The main idea of the protocol is to traverse all
cluster head nodes from the base station in order to find the shortest path. Finally, data transmission and
aggregation along the route in order to achieve multi-hop for reduce energy consumption as shown in fig No.1.
When the diameter of the network increases, the distance between the cluster and base station is also increases.
To address this problem, Multi-hop LEACH is proposed in [7].

Fig. No 1 Multihop LEACH

I. sLEACH

Energy harvesting is important in sensor networks to prolong the life time of the network. In some
applications, replacing of battery in sensor node is very difficult due to environmental condition [14]. In
sLEACH, energy is harvested through solar, that the nodes act as Cluster head based on the solar status.

J. Solar-aware Centralized LEACH

In solar-aware Centralized LEACH, Base station selects the cluster head through improved control
algorithm. The node which has high residual energy is elected as cluster head that harvest the energy by solar
[15]. To improve the life time of the network and its performance, more number of solar powered sensor nodes
should be used. If node serving as CH is running on battery and a node in a cluster sends data with flag, then its
solar power is increased. Thus this node becomes a CH in place of its first serving CH. This new CH is selected
during steady state phase which also enhances lifetime of the network.

K. Solar-aware Distributed LEACH

In Solar-aware Distributed LEACH [10] , solar powered nodes are having high priority to act as CH.
Probability of solar-powered nodes is higher than battery driven nodes. To enhance the probability of solar
powered nodes equation (2) is needed. This can be achieved by multiplying a factor ( ) to right side of the eq.
(2) as:

T(n) = sf(n) x (p/1-(CH head/num nodes)) (2)

where, ( ) is equal to 4, denotes the percentage of optimal CHs. specifies the number of CHs since
the start of last meta round and is total number of nodes [8][9].

L. M-LEACH (Mobile LEACH)

Cluster head nodes drain their energy more compared to member nodes. As well as mobility is another
problem is tackled with LEACH protocols [11]. It considers the residual energy of the CH selection. Initially, all
nodes are homogeneous in terms of antenna gain and all nodes receive their location information through Global
Positioning System (GPS) and BS is considered fixed in M-LEACH. In M-LEACH, CHs are elected on the
basis of attenuation model [12]. Optimum CHs are selected to lessen the power of attenuation. Other criterion of
CH selection is based on mobility of nodes.
 Node elected as CH with minimum mobility and low attenuation. Then selected CHs broadcast their
status to all nodes in transmission range. Member nodes compute their willingness from multiple CHs and select
the CH with maximum residual energy. In steady state phase, if member nodes move away from CH or CH
moves away from its member nodes then another CH becomes suitable for member nodes. It results into
inefficient clustering formation. To deal this problem, M-LEACH provides hand-over mechanism for nodes to
switch on to new CH.

M. Stable Election Protocol (SEP)

This protocol [16] is used heterogeneous sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. The SEP uses two-
level of energy. All the sensor nodes must know the position of the sink or base station. The SEP cluster-head
election is based on probability of nodes' weight according to their particular energy. This method guarantees
that the selection of a cluster-head is random and distributed based on the each node energy consumption to
ensure uniform nodes energy utilization. In SEP, nodes measured as normal nodes and advanced nodes. Those
nodes with high energy referred as advanced node, which the probability of advanced nodes being selected as a
cluster-head is more than normal nodes. This method increases the stability of time interval (stability period)
before the first nodes drain out of energy. For electing a cluster-head, the probability of a node to become a
cluster head is computed by following equation;
P = K /n (2)
Where
P is cluster head;
K is the number of cluster-head per round.

N. LEACH-HPR protocol

LEACH-HPR protocol proposed a cluster head election which is energy efficient and suitable for
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Each sensor node with a built-in timer and the initial value is the
reciprocal of the dump energy [17]. The LEACH-HPR protocol characteristics are to make more energy nodes
into cluster heads to balance the energy consumption through the counter. At the same time, the requirement of
sensor nodes is high.

III. ANALYSIS FACTORS OF LOW POWER HIERARCHICAL PROTOCOL

To improve the life time of the network, the best solution is clustering based hierarchical protocols
should be developed. Certain parameters is considered for improving the life time of the network as analyzed as
follows location information, low power consumption and uneven clustering, residual energy, multihop, energy
harvesting multiple cluster head in each clusters and etc.,

A. Location information

M-LEACH, SEP, LEACH-C considered the location information for electing the cluster head. Also the
reconfiguration of the path and electing the CH is quite easy when the CH node or any other node fails in the
cluster. Hence the network is obtained stable state and enhances the life span of the sensor network.

B. Low power consumption

LEACH protocol is modified and developed by considering low power consumption by nodes. Each
and every node should perform less computation, low data rate, short range by the nodes. To improve the life
span of the network with above all parameter should take into an account. The ultimate objective of all the
LEACH protocols deals with low power consumption.
C. Heterogeneous nodes
The sensor network must consists of homogeneous sensor nodes which has identical features such as in
terms of antenna gain ,transmission power, data rate, available energy ant etc., In heterogeneous sensor network
must tradeoff between above all the parameters. For an example, the entire sensor nodes must equally
distributed with the available energy. Cluster formation and data gathering pattern may dynamically changed
because of the heterogeneous nodes
 C. Multihop

As discussed earlier, the sensor network is an infrastructureless network can transmits the data in
multihop fashion. Each and every node fuses the transmitted data and performs computational processing that
consumes little energy resources. Multihop LEACH protocol is developed which extends the coverage of the
distance. But the drawback in multihop LEACH protocol, route reconfiguration take place if the path fails
between the cluster heads and the base station due to failure of intermediate cluster head.

D. Resource Awareness

Sensor network has limited resources like battery and sensing capability routing protocol should be
well aware from the resources. Due to scarcity of energy resources, energy harvesting is incorporated with the
selected individual sensor nodes. It facilitates the nodes by providing energy to operate the nodes optimally.
sLEACH, Solar-aware Centralized LEACH and Solar-aware Distributed LEACH, are the protocol which uses
solar energy to maximize the life time of the network.

IV. CONCLUSION

In this survey paper, we have discussed LEACH, Multi-hop LEACH, M-LEACH, SEP, and Solar-
aware LEACH hierarchical routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. According to the characteristics of
each protocol, we make a comprehensive analysis with some factors of wireless sensor network. The main
concern of this survey is to examine the energy efficiency and network life time improvement of these LEACH
routing protocols.

V.FUTURE SCOPE

The future work may include use GPS for optimizing data gathering and it can be developed by
modifying LEACH protocol for heterogeneous sensor network. All the sensor node can be solar powered that
can dynamically vary the signal power transmission. All the aspects may improve the life span of the network

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