BHP for Fan = CFM X Static Pressure (in WG.) x sp. Gr.

/ 6356 x Fan efficiency (65 to 85)

Motor HP = BHP / Motor and drive efficiency (80 to 95)
BHP for Pump = GPM X Head (in ft.) x sp. Gr. / 3960 x Pump efficiency (60 to 80)
COP= BTU Output / BTU input = EER / 3.413
EER = BTU Output / Watts input
Turndown Ratio= Maximum firing rate: Minimum firing rate

For example, 5:1, 10:1, 25:1

System Volume Estimate:

12 Gal./Ton
35 Gal./BHP

System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure Estimate:

Height of System +5 to 10 Psi OR 5–10 Psi, whichever is greater.
System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure Estimate:
150 Lb. Systems 45–125 Psi
250 Lb. Systems 125–225 Psi
CFM of refrigeration equipment room = 100 x G0.5
G is pound of refrigerant in largest refrigeration equipment.
LBS steam / HR = BTU PER HR / 960
Domestic water heater sizing KW = GPH X 8.34 X delta T / 3413
Evaporation cooling Tower (GPM) = GPM (COND.) X Range (R) X 0.0008
Drift cooling tower = GPM (Cond.) x 0.0002
Belt Length = [(D1 + D2) X 1.5708] + 2L

Heat Load Thumb Rule:

6.01 Offices, Commercial
A. General:
1. Total Heat 300–400 SQ. FT./Ton; (Range 230–520)
2. Total Heat 30–40 BTUH /SQ. FT.; (Range 23–52)
3. Room Sens. Heat 25–28 BTUH /SQ. FT.; (Range 19–37)
4. SHR 0.75–0.93
5. Perimeter Spaces 1.0–3.0 CFM/SQ. FT.
6. Interior Spaces 0.5–1.5 CFM/SQ. FT.
7. Building Block CFM 1.0–1.5 CFM/SQ. FT.
8. Air Change Rate 4–10 AC/Hr.
B. Large, Perimeter:
1. Total Heat 225–275 SQ. FT./Ton
2. Total Heat 43–53 BTUH /SQ. FT.
C. Large, Interior:
1. Total Heat 300–350 SQ. FT./Ton
2. Total Heat 34–40 BTUH /SQ. FT.
D. Small:
1. Total Heat 325–375 SQ. FT./Ton
2. Total Heat 32–37 BTUH /SQ. FT.
6.02 Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
A. Total Heat 200–250 SQ. FT./Ton (Range 160–340)
B. Total Heat 48–60 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 35–75)
C. Room Sens. Heat 28–38 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 21–48)
D. SHR 0.75–0.90
E. Air Change Rate 4–10 AC/Hr.
6.03 Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
A. Total Heat 250–350 SQ. FT./Ton (Range 200–400)
B. Total Heat 34–48 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 30–60)
C. Room Sens. Heat 25–35 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 20–40)
D. SHR 0.75–0.90
E. Air Change Rate 4–10 AC/Hr.

6.06 Restaurants
A. Total Heat 100–250 SQ. FT./Ton (Range 75–300)
B. Total Heat 48–120 BTUH/SQ FT. (Range 40–155)
C. Room Sens. Heat 21–62 BTUH/SQ FT. (Range 20–80)
D. SHR 0.65–0.80
E. Air Flow 1.5–4.0 CFM/SQ. FT.
F. Air Change Rate 8–12 AC/Hr.
6.07 Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment)
A. Total Heat 150–350 SQ. FT./Ton (At 85°F. Space)
B. Total Heat 34–80 BTUH /SQ. FT. (At 85°F. Space)
C. Room Sens. Heat 20–56 BTUH /SQ. FT. (At 85°F. Space)
D. SHR 0.60–0.70
E. Air Flow 1.5–2.5 CFM/SQ. FT.
F. Air Change Rate 12–15 AC/Hr.

6.09 Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms

A. Total Heat 250–300 SQ FT./Ton (Range 200–400)
B. Total Heat 40–48 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 30–60)
C. Room Sens. Heat 32–46 BTUH /SQ. FT. (Range 25–50)
D. SHR 0.75–0.85
6.10 Buildings w/100% OA Systems
(i.e., Laboratories, Hospitals)
A. Total Heat 100–300 SQ. FT./Ton
B. Total Heat 40–120 BTUH /SQ. FT.

6.12 Residential
A. Total Heat 500–700 SQ. FT./Ton
B. Total Heat 17–24 BTUH/SQ. FT.
C. Room Sens. Heat 12–20 BTUH/SQ. FT.
D. SHR 0.80–0.95
6.13 Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room)
A. Total Heat 350–450 SQ. FT./Ton (Range 300–500)
B. Total Heat 27–34 BTUH/SQ. FT. (Range 24–40)
C. Room Sens. Heat 22–30 BTUH/SQ. FT. (Range 20–35)
D. SHR 0.80–0.95
6.14 Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
A. Total Heat 250–300 SQ. FT./Ton (Range 160–375)
B. Total Heat 40–48 BTUH/SQ. FT. (Range 32–74)
C. Room Sens. Heat 32–46 BTUH/SQ. FT. (Range 25–60)
D. SHR 0.75–0.90

Heat Load Rule of Thumb:

7.01 All Buildings and Spaces
A. 20–60 BTUH/SQ. FT.
B. 25–40 BTUH/SQ. FT. Average
7.02 Buildings w/100% OA Systems
(i.e., Laboratories, Hospitals)
A. 40–120 BTUH/SQ. FT.

8.01 Heating Infiltration (15 mph wind)

A. Air Change Rate Method:
1. Range 0–10 AC/Hr.
2. Commercial Buildings
a. 1.0 AC/Hr. 1 Exterior Wall
b. 1.5 AC/Hr. 2 Exterior Walls
c. 2.0 AC/Hr. 3 or 4 Exterior Walls
3. Vestibules 3.0 AC/Hr.
B. CFM/SQ. FT. of Wall Method:
1. Range 0–1.0 CFM/SQ FT.
2. Tight Buildings 0.1 CFM/SQ FT.
3. Average Buildings 0.3 CFM/SQ. FT.
4. Leaky Building 0.6 CFM/SQ FT.
C. Crack Method:
1. Range 0.12–2.8 CFM/Ft. of Crack
2. Average 1.0 CFM/Ft. of Crack

Ventilation Rule of Thumb:

E. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (Minimum Outdoor Air):
1. Range 15–60 CFM/Person
2. Most Common Range 15–35 CFM/Person, Based on type of Occupancy
3. Average Range 15–20 CFM/Person
4. Smoking Lounges 60 CFM/Person
5. Outdoor Background Level 350 ppm CO2 Avg.
6. ASHRAE Standard 62 Recommends 1000 ppm CO2 max.
7. OSHA & U.S. Air Force Proposing 650 ppm CO2 Max.
8. Human Discomfort Begins 800–1000 ppm CO2
9. Long-Term Health Effects >12,000 ppm CO2

F. Outside Air Intake and Exhaust Locations:

1. 1990 and 1993 BOCA:
a. Intakes or exhausts—10 feet from lot lines, buildings on same lot or centre line of
street or public way
b. Intakes—10 feet from any hazardous or noxious contaminant (plumbing vents,
chimneys, vents, stacks, alleys, streets, parking lots, loading docks). within 10
feet, intake must be a minimum of 2 feet below any source of contaminant.

4. Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and

Medical Facilities—AIA Committee
on Architecture for Health and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services:
a. Fresh air intakes shall be located at least 25 feet from exhaust outlets of ventilating systems,
combustion equipment stacks, medical-surgical vacuum systems, plumbing
vents, or areas that may collect vehicular exhaust or other noxious fumes. Prevailing
winds and/or proximity to other structures may require greater clearances.
b. Plumbing and vacuum vents that terminate at a level above the top of the air intake
may be as close as 10 feet.
c. The bottom of outdoor air intakes serving central systems shall be as high as practical,
but at least 6 feet above ground level, or if installed above the roof, 3 feet above roof level.
d. Exhaust outlets from areas that may be contaminated shall be above roof level and
arranged to minimize recirculation of exhaust air into the building.
Toilet Ventilation:
B. ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 50 CFM/Water Closet and Urinal
75 CFM/Water Closet and Urinal (in case of high fixture density)
Transformer Room 5 CFM / KVA
Electrical Room 2 cfm / SQ FT
1. 0°F. outside design temperature.
2. 72°F. inside design temperature.
3. RINSIDE AIR FILM= 0.680 UINSIDE AIR FILM= 1.471
4. RSINGLE GLASS= 0.909 USINGLE GLASS = 1.100
5. RDOUBLE GLASS= 1.667 UDOUBLE GLASS = 0.600
6. RTRIPLE GLASS= 2.000 UTRIPLE GLASS = 0.500
Area per Person:
General 80-150 SQ FT / Person
Conference / Meeting Room 20 -50 SQ FT / Person
Restaurant 15-50 SQ FT / Person
Lighting Rule of Thumbs:
Offices, Commercial
A. General 1.5–3.0 Watts/SQ. FT.
B. Private 2.0–5.0 Watts/SQ. FT.
C. Conference, Meeting Rooms 2.0–6.0 Watts/SQ. FT.
Hospital Patient Room 1.0 – 2.0 Watts/SQ. FT.
Hospital General Areas 1.5 – 2.5 Watts / SQ Ft.
Residential and Apartment 1.0 – 4 Watts / SQ FT.
Motel and hotel 1.0 – 3.0 Watts / SQ. FT.
HVAC QEC Course:
Duct Test: Smoke test, Light test
Network branches need to be closed.
When silica used it must be opaque to conduct light test.
Cooling Tower:
Range of cooling tower – 5- 6-degree C.
Approach – 4 -5 degree C =
T Water out = TAmbient – 10
If Ambient = 40 degree C
Then T Water out = 30 degree C
Cooling Tower Residual pressure – 35 – 50 KPA (Pump head calculation)
21.02 Pumps:
A. Available RPM:
1. 1,150 (1,200).
2. 1,750 (1,800).
3. 3,500 (3,600).
Pump Type GPM Head FT. H2O HORSEPOWER
Circulators 0-150 0-69 ¼-5
Close coupled, end 0-2000 0-400 ¼ - 150
suction
Frame mounted, 0-2000 0-500 ¼ - 150
end suction
Horizontal Split 0-12000 0-500 1-500
case
Vertical inline 0-2000 0-400 ¼ -75

C. Pump Location:
1. Heating Water Systems: Boilers to be on suction side of pumps; pumps to draw through
boilers.
2. Chilled Water Systems: Chillers to be on discharge side of pumps; pumps to pump
through chillers.
Motors:
4. Class B Motors: Motors for HVAC Applications, High Quality Fractional Hp Motors; Maximum
Operating Temperature 130°C/266°F.
H. NEMA Motor Design Designations:
Design B motors are built with high starting torque with reasonable starting current and
are used with fans, pumps, air handling units, and other HVAC equipment. They are the
most common HVAC motor.
J. Motor Efficiencies: ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989:
1. NEMA Design B; Single Speed; 1,200, 1,800, or 3,600 RPM; Open Drip Proof (ODP) or
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) Motors 1 Hp and Larger that operate more than
500 hours per year must meet the following minimum nominal efficiencies:

C. Humidifier Makeup Requirements:

1. Steam or Electric Humidifiers: 5.6 GPM/1000 KW Input or
5.6 GPM/3413 MBH
2. Evaporative and Spray Coil Humidifiers: 5.0 GPM/1000 Lbs./Hr.

Cooling Tower selection Graph:

B . General:
1. Insulation, adhesives, mastics, sealants, and coverings shall have a flame spread rating of
25 or less and a smoke developed rating of 50 or less as determined by an independent
testing laboratory in accordance with NFPA 255 and UL 728 as required by ASHRAE 90A
and 90B. Coatings and adhesives applied in the field shall be non-flammable in the wet state.
2. Hangers on chilled water and other cold piping systems should be installed on the outside
of the insulation to prevent hangers from sweating.

Notes:
1. Type A: Fiberglass Insulation.
Type B: Flexible Foamed Plastic Insulation.
Type C: Cellular Glass Insulation.
Type D: Foam glass Insulation.
2. Insulation not required on systems with temperatures between 55°F and 105°F., unless
insulating
pipe for freeze protection; then use chilled water (40°F. and above) thicknesses.
3. Chilled water system piping is often insulated with fiberglass insulation; however, cellular
glass
and flexible foamed plastic may be more appropriate for moisture condensation protection.
Other types of insulation may be used.
4. Heating water system piping is generally insulated with fiberglass pipe insulation. Other
types of
insulation may be used.
5. Steam system piping and steam condensate system piping are generally insulated with
fiberglass
pipe insulation. Other types of insulation may be used.
6. Refrigerant system piping is generally insulated with flexible foamed plastic. Other types of
insulation
may be used. Normally only refrigerant suction lines are insulated, but liquid lines should
be insulated where condensation will become a problem and hot gas lines should be insulated
where personal injury from contact may pose a problem.
7. Table meets or exceeds ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989.
8. For piping exposed to ambient temperatures increase insulation thickness by 1.0 inch.
9. For dual temperature systems use insulation thickness for more stringent system, usually the
heating system.
10. System temperature exceeds temperature rating of insulation.
D. Duct Insulation
1. Internal Duct Liner:
a. 1_ thick, 11⁄2 pounds per cubic foot density amber colour glass fibre blanket with
smooth coated matte facing to conform to TIMA Standard AHC-101, NFPA 90A,
NFPA 90B, NFPA 255, UL 181, and UL 723. Duct lining shall have a thermal conductance
(k) not greater than 0.26 Btu/SQ FT./°F./hour at a mean temperature difference
of 75°F.Vinyl spray face shall not be permitted.
b. Thicknesses: 1_, 11⁄2_, 2_.
2. External Duct Insulation:
a. Duct Wrap: Insulation shall be flexible glass fibre blanket, 2_ thick, minimum 3⁄4 lb.
per cubic foot density, thermal conductivity not greater than 0.31 Btu-in./SQ FT./°F./
hour at a mean temperature difference of 75°F and factory applied jacket of minimum
0.001_ aluminium foil reinforced with glass fibre bonded to flame resistant Kraft
paper vapor barrier. Thicknesses: 1_, 11⁄2_, 2_.
b. Duct Board: Insulation shall be glass fibre, 2_ thick, minimum 3.0 lb. per cubic foot
density, thermal conductivity not greater than 0.24 Btu-in./SQ FT./°F./hour at a mean
temperature difference of 75°F and factory applied jacket of white, flame retardant
vapor barrier jacket of 0.001_ aluminium foil reinforced with glass fibre bonded to
flame resistant Kraft paper. Thicknesses: 1_, 11⁄2_, 2_, 3_, 4_.
c. Duct Board: Insulation shall be rigid glass fibres board, 2_ thick, minimum 6.0 lb. per
cubic foot density, thermal conductivity not greater than 0.22 Btu-in./SQ FT./°F./hour
at a mean temperature difference of 75°F and factory applied jacket of white, flame
retardant vapor barrier jacket of 0.001_ aluminium foil reinforced with glass fibres
bonded to flame resistant kraft paper. Thicknesses: 1_, 11⁄2_, 2_