AKNOWLEDGMENT

I WILL TAKE TO ACKNOWEDGE AND

EXPRESS MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATUTE TO MY REVERSE
GUIDE.I HAVE COMPLETED MY PROJECT ON ZENER
DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF MY ELECTONICS LECT.SONALI DOPTE MAAM WHO
HAS NOT ONLY GIVEN THE INFORMATION OF MY
PROJECT BUT ALSO GUIDE ME TO COMPLETE IT TIME TO
TIME SHE ALSO PROVIDE NECESSARY INFORMATION
WHEN REQUIRED
I AM ALSO THANKFULL TO OUR
PRECIDENT MR. R. C. REDDY SIR WHO HAS HELP ME A
LOT FOR THE COMPLICTION OF PROJECT
I AM ALSO THANKFULL TO OUR PRINCIPAL
MAAM MIS SHOBHA C. REDDY FOR PROVIDING
WONDERFULL LABORATORY AND MADE AVAILABLE ALL
REQUIRED FACILITIES IN THE LAB. HER GUIDEANCE AND
MOTIVATIN INSPIRED ME TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT
SUCCESS FULLY.
MAS.NOMAN M KHAN
 INTRODUCTION
THE NAME OF OUR PROJECT IS ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE
REGULATOR. A VOLTAGE REGULATOR IS USED TO REGULATE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE EVEN IF THERE IS ANY CHANGE IN SOURCE
VOLTAGE OR LOAD CURRENT.A ZENER DIODE CAN BE USED TO
REGULATE THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE. A ZENER DIODE IS USED IN
REVERSE BIASED CONDITION. IF IT IS CONNECTED IN
FORWARD BIASED IT CAN BE USED FOR RECTIFICATION. IF
THERE IS INCREASE IN INPUT VOLTAGE VS. THE CURRENT
THOUGH ZENER DIODE INCREASES AND THE LOAD CURRENT
REMAINS CONSTANT.THE EXTRA VOLTAGE IS DROPED ACROSS
RS. THEREFORE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE REMAINS CONSTANT.IF
THERE IS DECREASE IN VS, IZ DECREASES AND VOLTAGE DROP
ACROSS RS IS REDUCED. AS LOAD CURRENT REMAINS
CONSTANT OUTPUT VOLTAGE REMAINS CONSTANT. WHEN
THERE IS REDUCTION IN LOAD RESISTANCE, LOAD CURRENT
INCRESES. IZ DECREASES BY THE SAME PERCENTAGE AND IS IS
KEPT CONSTANT. THEREFORE DROP ACROSS RS IS KEPT
CONSTANT AND VO REMAINS CONSTANT.WHEN THE LOAD
RESISTANCE INCREASES LOAD CURRENT DECREASES.IZ
INCREASES SUCH THAT THE CURRENT IS ARE KEPT CONSTANT
THEREFORE OUTPUT VOLTAGE REMAINS CONSTANT.THUS
LINE REGULATION AND LOAD REGULATION IS PROVIDED.
 WORKING
I-V GRAPH OF ZENER DIODE: ZENER DIODE IS A P-N
JUNCTION DIODE WHICH IS HEAVILY DOPED. THE
DIPLETION LAYER IS VERY NARROW. BY VARYING THE
DO[PING LEVEL, IT IS POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE ZENER
DIODES WITH BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE FROM ABOUT 2
TO 200 V. ZENER DIODE CAN BE OPERATE IN ANY OF THE
THREE REAGION :
1.FORWARD
2.LEAKAGE
3.BREAKDOWN
IN THE FORWARD REGION THE ZENER DIODE ACTS LIKE AN ORDINARY P-N JUNCTION DIODE. ITS START CONDUCTING AT ABOUT 0.7V THE
REGION BETWEEN ZERO AND BREAKDOWN IS CALLED AS LEAKAGE REGION. IN THIS REGION THERE IS ONLY A SMALL LEAKAGE OR REVERSE
CURRENT. IN A ZENER DIODE THE BREAKDOWN HAS A VERY SHARP KNEE, FOLLOWED BY AN ALMOST VERTICAL INCREASE IN CURRENT. THE
VOLTAGE IS ALMOST CONSTANT AND APROXIMATELY EQUAL TO VZ OVER MOST OF THE BREAKDOWN REGION.VZ IS SPECIFIED AT A
PERTICULAR TEST CURRENT IZT FOR NORMAL OPERATION, THE CURRENT THROUGH THE DIODE SHOULD BE LIMITED BY AN EXTERNAL
CIRCUIT TO A SUITABLE VALUE. OTHER WICE LARGE CURRENT CAN DAMAGE THE ZENER DIODE.

RATING OF ZENER DIODE

1. POWER DISSIPATION(PZ): THIS IS THE PRODUCT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT.

PZ=VZ IZ
AS LONG AS PZ IS LESS THAN THE POWER RATING (PZM), THE ZENER DIODE CAN OPERATE IT IN THE BREAKDOWN REGION
WITHOUT BEING DISTROYED. POWER RATTINGS MAY BE ¼ W TO MORE THAN 50W.
2. MAXIMUM CURRENT RATING (IZM): THIS IS THE MAXIMUM CURRENT A ZENER DIODE CAN HANDEL WITHOUT EXCEEDING ITS
POWER RATING .
IZM=PZM/VZ WHERE, PZM=POWER RATING AND VZ= ZENER VOLTAGE
3. ZENER RESISTANCE: ZENER RESISTANCE (RTZ)OR ZENER INPEDANCE (ZZT) IS SPECIFIED AT THE SAME TEST CURRENT IZT USED TO
MEASURE VZ. DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE=ZZ=∆VZ/∆IZ

ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATOR :THE ZENER DIODE IS USED TO REGULATE THE VOLTAGE ACROSS A LOAD WHEN
THERE ARE VARIATIONS IN THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE OR LOAD CURRENT.THE ZENER REGULATOR IS CONNECTED BETWEEN THE OUTPUT
OF THE FILTER AND THE LOAD.

(SHUNT REGULATOR)

THE ZENER REGULATOR CONSISTS OF S CURRENT LIMITING RESISTOR RSCONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE INPUT VOLTAGE VS AND THE
ZENER DIODE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH THE LOAD RL. THE ZENER DIODE IS REVERSE BIASED. THE DIODE IS SELECTED WITH A
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE VZ EQUAL TO THE VOLTAGE DESIRED ACROSS THE LOAD

RS=VS-VZ/IS WHERE IS IS THE CURRNET FROM UN REGULATED POWER SUPPLY.

IS=VS-VZ/RS WHERE IS=IZ + IL.

EFFECT OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE VARIATIONS: IF THERE IS INCRESE IN THE INPUT VOLTAGE VS, THE CURRENT THROUGH ZENER DIODE IZ
INCREASE & THE LOAD CURRENT IL REMAINS CONSTANT. THE EXTRA VOLTAGE IS DROPED ACROSS RS. THEREFORE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE
ACROSS THE LOAD REMAINS CONSTANT. IF THERE IS DECREASE IN THE IN PUT VOLATAGE CURRENT I Z DECREASES AND THE VOLTAGE
DROP ACROSS RS IS REDUCED.AS LOAD CURRENT REMAINS CONSTANT, OUTPUT VOLTAGE REMAINS CONSTANT.

EFFECT OF LOAD CURRENT VARIATIONS: WHEN THE ZENER DIODE OPERATES IN THE BREAKDOWN REGION, ZENER VOLTAGE VZ
REMAINS CONSTANT EVEN THOUGH THE CURRENT IZ FLOWING THROUGH IT MAY CHANGE.WHEN THERE IS REDUCTION IN LOAD
RESISTANCE, LOAD CURRENT IL INCRESES. THE CURRENT IZ DECREASES BY THE SAME PERCENTAGE AND IS IS KEPT
CONSTANT.THEREFORE DROP ACROSS RS IS KEPT CONSTANT AND VO REMAINS CONSTANT.

WHEN THE LOAD RESISTANCE INCREASES, LOAD CURRENT DECREASES.IZ INCREASES SUCH THAT THE CURRENT IS IS KEPT CONSTANT.

THEREFORE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE REMAINS CONSTANT.

 CERTIFICATE
VIDYA VIHAR CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL &
JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHANDRAPUR
(2019-20)
CERTIFICATE OF PROJECT
THIS IS TO CIRTIFY THAT THE WORK DONE IN THE PROJECT ZENER
DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR HAS BEEN SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED BY MAS. NOMAN M. KHAN OF CLASS 12TH. IT IS A
BONAFIDE PIECE OF WORK CARRIED OUT UNDER THE SUPERVISION
AND GUIDANCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS, VIDYA
VIHAR COVENT HIGH SCHOOL & JUNIOR COLLEGE FOR PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF 12TH ELECTRONICS DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2019-20.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

LECT. MISS SONALI DHOPTE DATE:
(PROJECT GUIDE) PLACE: CHANDRAPUR