A

Vocational Training Report

On
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Submitted to
CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAD TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, BHILAI (C.G.)
From
Technex IIT (BHU) & EIsytems(Techsim+) BHOPAL
CENTER
By
TARUN KUMAR
Roll No: 3008028160
Semester: 5th
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Department
Government Engineering College
Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh-494001
Session: 2018-19
1. Embedded Systems

1.1 Introduction:-
Embedded system is a combination of Hardware and Software Design
to meet a specific need with performance in given time frame.

Component in an embedded system are as:

Hardware

Input & Output

1.2 Characteristics of embedded products:-
1. They perform a single set of functions.
2. Works in a time constrained environment.
3. Provide high performance and reliability.
4. Mostly Embedded systems have low cost because they are mass
produced in millions.

1.3 Embedded products in Today’s industry:-

1. Telecom: Mobile phone systems, modems, routers.

2. Automotive applications: Braking systems, traction systems, airbag

release systems, engine-management units, steer-by-wire systems.

3. Domestic appliances: Dishwashers, televisions, washing machines

microwave ovens, Video recorders, security systems,
garage door controllers, calculators, digital watches, Digital cameras,
Remote controls, Treadmills.

4. Robotic: Fire fighting robots, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm etc.

5. Aerospace applications: Flight control systems, engine controllers,

autopilots.

6. Medical equipment: An ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery

systems, MRI scanners.

7. Defense systems: Radar systems, fighter aircraft flight control

systems, radio systems, missile guidance systems.

8. Office automation: Laser printers, fax machines, pagers, cash

registers, gas pumps, credit/debit card readers.
 2. MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 Introduction

Microcontrollers are small controllers. They are like single chip computers that are
often embedded into other systems to function as processing/controlling unit.
The key features of microcontrollers include:
1. High Integration of Functionality
2. Microcontrollers sometimes are called single-chip computers because they have
on-chip memory and I/O circuitry and other circuitries that enable them to
function as small standalone computers without other supporting circuitry.
3. Field Programmability, Flexibility
4. Microcontrollers often use EEPROM or EPROM as their storage device to allow
field programmability so they are flexible to use. Once the program is tested to
be correct then large quantities of microcontrollers can be programmed to be
used in embedded systems.
5. Easy to Use
Liquid Crystal Display:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images, and moving pictures. Its uses include monitors for
computers, televisions, instrument panels, and other devices ranging from aircraft
cockpit displays, to every-day consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. Among its major features are its
lightweight construction, its portability, and its ability to be produced in much larger
screen sizes than are practical for the construction of cathode ray tube (CRT) display
technology. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-
powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made
up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light
source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.

4. LCD INTERFACING

4.1 Pin Configuration

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the
market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and
support at most of 80 characters

8 data pins D7:D0

Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII
format.

RS: Register Select

RS = 0 -> Command Register is selected Figure 4.1: pin configuration for 16 X 2
LCD
RS = 1 -> Data Register is selected

R/W: Read or Write

0 -> Write, 1 -> Read

E: Enable (Latch data)

Used to latch the data present on the data pins.
A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.

VEE : contrast control.

0SOFTWARE

EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING

Now comes the programming .The entire hardware is nothing if it is not interfaced
with the software .The hardware cannot function in the absence of the software.
In this case we provide the software in the form of EMBEDDED C
PROGRAMMING.
This entire program is fed in the memory of the microcontroller.
The code for which the access is allowed is also fed through this c language program
.This is the way by which the hardware functions.

TROUBLE SHOOTING

Not to say but yes we faced lots of troubleshooting.

So we are providing the ways to remove those troubleshooting.

The whole concept is divided into various sections as follows:

1. HARDWARE SECTION
 Component mounting
 Hard ware testing

2. SOFTWARE SECTION
 1 Software testing
2 Main software implementation

Lets first start with the hardware section:

HARDWARE SECTION:-

Component mounting:

During mounting make sure that the soldering iron you are using is of correct rating,
such that it is at suitable temperature so that your PCB can bear without harming the
tracks.

Make sure that components are properly mounted in the whole and completely
covered by solder joint.

Hardware testing:

Hardware testing is further subdivided into two parts:

1 Without power supply
2 With power supply

In without power supply as the name suggests you don’t have to provide the external
power input.
It is just meant testing the desired/undesired tracks or connections.
It is most basic step in the project. Must be done very carefully.

In power supply mode, provide connection of external power input.

And check for desired output in terms of voltage or any other criteria.

SOFTWARE SECTION:

Software testing:

There are various modules in the circuit, e.g. IR-MODULE, H-BRDGE, LEDS etc.
Check proper functioning of each and every component through small tiny programs.
Once this step is done, then final program is implemented and corrected for proper
functioning.
 Description of the project:

WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

Introduction:
Water level controller is an automatic on / off system. In this motor will be
automatically on according to the level of water in the tank. It takes the task of
indicating and controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. It is mostly
used everywhere in homes, offices etc. due to this there is no need to go on the roof to
the water level
Water level controller is a reliable circuit, it takes over the task of indicating and
controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. The water level is sensed by
the sensor circuit connected to the walls of the tank.
It automatically monitor the overhead water level and display the motor status. It
automatically switch OFF the motor when the water tank is full and it will
automatically switch ON the motor when the water level is low.
The microprocessor will control the motor according to the level of the water. When
the level of water comes below a lower level, the motor will start pumping water.
Hence the water level increases and when it reaches an upper level then the circuit
will switch off the motor and prevents the overflow. The motor will remain in the off
state until the water level again reduces to the lower point.

7.2 Block Diagram

The main components used are:

SENSOR: If there is water then the conduction occurs between the two conductors,
which closes a circuit to the microcontroller and microcontroller detects the intensity
of water in thefield. If there is no conduction microcontroller detects that water is in
the field. If there is no conduction microcontroller detects absence of water.
MICROCONTROLLER 8051:The microcontroller detects the indication from the
sensor. The microcontroller produces controls signal to the drive the motor according
to the indication and enables the display. The motor is controlled by a relay
mechanism.
MOTOR Motor is controlled by the microcontroller switching the power supply to
motor by relay mechanism. The motor employed is DC motor which has high starting
torque and constant speed.
DISPLAY16*2 LCD display is used. The present state of the motor is displayed on
the display.
Circuit Diagram:

Flow Chart:
FEATURES:-

1 Fully automatic operation.

2 Motor is switched ON/OFF automatically as per level in the overhead and
underground.
3 Motor protection.
4 Latest invention: in spite of vast technology this design hasn’t got reality till
now. It is proved to a great innovation.
5 Operates in real time:(Faster response):- hasty comeback from
microprocessor reduces chances of delay..
 6 Self monitoring and controlling: presence of microprocessor /
microcontroller can create an intellectual device
7 Not so much expensive
8 Applicable at small as well as large level: even in a single storey building or
in a multi storey building, in a small office or in an industry this is applicable.
9 Ease of installation
10 Reliable: It is shock less and requires less power .it emphasize on less
consumption.
11 Undoubtedly use of microprocessor in daily used contrivance like
microwaves, washing machine, bikes, cars is the result of immediate,
accurate, intelligent and consistent response of the microprocessor which act
as CPU in these devices.

Why I chose:-

I chose this project because of the following reason:-

1 It reduces the wastage of water.
2 It saves electricity.
3 It prevents motor failures.
4 Maximum utilization of incoming water supply.

Project methodology:

List of Components:

Component Name Quantity

Power Supply Section:

1. Step down transformer(230v/12v a.c) 1
2. IN4007 diodes 4
3. Capacitor(220uF) 1
4. LM7805 1
5. Led & resistance(300 ohm) 1
6. A Connector 1
7. plug with wire 1
Reset Section:
1. Capacitor(10 uF) 1
2. Resistor(8.2k) 1
3. Reset Switch (Push-on) 1
Clock Section :
1. Crystal Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 1
2. Ceramic Capacitor(33pF) 2
Microcontroller Section :
1. Ic based (40 pin) 1
2. Philips uC (P89V51RD2BN) 1
Other components:
1. Resistors 4
2. LCD(16x2) 1
3. LCD Connector 1
4. Transistor(Bc547npn) 1 or 26. Resistance(300 Ω)
5 10K Potentiometer 1
6 10 K SIP 1
7.3(b) Softwares used:
1. Keil µVision3.
2. 8051 Burner
7.3(c) Equipments used:
1. Soldering iron
2. Solder wire and flux

Coding
C language code

#include<reg51.h>
sbit sensorlow=P1^7;
sbit sensormid=P1^4;
sbit sensorhi=P1^1;
sbit buz=P3^5;
sbit relay=P2^0;
sbit ledlow=P2^2;
sbit ledmid=P2^3;
sbit ledhi=P2^4;
void main()
{
int i,j,flag=0,k;
P1=0xFF;
P2=0x00;
P3=0x00;
relay=1;
while(1)
{

if(sensorhi==0) // water level full high led will glow.....

{
relay=1;
ledlow=0;
ledmid=0;
ledhi=1;
if(flag==0)
{
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
buz=1;
for(i=0;i<30;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
buz=0;
for(i=0;i<30;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
}

flag=1;

}
else if((sensorhi==1)&(sensormid==0)&(sensorlow==0)) // water between
high and mid pt. mid led will glow
{
relay=1;
ledlow=0;
ledmid=1;
 ledhi=0;
flag=0;
}

else if((sensormid==1)&(sensorlow==0)&(sensorhi==1)) // water between

low and mid pt. low led will glow
{
relay=1;
ledlow=1;
ledmid=0;
ledhi=0;
flag=0;

}
else if((sensormid==1)&(sensorlow==1)&(sensorhi==1)) // water filling
condition all led will glow
{

relay=0;
ledlow=1;
ledmid=1;
ledhi=1;

for(i=0;i<30;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);

ledlow=0;
ledmid=0;
ledhi=0;
for(i=0;i<30;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
flag=0;

}
}

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This report has been compiled with valuable contribution from:

BOOKS:
1 Mazidi and mazidi
2 Ayala
3 Sanjeev Gupta

WEB RESOURCES:

www.8051projects.com
www.rickeysworld.com
www.electronics4u.com
www.efy.com
www.projectsguide.com