KABARAK UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND BIO-INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND IT

SEMINAR PAPER

TOPIC: ELECTRONIC WASTE

A SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE AND IT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE.

SUBMITTED BY:

Name of Student: ANTHONY MOGIRE MOMANYI

Registration Number: -----------------

SUPERVISOR: MR. -------

Submitted On: December 2017

 Declaration
I, Anthony Mogire Momanyi hereby declare that this seminar paper is my original work done
by me and is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Sign:

Date:

Sign:

Date:

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 Dedication
I dedicate my work to my family and friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving
parents whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. My sisters who
have never left my side and are very special. I also dedicate this work to my many friends
who have supported me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they have done.

This work is dedicated to my parents without whose caring support it would never have been
possible.

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 Acknowledgement
I like to thank the Almighty God for the wisdom that He has always given me, enabling me to
pursue academic endeavors successfully.

I would also like to thank my family for the moral support that they have always given me
ever since the beginning of my academic journey in Kabarak University.

I would like to thank the Kabarak university fraternity for all the assistance and cooperation
that I received throughout my research paper.

It is my radiant sentiment that I would like to place on record my best regards, deepest sense
of gratitude to my supervisor for his careful guidance which was extremely valuable for my
research.

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Contents
Declaration ............................................................................................................................ii

Dedication ........................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... iv

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Main Objectives ......................................................................................................... 5

1.2.2 Specific Objectives..................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Justification ................................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Research Scope .......................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 5

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 11

3.0 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................ 11

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 13

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER FIVE: .................................................................................................................. 14

5.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 14

REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 15

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 Abstract
E- Waste problem exist wherever there is a human population. As the societies develop the
characteristics of these problems vary with time. Although the problem may first appear as
local issues, the scope and magnitudes of these problems are increasing as population density,
technological advancements and standards of living rise. E- Waste management can no
longer be considered in isolation. Environmental, technological and financial factors all have
some bearing, and the need to conserve resources also demand attention. In Kenya much
concern has been raised about e-waste management by movements, NGOs individuals and
activists. Despite the present concerns of the individual activists and the government about e-
waste management in Kenya, Nakuru town is still faced with serious e- waste management
problems.
These impacts range from environmental impacts; health impacts economical impacts and
social impacts. Lastly the research was proposed the most appropriate method to handle/
dispose these e-wastes to reduce their impacts.
The research employed social survey to collect primary data by the use of studys while
secondary data was collected from publications, health records, journals and the internet. I
also made personal observations which I used to collect more information. The data was then
analyzed using the statistical package for social scientist (SPSS) by the use of liker scales to
present the results.
In my findings I found out that there are various categories of electronic wastes that are
disposed in the dumping site and have adverse effects.
.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their, useful
life. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic
products. There is no clear definition for e-waste; for instance whether or not items like
microwave ovens and other similar, appliances should be grouped into the category which
has not been established (California Integrated Waste Management Board 2005).
“Electronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-
waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have
been discarded by their original users. While there is no generally accepted definition of e-
waste, in most cases e-waste consists of expensive and more or less durable products used for
data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses”
(Wikipedia 2006).
Industrial revolution followed by the advances in information technology during the last
century has radically changed people's lifestyle. Although this development has helped the
human race, mismanagement has led to new problems of contamination and pollution. The
technical prowess acquired during the last century has posed a new challenge in the
management of wastes. For example, personal computers (PCs) contain certain components,
which are highly toxic, such as chlorinated and brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic
metals, biologically active materials, acids, plastics and plastic additives. The hazardous
content of these materials pose an environmental and health threat. Thus proper management
is necessary while disposing or recycling e-wastes.
These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds of
activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries. E-toxic
components in computers could be summarized as circuit boards containing heavy metals like
lead & cadmium; batteries containing cadmium; cathode ray tubes with lead oxide & barium;
brominated flame retardants used on printed circuit boards, cables and plastic casing; poly
vinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper cables and plastic computer casings that release highly
toxic dioxins & furans when burnt to recover valuable metals; mercury switches; mercury in
flat screens; poly chlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's) present in older capacitors; transformers; etc.
Basel Action Network (BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain
2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The
average 14-inch monitor uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead. The lead

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can seep into the ground water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If the tube is crushed
and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air.
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) poses one of the greatest environmental challenges
globally and in particular to developing countries. Increased changes in technology especially
in ICT, low initial cost, and high rates of obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus
of e-waste generation in Kenya. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
estimates the current e-waste generated annually in Kenya at 11, 400 tonnes from
refrigerators, 2,800 tonnes from TVs, 2,500 tonnes from personal computers, 500 tonnes
from printers and 150 tonnes from mobile phones (UNEP & UNU (United Nations
University), 2009). This has resulted in e-waste management challenges that call for
interventions.
Electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. The last decade has
seen a tremendous growth in the manufacturing and consumption of electronics and electrical
all over the world. As a consequence of this growth, combined with rapid product
obsolescence and lower costs, discarded electronic and electrical equipments or ‘e-waste’ is
now the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.
E-waste is end-of-life electronic and electrical gadgets, in simpler words, broken, surplus or
obsolete gadgets run by electricity. It includes discarded equipments like computers, printers,
phones, TVs, fridges, toaster, electronic toys and many other types of equipment run by
electricity. India, currently, is estimated to generate more than 4 tones of e-waste annually.
The generation is estimated to go up many times in coming years, making it a critical issue.
But, E-waste is not just a problem of waste quantity or volumes. The concern is compounded
because of the presence of toxic materials like Lead, mercury, cadmium, certain BFRs and
many other chemicals. In developing country like India, most E-waste lands up in the
informal sector where it is recycled without any consideration to health and environment.
Open burning; acid baths, unventilated work spaces and crude handling of chemicals are
typical of these operations, where susceptible groups like children and women are regularly
employed. With no safety equipments at hand, the workers in some of the recycling hotspots
spread all over the country, are exposed to the toxic cocktails daily. The unregulated practices
also release hazardous materials in air, water and soil, thereby endangering our environment.
Along with enormous quantities and toxicity, E-waste also contains valuable non-renewal
materials; hence the necessity to recycle materials and reduce burden on mining of virgin
materials. Recovery of these materials without any adverse impact on environment requires a
set of complex operations and highly advanced technology. Some of these complexities and
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concerns for environment created conditions for the policy-makers in many parts of the world
to involve the producers / product manufacturers to own responsibility for the end of life
disposal of these products and introduction of a policy tool ‘Extended Producer
Responsibility’ (EPR).

1.1 Problem Statement

There is a big problem in e-waste disposal in Nakuru due to the rampant increase in industries
as we move towards industrialization and the urban migration. This has reduced to land been
allocated to serve as disposal sites for e-waste, hence the poor handling and poor disposal of
e-waste. Similarly, the lack of good legislation framework regulating the production of
electronics, the handling, poor disposal for instance in Kenya the Solid waste management
regulation of 2006, does not have any outlined clause on the management of e- waste, the
increasing human population and their increased need has also accelerated the problem as
well. The government has also failed in addressing the issue of handling and poor disposal of
e-wastes with a sole excuse of resource incapacities. However, the real problem with
handling and poor disposal of e-wastes in Nakuru is misappropriation and under involvement
of the resident of the city in the development agenda. Therefore the realization of proper
handling and disposal mechanism of these e-wastes has remained elusive.

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 1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 Main Objectives
To convey the effects of electronic waste in the environment.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

i. To establish various source of electronic waste and how these electronic wastes
flow.
ii. To determine the impacts of poor handling and disposal.
iii. To propose better methods to handle and dispose e-waste

1.3 Justification

E-waste is a global problem and we as individuals should not wait for the government to
recognize the increasing problems caused by e-waste and take action through law creation.
We can start addressing this problem today by coming up with better strategies and recycling
processes that increase awareness and make it easier to do the correct thing by recycling old
electronics. The extra effort put forth to recycle old electronics paves the way for efficient
management of e-waste and can make a huge impact on our environment for the better.

1.4 Research Scope

The study was conducted in Nakuru County. E-waste disposal within the town center is the
responsibility of the municipal council of Nakuru. Nakuru has a lot of industries and other
commercial businesses which produce electronic wastes not forgetting our domestic home
which also generate solid waste which include e-waste, which is disposed in Gyotoo-London
dumping site.

1.5 Research Methodology

This was an exploratory study and employed a descriptive survey design to investigate the
impacts of poor handling and disposal of e-waste in Gyotoo-London. Descriptions survey
designs are used in preliminary and exploratory studies to allow researchers to gather
information, summarize, present and interpret for the purpose of clarification. I based the
study within the Nakuru county specially Gyotoo-London to identify the source of e-waste
and the impacts of poor handling and disposal of e-waste.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The rapid growth information and communication industry worldwide, have revolutionized
social development and tremendously transformed learning and knowledge. While the
developments have been welcomed, the electronic products have posed serious challenges for
environmental sustainability particularly once the products reach end of life cycle resulting in
tonnes of waste.
E-waste is the largest form of waste and growing exponentially in most part of the world. In
Kenya, the telecommunication industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors and
increasing demand for electronic goods that the levels of e-waste are growing fast.
However, e-waste also presents an economic opportunity through recycling and refurbishing
of discarded electric goods and the harvesting of precious metals they contain. A number of
recycling centers employing many young Kenyans have come up in many different parts o
the country, but recycling e-wastes can result in harmful effects of air, water, soil and pose
environmental hazard.
According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) estimates, electronic
products constitute approximately one percent of municipal solid waste. Research completed
in Europe shows that electronic waste is growing at three times the rate of other municipal
waste.
Thus, the growing challenge of e-waste requires policy response to address the issue and
guide the collection, disposal and recycling activities. The EMCA (1999) and Waste
Management Regulation (2006) do not sufficiently address the emergent issue of e-waste.

Developed countries have various legislations and guidelines on e-waste. Their generated e-
waste currently accounts for1% of total solid waste generation and is expected to grow to 5%
by 2015. In the USA it accounts for 1% to 3% of total municipal waste generation. According
to the European Community directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) (European Commission, 2010), e-waste is growing three times faster
than average annual municipal solid waste generation. It is estimated that the total amount of
e-waste generated in the EU ranges from 5 to 7 billion tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15 kg
per capita and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year. In developing countries, it
ranges from 0.01% to 1% of the total municipal solid waste generation. In China and India

6
however where annual generation per capita is less than 1 kg, it is growing at an exponential
pace.

Kenya generates 11,400 tonnes from refrigerators, 2,800 tonnes from TVs, 2,500 tonnes from
personal computers, 500 tonnes from printers and 150 tonnes from mobile phones (UNEP,
2010). The mass flow study carried out in 2007 by Kenya ICT Action Network showed that
1,513 tonnes of electronics entered the market. The consumer in addition to receiving 1489.4
tonnes also received 151.3 tonnes from the second hand market. It was also revealed that
consumers are likely to dispose 1,210.4 tonnes in the second-hard market, and 18.6 tonnes to
collectors or as general waste which is sent to refurbishes’. The consumer disposes a further
18.6 tonnes directly to recyclers. Refurbishes’ and recyclers then send 605.2 tonnes for
disposal.
Although there have been initiatives by reputable firms to manage e-waste such Nokia
through their recycling scheme and Computer for Schools through their refurbishment
programme, the practices for managing e-waste are mostly handled by the informal sector
(Jua Kali). Most of these operators have inadequate skills, are neither registered nor
authorized and operate in a secretive manner. These operations are well connected to the
supply chain processes of sourcing the raw material to finding markets for the recovered
materials during post-recycling operations. The processes are highly toxic and impact
adversely to both the environment and human health.

The lack of clear disposal mechanisms has resulted in excessive stocks being held by the
consumer. The lack of well developed structures to handle e-waste disposal cause a ‘drag’ on
waste volumes. A lot of the old technology is held in storage due to a lack of clear strategies
and processes for disposal. Disposal options vary widely depending on the user.
Government ministries and departments have to bond the computers and invite competitive
tenders for disposal as scrap in line with procurement procedures. The process is slow and
results in obsolete computers being held in government stores. Private sector corporations
often donate the computers as charity to deserving users. Collectors, refurbishers and the
recycling infrastructures are generally not developed and therefore the flow down the value
chain has much lower volumes.
The main environmental impacts of e-waste mainly arise due to inappropriate collection and
disposal, rather than inherent toxic contents although drawing boundaries between secondary
goods intended for reuse and waste materials may be a challenge.

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E-waste contains more than 1000 different substances, many of which are highly toxic. e-
waste contains both valuable materials, such as gold and copper, as well as highly toxic
substances, such as lead and mercury.

The informal dumping sites and the crude methods used to reclaim materials from the e-waste
without environmental monitoring generate many kinds of pollutants thus creating serious
problems to ecological environment and human health.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated

biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can also be generated through recycling plastics. The open burning
of cables to recover copper produces highly toxic dioxin emissions, which are emitted to the
ambient air.

However, since the introduction of EMCA in Kenya in early 1999, there have been a lot of
developments that have shaped the way the country manages the environment. Key among
these developments is the introduction of the requirement for Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) for all development projects and activities that are likely to have
significant impact on the environment, so that adverse impacts can be foreseen before they
are implemented and ways and means identified to eliminate or minimize them, while the
positive impacts could be maximized.

The role of civil society organizations in dealing with e waste is limited due to the lack of
human capacity in the field. Most interventions in environmental protection by civil society
are oriented to the activities of deforestation and terracing.

2.1 Soil pollution

The most common problem causing cationic metals (metallic elements whose forms in soil
are positively charged cations e.g., Pb2+) are mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc,
chromium, and manganese. The most common anionic compounds (elements whose forms in
soil are combined with oxygen and are negatively charged e.g., MoO4 2-) are arsenic,
molybdenum, selenium, and boron, this cations make the soil around the Gyotoo-London
dumping site unproductive due to their solubility in water thus laterally movement in the soil.

This heavy metals can also bioaccumulate in the plants reaching toxic levels which later
have heatlth effects on human being and animals grazing in this area.

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Heavy metal pollution of soil enhances plant uptake causing accumulation in plant tissues
and eventual phytotoxicity and change of plant community. In general, an increase of metal
concentration influences soil microbial properties (e.g. transpiration rate, enzyme activity),
which appear very useful as indicators of soil pollutions.

Study that was done in the locality of the dumping site revealed that the presence of heavy
metals in the soil sample, among the heavy metals exceeded the international standards
included; lead , mercury, cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc which were likely to have
leached to lake Nakuru causing adverse effect down the lake’s ecosystem.

Heavy metal concentrations in the study’s soil samples and soil standards

2.2 Air pollution

Incineration releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury into the air and ashes.
Mercury released into the atmosphere can bioaccumulate in the food chain (fish) PVC plastic
releases highly toxic dioxins and furans Brominated flame retardants generate brominated
dioxins and furans when e-waste is burned. This also lead to emission of green house gases,
acidic gases and gases that lead to depletion of ozone layer, which poses a great risk to live
form in the earth,

2.3 Water pollution

Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial and consumer waste, or even from acid
rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and
groundwater. This has greatly reduced the palatability of water in lake Nakuru which is fed
through sewer streams from the dumping site in Gyotoo-London, this affects the lake’s e
ecosystem and its biodiversity hence loss of marine plants thus biodiversity loss impairing the
e ecosystem balance.

2.4 Health impacts

Poor conventional methods of disposing e-waste, which are mainly Open dumping and Open

burning results into oxidation of plastics made of BFR, this releases dioxins, furans and toxic

Respiratory Suspended Particles (RSP) that cause risks to human health on exposure, and
alters environmental systems.

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E-waste is much more hazardous than many other municipal wastes because electronic
gadgets contain thousands of components made of deadly chemicals and metals like lead,
cadmium,

Chromium, mercury, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), brominates flame retardants, beryllium, and
antimony and phthalates. Long-term exposure to these substances damages the nervous
systems, kidney, and bones, reproductive and endocrine systems. Some of them are
carcinogenic and neurotoxin. A study conducted by Greenpeace in 2005 in electronic
recycling yards in Delhi clearly indicates the presence of high levels of hazardous chemicals
including dioxins and furans in the areas where this primitive / unauthorized recycling takes
place. Disposal of e-wastes is a critical problem faced and poses a threat to both health and
vital components of the ecosystem. There are number of channels through which e-waste
goes to the environment.

Study that was done in the locality of the dumping site revealed that the presence of heavy
metals in the blood samples of children in the area, of concern n was high levels of lead and
mercury which have adverse effect in the human health. According to records obtained from
the Catholic Church dispensary at bondeni, for the period between 2003 and May 2006, an
average 9121 people per annum had been treated for respiratory tract related problems at the
center. To many of the residents and local health care providers, these abnormalities are
exacerbated by the environment around the dumping site. The people are also at risk of
contracting blood borne diseases such as HIV

2.5 Lead poisoning

Lead is associated with a wide range of toxicity in children across a very broad band of
exposures, down to the lowest blood lead concentrations yet studied, both in animals and
people. These toxic effects extend from acute, clinically obvious, symptomatic poisoning at
high levels of exposure down to subclinical (but still very damaging) effects at lower levels.
Lead poisoning can affect virtually every organ system in the body. The principal organs
affected are the central and peripheral nervous system and the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, immune and haematological systems

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 FINDINGS
From the study its evident that the amounts of computers equipments that have been imported
between 2004-2007 have been increasing this resulted due to improvement in technology and
peoples need for newer technology. For instance the new technology of ipads and tablets is
expected to lead to high disposal of 3rd generation computers and as result a lot of e-waste is
generated. This topic was used in this research to show how importation of electrical and
electronics equipments have increased over the last years.
From the study it’s evident that medical suppliers produced the highest percentage followed
by salon/ barber, professional services, electrical and electronic shops, factories/industries
and lastly casino and gaming centers respectively. It’s however predicted the amount of waste
produced by electrical and electronic shops is expected to increase due to the continued
advancement in technology.
A clear percentage of the consumer respondents indicate that when the equipment is no
longer useful, they store at their own premises. Further some indicated that they sell the
equipment as secondhand equipment, donate it to schools, or give it to employees, family or
friends. Those who either give their equipment to a recycler or disassemble to reuse some
parts made a combined percentage above fifty percent of the targeted population. This was
being considered the percentage of the equipment that trickles down to the downstream
vendors from the consumer level.
The study noted that ninety percent of the respondents have discarded ICT accessories of
some kind. In particular, some have discarded desktop computers and monitors; others have
discarded notebook computers, printers, telephones, photocopiers, and fax machines; others
have discarded modems; and others have discarded flat screen monitors, mobile phones and
televisions. This is an indication of a potentially high accumulation of e-waste.
The research also noted that approximately a good number of the respondents don’t separate
their waste and cited various reasons as to why, some argued that all is just waste, no extra
storage, it has no value, others argued that it was time consuming and lack of time. So this
presents hard time to those who collect e-waste from such premises as they have to separate
the waste to ease management of the e-waste. Also it was noted that some of the respondents
did separate their waste and their did it to ease its management or for commercial purpose
which may include recycling or sell in the back street (black market).

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The research also noted that the respondent agreed to have the dumpsite being relocated to
another area where it be would not be in direct contact with human being, they argued that it
posed health risks to the surrounding people, also it polluted lake Nakuru which is fed from
sewers from the dumping site, others argued that if dumpsite is relocated it would create
room for development of facilities which would be of great economic value. Respondents
disagreed with the relocation of the dumpsite citing that it serviced as a source of livelihood
for the surrounding people as the collected material from it and sold in the back street also
they argued that it was a source of revenue as each truck depositing waste in the dumpsite is
charged a fee to be allowed to dump waste also young men are employed as turn-boys to off
load those trucks.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Ministry of environment and natural RESOURCES needs to promulgate a policy and develop
specific regulations on e-waste. This should govern the handling process from collection to
final disposal, and licensing of key actors including ways they will be supported to ensure
safety. Other ministries that need to be engaged are the Ministries responsible for ICTs and
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation; Ministry of environment and natural resources and
related stakeholders need to create awareness of e-waste and the safe handling of e-waste. A
key focus should be to create awareness on how to dispose unusable equipment through an
organised collection and disposal system;
Local Authorities should require that e-waste is collected and disposed off separately from
solid waste by e-waste collectors. Waste should be sorted at source;
NEMA should set training standards for personnel handling e-waste to be enforced by the
Local Authorities. Awareness and training programmes for staff should be developed and
implemented; Ministry of environment and natural resources and NEMA should encourage
the growth and expansion of recycling capability in Kenya to avoid the high costs of
shipping equipment back to Europe that is incurred by organisations pioneering recycling;
NEMA should establish a mechanism to raise funds for the expensive process of e-waste
management. An option is to charge a fee to the suppliers of old equipment or those who
want to dispose large volumes of equipment in the country;
Local Authorities should establish disposal sites far from residential areas due to health
concerns; Ministry of environment and natural resources should encourage and acknowledge
the role of civil society stakeholders in creating awareness and conducting research on e-
waste. To this extent Kenya ICT Action Network and its partners, as well as Computer for
Schools Kenya, should be supported in their pioneering work on e-waste.

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 CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0 CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this study are evidence that waste dumping at the Gyotoo-London
waste dumping site is a potential source of environmental pollution and a great risk to the
health of people living within and surrounding the dumping site.
E-waste is expected to be a huge problem in the future, given the rise in importation in 2007.
It is imperative that measures are put in place to address the emerging challenge. There is
high accumulation of old ICT equipment in homes, offices and repair shops because the
owners are not aware of disposal options and whether it has any residual value. Knowledge
on where to discard e-waste is lacking right from the consumer to the final disposer. E-waste
management policies are lacking, and there is no legislation to deal properly with the
challenge.

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Glen Farell: ICT in education in Rwanda, Survey of ICT education in Africa;April 2007.

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IRGSSA (2004) Management, handling and practices of E-waste recycling in Delhi.

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