FIRST REPORT (SDP)

“Designing of Evaporator for Half Cycle LPG Refrigeration”

Submitted By
Name Reg #
KHURSHEED ALI KHAN 2016196
JUNAID ALI 2016188
BILAL AHMAD 2016102
GHAZANFAR ALI 2016134

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. TAQI AHMAD CHEEMA
OBJECTIVES
1. To study evaporator of a domestic refrigerator
2. To carry out a heat transfer analysis for domestic refrigerator (approximate)
3. To study and compare different types of evaporator used in refrigerators
4. To study and compare the material which makes up the evaporators in refrigerator

EVAPORATOR OF PEL REFRIGERATOR

In the home refrigerator, the pressure in evaporator is approximately 0.8 bar, and temperature
at which boiling takes place is -20 degree C.
The evaporator of PEL refrigerator was studied. In PEL refrigerator, the type PLATE TYPE
evaporator has been installed, as shown in figure below. A coil has been passed through a flat
plate. The size of top plate and vertical plate was approximately 33 cm by 33 cm each. The
length of the coil was approximately 7 m, while the cross section of the coil couldn’t be
measured since it was embedded inside the flat plate.
An approximate analysis for heat transfer was also carried out, it will be helpful in setting the
target for evaporator that will be designed for LPG. In freezing compartment of the
evaporator, the phase of water (at 20 degree C) is changed to ice (0 degree C) in
approximately 2 hours (based on this specific refrigerator). The volume of water taken is.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉 = 4 × 𝜋 × 82 × 8 = 6500 𝑐𝑚3 = 6500 × 10−6 𝑚3

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡 = 2 ℎ𝑟 = 2 × 3600 = 7200 𝑠

For heat transfer, in conversion of water to ice, two steps are involved.

Sensible Cooling (First Step)

𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑐(𝑇0 − 𝑇1 )
𝑄1 = 𝑑𝑉𝑐( 𝑇0 − 𝑇1 )
𝑄1 = 1000 × 6500 × 10−6 × 4186 × (20 − 0)
𝑄1 = 544.180 𝑘𝐽

Phase Change Heat (Step 2)

𝑄2 = 𝑑𝑉ℎ
𝑄2 = 6.5 × 2,260 kJ/kg
𝑄2 = 14690 𝑘𝐽

Total heat required for the whole process is

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑄 = 14690 + 544.180
𝑄 = 15234 𝑘𝐽

𝑄
𝑞 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 2.11 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
𝑡
TYPES OF EVAPORATOR (DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR)

Types complexity effectiveness

Bare tube Easier to keep clean Fluid tends to move
evaporators and extensively used between the open spaces
in households of the tubing and does
refrigerators not come in contact with
the surface of the coil,
thus the bare tube
evaporators are less
effective.
Finned tube Are the bare tube the finned evaporators
evaporator type of evaporators are more effective than
covered with the fins the bare tube
evaporators
Plate evaporator The bare coils are the plate type of
either welded on the evaporators are more
plate or between the rigid as the external
two plates which are plate provides lots of
welded together safety
Shell and tube comprise of large Are used in the large
evaporator number of the tubes refrigeration
that are inserted
inside the drum or the
shell
Shell and coil Restricted to operate Less efficient and used
evaporator above 5 degree for chilling water
calicoes to prevent
freezing problems
Bare Tube Evaporator

Plate evaporator
Finned tube evaporator

Shell and coil evaporator

Shell and tube evaporator

MATERIAL OF EVAPORATOR

Copper and Aluminum Coils

These two types of materials are widely used in evaporator of refrigerator.

COST
Copper is costly as compare to aluminum. Many manufacturers have started looking at
aluminum because the cost of aluminum is cheaper than copper.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Copper has approximately twice the conductivity of heat transfer of aluminum and therefore
is more efficient at transferring heat.
Values for aluminum are 237 (W/m.k) and for copper is 413 (W/m.k).
DENSITY
Copper is more dense than Aluminum which affects the cost also. Values are shown in the
table.

Specific heats and heat capacities

Both the heat capacities and specific heats are higher for aluminum as compared to copper.
CORROSION RESISTANCE

Aluminum metal

Many practical applications are made from aluminum, as are car and bike parts. This is due to
its light weight, but also to its resistance to corrosion. Aluminum alloys contain almost no
iron or without iron, the metal can’t actually rust, but it does oxidize. When the alloy is
exposed to water, a film of aluminum oxide forms quickly on the surface. The hard oxide
layer is quite resistant to further corrosion and protects the underlying metal.

Copper

Copper contain little or no iron, and so do not rust, but they can react with oxygen. Copper
oxidizes over time to form a green patina, which actually protects the metal from further
corrosion.

STRENGTH
Copper is very malleable, has a high stress level prior to breaking and a higher tensile
strength than aluminum. Bare copper wire is recommended for uses up to temperatures of
100 degrees Celsius.