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Chapter 1. Introduction
What is Signal?
1. communication: electronic email, Internet, telegraph etc.
2. Biomedical signal: heartbeat, ECG, EEG
3. Radio waves: AM/FM Radio, Mobile Phone etc.
4. Stock market: predication of prices and commodities on world market
5. Satellite: a probe exploring outer space.
A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more variables that conveys
information on the nature of a physical pheonmenon.
What is System?
1. A system associated with the generation of signal.
2. Another system associated with the extraction of information from the signal.
3. Identification of extracted signals.
A system is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
•Digital system
1. Sampling
2. Quantization: irreversible process
3. Coding: for example, binary code
(a) data compression, (b) channel coding
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
•Sampling:
•Quantization:
•Sampling:
•Quantization:
•Coding: data compression & channel coding
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
For example:
Gyroscope
Velocimeter
Pressure meter
etc.
NIR
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Beam
steering
Beam steering
combined with
focusing
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Ultrasound
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
R RR Interval
P T
Q S
ST Isoelectric
QRS Segment Line
PR Interval
Duration
QT Interval
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
2. Digital system
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Even
function
Odd
function
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
compare
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1 T /2
P=
T ∫
−T / 2
x 2 (t )dt
Discrete signal
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Continuous signal
Discrete signal
Continuous signal
Discrete signal
Continuous signal
Discrete signal
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Step 2: Scaling
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Example:
V ( s ) + RC [ sV ( s ) − V ( 0 )] = 0
⇒ ( 1 + sRC )V ( s ) = RCV ( 0 )
⇒ V ( s ) = RCV ( 0 ) /( 1 + sRC )
⇒ V ( s ) = V ( 0 ) /( s + 1 / RC )
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
, where
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
2π
Oscillatory signals with angular frequency ω= and
T
period 2π
T=
ω
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
v(t ) + vL (t ) = 0
di (t )
⇒ v(t ) + L =0
dt
d dv(t ) v’(0) =0 is due to the
⇒ v(t ) + L (C )=0
dt dt contribution of
inductor L.
d2
⇒ v(t ) + LC 2 v(t ) = 0
dt
Laplace ⇒ V ( s ) + LC[ s 2V ( s ) − sV (0) − V ' (0)] = 0
sV (0)
⇒ V (s) = 2 ⇒ inverseLaplace ⇒ v(t ) = V (0) cos( 1 / LC t )
s + 1 / LC
(1)
, then (2)
If we want (1) equivalent to (2), then
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
(continue)
6
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
and
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
d 2 v( t ) 1 dv( t ) v( t )
C + + =0
dt 2 R dt L
L
⇒ LC [ s 2V ( s ) − sV ( 0 ) − V ' ( 0 )] + [ sV ( s ) − V ( 0 )] + V ( s ) = 0
R
1
[ V ( 0 )s + V ( 0 ) + V ' ( 0 )]
⇒V( s ) = RC
1 1
s2 + s+
RC LC
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
= -
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
vc (t ) = [V0u (t ) − Ri (t )]
1 t
⇒ V0u (t ) = Ri (t ) + ∫ i (τ )dτ
C 0
V I (s)
Laplace ⇒ 0 = RI ( s ) +
s sC
1 V0
⇒ I ( s) =
R ( s + 1 / RC )
V
inverseLaplace ⇒ i (t ) = 0 e −t / RC
R
vc (t ) = V0 − Ri (t ) = V0 − V0 e −t / RC = V0 (1 − e −t / RC )
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Δ
Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
di( t ) 0+ 0+
V0 δ( t ) = L ⇒ ∫ − V0 δ( t )dt = L ∫ − di( t )
dt 0 0
⇒ V0 = Li( t ) |t =0 ⇒ i( t ) |t =0 = V0 / L
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
d
( −1 ) f ( t ) t =t0
dt
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
dn
( −1 ) n
f ( t ) t =t 0
dt n
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Definition:
(Discrete)
∞
F ( s ) = ∫ e − st f ( t )dt
0
∞ ∞
⇒ F' ( s ) = − ∫ e − st tf ( t )dt = − ∫ e − st [ tf ( t )] dt = − L{ tf ( t )}
0 0
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
★ 1.8.1 Stability
1. A system is said to be bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO)
BIBO stable if and
only if every bounded input results in a bounded output.
2. The operator H is BIBO stable if the output signal y(t) satisfies the condition
y (t ) ≤ M y < ∞ for all t (1.80)
whenever the input signals x(t) satisfy the condition Both Mx and My
represent some finite
x (t ) ≤ M x < ∞ for all t (1.81) positive number
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1
Ex.: Resistor i (t ) = v(t ) Memoryless !
R
1 t
Ex.: Inductor i (t ) = ∫ v(τ )dτ Memory !
L −∞
Ex.: Moving-average system
1
y[n] = ( x[n] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2]) Memory !
3
Ex.: A system described by the input-output relation
y[n] = x 2 [n] Memoryless !
★ 1.8.3 Causality
A system is said to be causal if its present value of the output signal depends
only on the present or past values of the input signal.
A system is said to be noncausal if its output signal depends on one or more
future values of the input signal.
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1.8.6 Linearity
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1.8.6 Linearity
1.8.6 Linearity
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1.8.6 Linearity
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1.8.6 Linearity
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
1.8.6 Linearity
dv c ( t )
x ( t ) = RC + vc (t)
dt
⇒ Laplace ⇒ X(s) = RC[sVc (s) − Vc (0)] + Vc (s)
1 1
⇒ = (1 + sRC)Vc (s) ⇒ Vc (s) =
s s(1 + sRC)
1 RC 1 1
⇒ Vc (s) = − = −
s 1 + sRC s s + 1 What is the expression of
RC
−
t Vc(t) when x(t) =δ(t)?
⇒ InvserseLaplace ⇒ (1 − e RC
)u ( t )
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
di( t )
x(t) = L + i( t )R
dt
1 1
⇒ Laplace ⇒ = (sL + R )I(s) ⇒ I(s) =
s s(sL + R )
di( t )
Q y( t ) = x ( t ) − L ∴ Y(s) = X(s) − sLI(s)
dt
1 1
⇒ Y(s) = − ⇒ InverseLaplace
s (s + R / L)
⇒ y( t ) = (1 − e − Rt / L )u ( t )
(1)
Differentiating (1), we can get
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Ultrasound
Pulse – echo imaging
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
N=4
N=8
Moving-average filter