Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Introduction
to SIMUL8
Department of Management
College of Business and Economics
University of Canterbury
New Zealand
Introduction to SIMUL8
Contents
What is SIMUL8...................................................................................................................... 3
Starting SIMUL8.................................................................................................................. 4
1. Using Help ................................................................................................................... 4
2. Toolbox....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Work entry point .................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Storage area......................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Work Center ........................................................................................................ 5
2.4. Work Exit Point ................................................................................................... 5
2.5. Resources ............................................................................................................ 5
2.6. Work Items .......................................................................................................... 6
3. Controlling the machines .............................................................................................. 6
3.1. Distribution.......................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Required Resources.............................................................................................. 6
3.3. Efficiency ............................................................................................................ 6
3.4. Routing in ............................................................................................................ 6
3.5. Routing out .......................................................................................................... 6
3.6. Label actions ........................................................................................................ 6
3.7. Priority ................................................................................................................ 7
3.8. Contents .............................................................................................................. 7
3.9. Graphics .............................................................................................................. 7
4. Getting started.............................................................................................................. 7
5. Example 1.................................................................................................................... 8
6. Efficiencies.................................................................................................................. 9
7. Work Items .................................................................................................................. 9
8. Clock Properties..........................................................................................................10
9. Warm up period ..........................................................................................................10
10. Results collection period ..........................................................................................10
11. Graphics .................................................................................................................11
12. Example 2...............................................................................................................11
13. Results....................................................................................................................13
14. Trials ......................................................................................................................14
15. Routing in and out ...................................................................................................14
15.1. Routing In.......................................................................................................14
15.2. Routing out .....................................................................................................15
16. Batching .................................................................................................................16
17. Travel times............................................................................................................16
18. Sub windows...........................................................................................................17
19. Labels.....................................................................................................................17
20. High Volume ..........................................................................................................18
21. Resources ...............................................................................................................18
22. Groups....................................................................................................................19
23. Change-Over times..................................................................................................19
24. Inputting data parameters.........................................................................................19
25. Exporting data/Results to Excel................................................................................21
26. Visual Logic ...........................................................................................................21
27. Example of visual Logic .........................................................................................21
28. Example 3...............................................................................................................22
CASE STUDY........................................................................................................................25
References..............................................................................................................................28
Authors...................................................................................................................................28
Appendix A: Order of Operations.............................................................................................29
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Introduction to SIMUL8
What is SIMUL8
SIMUL8 is a computer package for Discrete Event Simulation. It allows you to create a
visual model of the system under investigation by drawing objects directly on the screen.
Typical objects may be queues or service points. The characteristics of the objects can be
defined in terms of, for example, capacity or speed.
Once the system has been modelled a simulation can be undertaken. The flow of Work
Items around the system is shown by animation on the screen so that the appropriateness of
the model can be assessed.
When the structure of the model has been confirmed, then a number of trials can be run
and the performance of the system described statistically. Statistics of interest may be
average waiting times, utilisation of Work Centers or Resources, etc. Shalliker and
Ricketts [2002].
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Starting SIMUL8
1. Using Help
SIMUL8 has a very good online
help section built into the program.
To access this click on the help
menu on the main screen then
index or use the F1 key. This will
open an index to all the help Items
within SIMUL8.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
2. Toolbox
Each of the sections below 2.1 to 2.6, are basic icons that are used within simulation.
This is where Work Items (Job orders) arrive into the system. How they arrive can
be controlled by the arrival distribution and parameters associated. [See section on
controlling machines to see how to control]. The Work Items can arrive singly or in
batches (multiple Work items together).
This is where Work is held in a queue while waiting to be processed. This gives a
buffer for the Working machines to allow them to continue Working. [They are usually
required before all the Work Centers so the Workflow is not blocked; SIMUL8 will show
an error if the Work Center blocks the Workflow]. You can control the capacity of the
Storage area, the shelf life of the Work Items (How long it lasts) in the queue and how the
queue sorts the Work Items it contains (First in, First out or Last in, First out, or priority
etc).
This is where the Work is performed on the Work Items by either machines or
Workers [See section 3]. You control the time and distribution that the Work takes at each
machine, and can collect a certain number of Work Items from different areas within the
simulation and give probabilities or specific Routing out after processing [see Routing in
and out]. Used mainly to change the state of the Work item.
This is where the Work leaves the system. There can be multiple Exit points for
different produced Work Items, i.e., scrap and finished products or happy and unhappy
customers. Do not get confused between storage areas and finished goods, no Work can be
performed once Item reaches the Work Exit point. These can be used to capture Results for
Work Items that cannot join the system if the queues are full.
2.5. Resources
These are only necessary when processes at Work stations compete for Resources,
such as when there is only one operator for several machines and can only operate one at a
time.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
3.1. Distribution
Controls how the machine operates and the
processing time. The operation parameters that the
distribution requires will show when the
distribution is chosen.
3.3. Efficiency
The percentage of the time the machine is able to
operate and can include more detailed breakdown
or maintenance schedules. [See efficiency]
3.4. Routing in
This is where the Work Items come into the machine. When you link other machines or
Work storage areas together, this automatically updates. You can collect a certain number
of Work Items from each storage area [see Routing in and out section]
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Introduction to SIMUL8
3.7. Priority
If two or more Work Centers, which are ready to start Work, are competing for Resources,
the Work Center with the highest priority will receive the Resource first. Do not get this
confused with the Routing In and Out Priority Rules, these are different.
3.8. Contents
At the end of a run, or when the simulation is stopped during the course of a run, we can
see the contents of a Work Center or a storage area. This shows all the Work Items that are
currently in there and the Labels attached to the Work Items.
3.9. Graphics
You are able to change the appearance on the screen of the Work Center/storage/Exit/entry
by adjusting the graphics. [See graphics section]
4. Getting started
The menu-bar at the top of the screen will include all the pictures below. Run the mouse
pointer over the toolbar to find out what each button means or below is a simple
explanation.
The speed bar allows you to adjust the speed at which the simulation is running.
The Build Tools toolbar allows you to create simulation objects. Click each of them to be
able to place them on the SIMUL8 Screen. See section 2 for details on the different
objects.
The route drawing mode enables you to connect two icons. Click on one and drag to the
other you want to connect. The Show/Hide button toggles the display of route arrows.
The clock shows you how far through the simulation the time is. Double click or right
click the clock to get to the Properties of the timing.
The first icon (left to right) shows a graph of the processing content of the selected Work
Center or Storage Area over time. The second icon is linked to a spreadsheet where
SIMUL8 can read in or export out to, (Discussed later, [see inputting data parameters and
exporting data]). The third is a link to the Results page, and fourthly the dollar sign is a
link to the financia l data that can be collected.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
(L to R)
Click on the Reset tool to reset the clock to the beginning of the simulation.
Click on the Step tool allows you to advance the simulation time to the next event.
Click on the Run tool to run and observe the animated simulation
The basic toolbar includes the open icon to load existing simulations. The save icon, to
save the simulation, Print, Undo and Zoom.
5. Example 1
A Simple example – we will build on this example later on.
Step 1: add the Work entry point Double click the icon to be able to open the
Properties dialog. This will allow you to change the name and the arrival distribution.
Step 2: add two storage areas and link them from the Work entry point. To
link use the Route Drawing button, and drag the connection in the direction
that is required.
Step 3: add the Work Centers after the storage areas and name them in the
Properties menu by either double clicking on the Work Center or right clicking
or going to Properties.
Step 4: add the new storage area before the packing Work area, and the Work
area. Make sure these are connected, as shown and connect them to the Work
Exit Point.
Step 5: add a Resource, i.e. one operator to Work the two process machines. Add
the icon on the page. Note that the default value for the Resource is 10. Double
click to get the Properties and change the number available to 1, and rename as
Human Resource.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Step 6: make the process machines require the Resource, by clicking the Resources tab on
the Properties window of the Work Centers. Click add, then select Human Resource.
Repeat this for the other process Work Center.
Step 7: to show the titles for each of the storage areas, get the Properties window >
graphics > title then tick the tick-box for showing the title.
Step 8: to have Work Items already in storage at the start of the simulation, start with 5
units in each of the storages before processing. Properties > Start-up> set to 5.
Step 9: set the processing speeds and distributions for each of the machines.
Work
Distribution Mean Standard Deviation
Center
Arrival Exponential 10 minutes N/A
Process 1 Uniform min = 5 and max = 6 N/A
Process 2 Normal 6 minutes 0.1 minutes
Packing Average 10 minutes N/A
6. Efficiencies
Efficiency of a machine is the percentage of the
time the machine is able to operate. You are able
to adjust these parameters and the average repair
time, if known, to be able to adjust the operating
time when the machine breaks down.
7. Work Items
Individual Work Items
flow through the Work
Centers in a simulation.
Each of these may have
Labels attached. Accessed
from the main screen
under:
Objects> Work Item types.
You are able to add and remove the Labels attached to each of the Work Item types [see
Labels]. It is much easier to have one Work Item with multiple Labels than to have
multiple Work Items.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Changing the graphics for each of the Work Items [See graphics]
8. Clock Properties
Accessed from the main screen menus Clock
> Clock Properties or double click the clock
on the main screen. This allows you to adjust
the units of ‘time- measurement’, and how
long to run the simulation. Note that the
default Time Unit is minutes, and hence
processing times etc should be specified in
minutes. Default settings start at 9 am and run
for 8 hours a day for 5 days. The Warm Up
and Collection Period is discussed below in
the next section.
9. Warm up period
The warm up period is the time that the
simulation will run before starting to collect
Results. This allows the queues and the
machines to hopefully achieve a steady state
(i.e., remove transient bias). If the simulation
is set up with appropriate initial values, such
as initial loadings and Work in progress, a
warm up period may not be required.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
11. Graphics
Used for changing the
graphics or appearance of
the SIMUL8 icons.
Double click on them to
get the Properties window
> graphics. This opens the
window shown. By
changing the default
image, this changes the
graphic for the machine.
You are also able to make
the machine look different
for each of the possible states the machine is in, by changing the animated images further
down on the window.
12. Example 2
Including: efficiencies, clock, changing
graphics, Results warm up and collection
period.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Step 4: Results warm up and collection period. Change the warm up period to 30 minutes,
so the Results are collected after this period. This should be sufficient time to allow the
state of the system to reach a steady state. Change the Results collection period to the rest
of the time in the week. (5 days * 5 hours a day * 60 minutes/hour – warm up time) =1470
minutes.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
13. Results
Once the simulation has been run, you are able to get
quick Results on the performance of a Work Center or
storage area, via Work Center Properties >Results
Many other Results can be collected from each of the simulations. Results can be added to
the Results Summary by right-clicking on the Results in the Objects Results Dialog Box.
The Results that have been set to Results Collection are found on the main screen: Results
> Results Summary, shown below.
This returns all the information that has been collected for each of the last 200 runs. If the
information that you require is not here, you will have to click the export Results button for
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Introduction to SIMUL8
the desired machine or area, as discussed at the top of the Results section or
Results>Results Summary> Detail, then add the Results that you require.
14. Trials
A trial is a series of runs of the
simulation. They are all
performed with the same values
for parameters but using different
random number streams.
15.1. Routing In
The Routing in and out tells SIMUL8 how Work Items should be brought into and sent out
from each of the Work Centers. Shown below is the Routing in for the process 1 Work
Center. By clicking in the window on name of the Item where the Work Item is coming
from, it will be circled on main the SIMUL8 window. There are many available Routing
rules, collect is discussed more later.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
The priority Routing rule sends all Work Items to the first destination in the list, unless
this is blocked, in which case the second is tried and so forth.
Collect lets you collect a number of Work Items from a number of places, for example you
might want two shoes (one left and one right) to make a pair before boxing them.
Passive Routing means that the object does not attempt to pull (for passive Routing in) or
push (for passive Routing out). Work Centers normally attempt to pull Work in and push
Work out when it is complete. [SIMUL8 help]
For explanation of the others, use the SIMUL8 online Help [shortcut F1].
For explanation of the others, use online help for SIMUL8, [shortcut F1]
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Introduction to SIMUL8
16. Batching
Under Routing In and Out, we can decide to handle a
number of Work Items as a batch. You need to tell
SIMUL8 to group them together by collecting the
batch size for Routing into a Work Center [see
Collect]. Alternatively, by changing the batch size for
Routing out of a Work Center, you are able to change
the value of the size to leave a Work Center. The
Work Center routes out a batch of Items that are
replicas of the Item being processed.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
To open the sub window double click on the icon, to close the
window click the X in the top right corner.
19. Labels
Labels are generally used for two purposes. Firstly to distinguish between different type of
Work Items, e.g. product types, and secondly to store attributes possessed by any Work
Item going through the simulation, e.g. a quantity or length. To create a new Label:
Object> Labels> New.
The value of a Label is set by a Work Center or Work Entry Point, by using the Label
Actions option. Add the Labels you wish to modify and choose the action you wish to
perform.
The order of initiation of the Visual Logic that can be behind the Label actions, are
displayed in the table in appendix A. It is important to note when label actions are initiated
if they are required before the processing at a particular Work Center. Multiple Work
Centers may be needed with zero processing times to change a Label before it is processed
i.e., dummy Work Centers.
After clicking Set to: click on value, to input what value you want to set the Label to. In
this example, all the Work Items that pass through this Work Center will have a Label of
distance attached to them, with a value of 500.
Work Centers that have the high volume box ticked can make use of the Quantity Label. If
you have a Quantity Label, this is a very powerful and reserved Label. Every Work Item
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Introduction to SIMUL8
type, which goes through a high volume Work Center, must have the Quantity Label
attached to it. The total processing time for the Work Item will be that specified in the in
the Work Center Properties multiplied by the value of the Quantity Label.
When Batching-out from a Work Center, the value of the Quantity label is split over the
newly created Work Items. Using the example mentioned above, if the mail bag passed
through a Work Center with a batching out of 4, then 4 new Work Items would be created,
each with Quantity 50.
21. Resources
A Resource is an Item that is potentially
scarce. They are often used to model
staff that are required to run Work
Centers, either to set up a process, or to
reset a machine after processing a Work
Item.
To enable the Work Centers use the Resources, open the Resources option on the
Properties for the Work Center, and then ADD a Resource. This will show all the
Resources that are currently in the system; if the Resource is not there, you may have to
add it before continuing.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
are able to release Resources that have been required in previous ones. You are also able to
change the nature of how many Resources can be used by a Work Center, this may want to
be used to speed up a processing time if more than one Resources in available.
The order of initiation of the Visual Logic that can be behind Resource allocation, are
displayed in the table in appendix A.
22. Groups
A group is a collection of simulation objects, i.e., Work Centers or storage areas. A great
feature of these is being able to limit the number of Work Items which can be within the
group. To place Items in a group select them, right click and select either “Add to Group”
or “Create Group”.
Objects>groups
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Any spreadsheet has to be saved as a *.csv file, so save the Excel sheet and change the file
name from *.xls to *.csv. After saving the file, you have to create an object within
SIMUL8, i.e., pressing Ctrl+I to get the information store, and creating a new spreadsheet.
This one is called “orders”. Within the open simulation Logic and the reset logic, make
sure that you set :
Once the file is saved, then you can refer to the spreadsheets within SIMUL8 and as single
cells, i.e., orders[1,2]. The sheet above shows a form that is called “orders” for a particular
type of Work Item and having an attached Label for Quantity.
The window beside sets the Label Quantity value for each
of the Work Items to the second column of the above table.
Var1 is a counter that is updated with Visual Logic [refer to
visual Logic section] after every iteration of setting the
Work Items. Therefore, it sets the Quantity Label of the
first Work Item to 200, then 300 for the second Work Item,
and so on.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Exporting data allows you to send data from all of the runs or trails to Excel to facilitate
analysis. The data that is sent to the spreadsheet is whatever Results are currently being
collected. [See the Results section]. Make sure that you have the file name of a sheet that
you are using, with the correct sheer name [default sheet 1]. The Excel spreadsheet may
need to be open for the export to occur.
All the Visual Logic commands, with explanations, examples and where they can be
applied in a simulation, can be found in the Help menu under Visual Logic. Visual Logic
code is executed when triggered by an event, e.g. a Work Item being loaded into a Work
Center. It can receive and send signals to all the Work Centers and Resources in the
system. It can be good for updating counters at given times within the simulation and more
complicating Routing rules. All the decisions can use information about any of the
SIMUL8 Work Items, including counting the contents of a Work Center and current states.
The order of initiation of the Visual Logic is displayed in the table in appendix A.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
28. Example 3
This continuation of the last examples and includes steps for: Sub windows, scheduled
breakdowns, Labels.
Step 2. Put a scheduled stoppage for maintenance on the packing machine. Click on detail
on open more of the Properties window.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
‘new’ Label called distance. When back at the actions window, check the radio button for
set to: then change the value to a Normal distribution with mean of 50 and std dev of 10.
Adding the Label allows information about each of the Work items to be passed through
the system. If you stop the simulation and check the Work items that are within the queue
for packing at a given time, each of the Work items will have an attached distance with
them. The below figure is of the simulation finished, with two work items in the storage
area before the packing process, with their attached label.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
This is a very brief introduction to the basics of SIMUL8. There are many extra
complicating features behind the world of simulation and this manual only scraps the
surface. One thing that has to be noted that all the actions within this document do not get
into depth with the Visual Logic, this is a very powerful feature and all of the commands
within SIMUL8 as a whole can be controlled within Visual Logic.
For more details and examples, refer to the Online Help within SIMUL8 and the following
section on the Case Study of General Cable.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
CASE STUDY
Simulation of the Flexibles Factory at General Cable New
Zealand Limited
Abstract of the Problem Situation
General Cable NZ Ltd has been investigating changing the layout, machinery and product
flow within their Flexibles Factory. However, they are unsure of the flow-on effects of
implementing these changes. The basis of this project was the construction of a detailed
simulation model using SIMUL8 modelling software, to assist the managers in their
evaluation of alternatives. We illustrate the simulation that was constructed to represent the
expected future state of the Factory and which will allow the managers to make decisions
that are more informed.
The follow examples are interesting techniques that the Authors found while doing the
Project for General Cable. This case was in terms of a manufacturing environment and
some terms and practices are specific to manufacturing but the ideas can be applied
elsewhere.
1. Sub windows
A good practice that we found that was that the simulation window does not itself have to
show all the detail in your simulation. With a complex simulation, you may want to
summarise your simulation at different levels and only display the upper levels of
information. You can achieve this by creating sub-windows.
We had many underlying Work Centres that together represent one actual machine.
Therefore, on the simulation window we used a Sub-window to show the machine that was
within the factory, while the actual Work Centers were contained within it.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
when the job orders ran out, we set the resource for the FWD machine to zero, as shown in
the screenshot above.
3. Using Labels
Labels are attributes possessed by any Work Item going through the simulation. For
example a certain Work Item can have a Quantity or product type associated with it. The
Labels that we required were;
Due date – defined in the month spreadsheet and sets the due date so each of the jobs
get prioritised on the coilers and the extruders.
Quantity – sets the value for the job on how many metres of the product type the job is.
This is a reserved Label, so using High Volume gives the total time for processing.
Product type – is what type of product the job is, so the specifics to the processing time
can be set.
Routed WD’s – this is used as a Label only for the setups. If the Work Center requires a
setup, then the route Label is one value and goes to the setup Work Center, else the route
Label is the default value and goes straight to processing.
5. Groups
An important feature that SIMUL8 can make use of is grouping items together. This can be
a good idea if you need to limit the number of Work Items that can be simultaneously
processed by a set of Work Centers.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Dummy Work centres that have a zero processing time can be very useful. When dealing
with Label actions and requiring these to be modified before being passed to Work
Centers, then creating a Dummy Work Center can do this. There are some limitations to
SIMUL8, in dealing with certain instances, and sometimes many dummy Work Centers
with different routing rules can overcome some of these. For example, the below diagram,
shows many routes into the sort Work Center, that just sorts the Work items and routes
them out by a given Label.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
References
Giffin, J. (2003). MSCI 311 Simulation Course Handout. Department of Management
:University of Canterbury,.
Haige, J.W. and Paige, K.N. (2001). Learning SIMUL8: The Complete Guide. Plain Vu:
Bellingham, WA.
Shalliker, J. and Ricketts C. (2002) An Introduction to SIMUL8, Release nine. School of
Mathematics and Statistics, University of Plymouth.
SIMUL8 Help (2003) Retrieved October 2004. Release 10.0 software
SIMUL8: Manual and User Guide. Visual Thinking International: Mississauga, Ontario
Canada.
___________________________________________________________
Authors
Email: Email:
dmc89@student.canterbury.ac.nz mjc181@student.canterbury.ac.nz
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This table shows the order of events that occur during processing at a Work Center
(from Haige and Paige, 2001). It is important to be aware of this sequence when relying
on changes to label values to control the model. Make sure that any necessary changes
are completed before the dependant decisions are made.
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Introduction to SIMUL8
Department of Management
College of Business and Economics
University of Canterbury
Christchurch
New Zealand
http://www.canterbury.ac.nz
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