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Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

Static Var Compensators (SVC) Required to Solve the Problem of


Delayed Voltage Recovery Following Faults In The
Power System of The Saudi Electricity Company,
Western Region (SEC-WR)
By

Ismail A. Hamzah Jamal A. Yasin


Vice President, Transmission (North West, West, South Region) Power System Studies Manager
B.Sc, MIEEE, CIGRE B.Sc, M.Sc, MIEE, C Eng.
Email: ihamzah@scecowest.com.sa Email: jamalyasin@scecowest.com.sa
Or Or
ihamzah@hotmail.com j_yasin@yahoo.com

Saudi Electricity Company, Westeren Region


P.O. Box 9299 Jeddah 21413, K.S.A

Abstract: dynamic model of SEC-WR System has been


described. The response of the model to the
actual faults is compared with actual records
Each Power System is unique in its load pattern, obtained from the Dynamic System Monitor
growth trends and type, generation resources and (DSM) installed in several locations in the SEC-
network configuration. One of the main objectives WR System. To avoid as much as possible brown
of the power system operation planners is the and black out following system faults, SVC
operation and control of the power system to systems will be installed. An automatic under
satisfy the most secure, and reliable power supply. voltage load shedding scheme has been set up and
The power system of the Saudi Electricity optimized as an additional security and backup
Company in the Western Region (SEC-WR) faced measures to cater for sever disturbance such as
a high load growth during the past few years. This three phase and single phase faults.
load increase gave rise to a very high loading of
the transmission system elements mainly power
transformers and cables. The Western Region load Keywords:
is mainly composed of air conditioner (AC) during
high load season. In case of faults this nature of Static Var Compensator (SVC), motor stalling,
load induces delayed voltage recovery following Under voltage load shedding, voltage recovery,
fault clearing on the transmission system. The voltage stability, air conditioner (AC), induction
sustained low voltage following transmission line motor.
faults could cause customer interruptions and may
be equipment damage. The integrity of the
transmission system may also be affected. The
transient stability of the system may be affected.
This may also influence the stability of the
generating units in the system. The existing

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 ©2003 IEEE


1. Introduction:
The power system of the Saudi Electricity
Company in the Western Region (SEC-WR) The SEC-WR actual 2002 generation capacity at
recorded very high load increase in the past few Peak load is 7346 MW including 1061 MW
years. As a result of this high load growth, the import from Saline Water Conversion
transmission over head and under ground cables Corporation (SWCC) Power Plants.
and transformers became highly and fully loaded Unavailable power 547MW. The peak load
especially in Jeddah area. recorded until now is 6724 MW. This load
In case of system faults the nature of load which is includes network losses and auxiliary power
mainly composed of air conditioners during high plants load. The actual Capacity of SEC-WR
load season (summer) causes very severe low Generation System is shown in table (1) below.
voltage and slow voltage recovery. This may lead
to brown and blackouts. An emergency automatic Power S.T C.C G.T 2000G Actual
under voltage load shedding scheme has to be set Plant Load Capacity
up. (MW) (MW)
Rabigh 6 3 12 2499 2499
SEC-SHB 3 - 1179 1179
This paper analyse the dynamic response of the
PP3/Jeddah - - 27 1.16 1048
system using the existing dynamic model. PP2/Jeddah - - 4 53 53
Comparison between some disturbance cases for Makkah - - 18 598 598
system faults to tune the excitation models and Madinah - - 9 222 222
develop a load model which is used in the dynamic Taif - - 6 66 66
simulation required to calculate the SVC to be Yanbu - - 3 30 30
installed in SEC-WR system to solve the problem Royal Com. 2 - 9 - 43
SWCC- 11 - - 438 438
and improve the voltage recovery after faults and Jeddah
avoid stalling of the motors of the window type SWCC- 7 - - 241 241
airconditioners (AC) and avoid activation of the Yanbu
SWCC- 9 - - 382 382
automatic under voltage load shedding and prevent Shoaiba
the system from voltage instability. TOTAL 36 3 88 6724 6799

2. SEC-WR Existing Power System: S.T : Steam Units


C.C : Combined cycle
G.T : Gas Turbine
The Saudi Electricity Company in the Western * : RC capacity about 700 MW is not included.
Region (SEC-WR) of the Kingdom is the power Table (1) : SEC-WR Generation System
supply utility responsible for generation, Actual Capacity
transmission and distribution in the region.Fig (1) The existing SEC-WR 380 KV Network is
shows SEC-WR 380 KV Network. connected with Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Jeddah
including SWCC Jeddah, Rabigh Plant and Al-
Madinah Al-Munawwarah including SWCC
Yanbu and Yanbu Area. Fig (1).

The sub-transmission 110 KV Network in Jeddah


is divided into seven (7) electrical islands radially
fed from the 380 KV primary transmission.

In Makkah Al-Mukarramah the 110KV Network


is divided into three (3) island including Taif
network. The 110KV Network in the other cities
in the area is synchronized as one island.

SEC-WR power network comprises of five (5)


main power plants, three (3) main SWCC power
plants, fourteen (14) 380 / 110 KV Substation,
and over 150, 110/33 and 110/13.8 KV
Substations, more than 5000 Km of 380 KV and
Fig. 1: SEC-WR 380 KV Network 110 KV over-head transmission lines and
underground cables, and a distribution network of
over 56000 of mainly under ground 33 KV and 2) Reduced load impedance (Zload) under
13.8 (11) KV cables [1 ]. stalled motor conditions [3].

The Royal Commission (RC) power system in The load impedance is the combined
Yanbu Industrial City is interconnected with SEC- impedance of the induction motors and
WR System. other load.

The induction motor impedance can be simplified


3. System Modeling: as shown below:
Rmotor
The Power System Simulator for Engineering Zload = + jXmotor
applications (PSS/E) software package, developed
by the Power Technology Inc. (PTI) has been used
slip
to study the dynamic response of the power system
Where slip = 0 at synchronous speed
of SEC-WR and tune the system dynamic model
and optimize the automatic under voltage load
For normal operation, as speed approaches
shedding scheme [2 ].
synchronous speed, slip approaches zero, and the
real component of Zload approaches infinity.
3.1 Load Flow Calculations: Motor torque varies proportionally to the square
of load voltage. When the voltage drops, the
Load Flow simulation for actual cases of system torque decreases and slip increases exponentially
faults and generating units tripping during year towards a stall condition resulting in the real
(2000/2001G), have been used as initial input component of the load impedance decreasing
cases for the dynamic simulation of the study. significantly.

3.2 System Dynamic Model: 3.4 System Load Model:

The dynamic model of SEC-WR system developed The load model used for simulation of the
previously in (PSS/E) package by PTI & SEC-WR problem of the slow voltage recovery after faults,
Engineers, was used as a starting point for this in the PSS/E package is the CIM5BL load model
study. [4]. This model can be used to model either
single cage or double cage induction motor. The
The dynamic models of the generators, exciter & motor is modeled in the power flow as a bus load.
governor of the steam generating units at Rabigh This model may be applied to an individual load
Power Plant concluded from the field tests and or a subsystem of loads. The model includes a
measurements carried out in the plant, have been relay that can be used to trip the motor for an
used in this study [6]. undervoltage condition. The per unit voltage
level is specified, for which the relay begins
3.3 System Voltage Delayed Recovery: timing. The time in cycles is specified, for
which the voltage must remain below threshold in
The voltage recovery problem is that of repeated order for the relay to trip. The breaker time delay
occurrences of sustained low voltage following is specified also. It is possible also to disable the
faults on the sub-transmission or distribution relay operations.
system. The problem occurs in hot summer high
load season where a large percentage of the peak
load consists of air conditioning motors.

The voltage recovery problem is mainly affected


by two factors:

1) The large population of the airconditioners


experiencing voltage dip during system
faults.
Monitor (DSM) and the simulation of the voltage
at DSP 380KV busbars for the incident.
The simulation result shows acceptable agreement
with the actual recorded voltage.

Fig. (2) : CIM5BL Induction Motor Load

Type 2 is used in the simulation in this study with


the following parameters.
RA=0.04, XA = 0.277, R1=0.04, X1 = 0.08
R2 = 0.011, X2 = 0.05, H = 0.28
Fig. (3): DSP fault on 22nd August 2000
3.5 DSP Recorded Incident, 22 August 2000
(10:11) SEC – WR Load at 10:00 Hrs was 3.6 WDJ Recorded Incident, 17 September
4845MW. 2001. At 14:25hrs. SEC – WR Load at 14:00
HRS was 5852MW:
The event occurred on DSP – FSL 380KV cable
circuit as follows: The event occurred at Wadi Jaleel (WDJ)
380/110KV substation. A single phase to ground
Single phase to ground fault on the cable fault occurred at 380KV bus-1 causing the
termination end for the transformer 380/110KV at following trips.
DSP substation s Fault cleared in 3 cycles.
Bus coupler opened, 380/110KV transformer 1,
Trip of DSP FSL 380KV circuit. Trip of DSP – 380KV WDJ – Rabigh circuit, and 380KV WDJ –
ANS 110KV cable circuit. Trip of generating unit SAZ circuit tripped.
No. 10 (105MW) and No. 11 (85MW) at DSP after
12 seconds of the instant of fault. Trip of generator The low voltage in the system caused under
(6) at SWCC – YNB after (57MW) about 23 voltage load shedding of 253MW in six (6)
seconds of the instant of the fault Trip of RC – substations in Jeddah.
YNB Gas Turbine No. (6) 52MW. After 10.3 seconds of fault instant generator no.
10 & 11 at DSP tripped.
Under voltage load shedding 117MW in 6
substations in Jeddah. Gas Turbine No. 16 (45MW) at HVP tripped.

The impact of this incident was so sever. Voltage Fig (4) below, shows the sever dip in the voltage.
instability led to the only available automatic under It shows the delayed voltage recovery. This cause
voltage load shedding of 117MW in Jeddah the under voltage load shedding of 253MW in 5
associated with the tripping of generating units substations in Jeddah, but still the voltage
over a wide range of system from Makkah Al- recovered to a level insufficient to reaccelerate the
Mukarramah Jeddah in South and Yanbu in the motors of the airconditioners which continued to
North of the interconnected system. stall and demanding high current from the system.

Fig (3) below shows a comparison between the


actual voltage recorded by the Dynamic System
Taif area fed only from the two 110 KV circuits
from Arafat Substation which is fed from Wadi-
Jaleel 380 / 110 KV Substation, in addition to the
local generation of TPS.

After 3.7 sec the GT4 of TPS, and after 4.7 sec the
isolation of Taif occurred due to the tripping of
the MSR-TPS 110 KV circuits, followed by
tripping of all gas turbines in TPS, leading to
complete black out in Taif Area.
A comparison between the actual voltage recorded
by the Dynamic System Monitor (DSM), and the
simulation of the voltage profile at TPS for the
incident is shown in Fig (5) below.

Fig. (4) WDJ Fault on 17 September 2001.

At this moment the overcurrent relays of three


generating units at DSP and unit no. 16 at HVP
also tripped. The voltage recovered to normal in
about 20 seconds. After 10 – 15 seconds of the
instant of the fault, the voltage starts to recover to
normal levels due to the airconditioners load trip
on thermal over load.

Extensive simulations were run to tune the load


model to match the simulated results with the
actual fault event DSM records. The most
Fig. (5) : Taif incident on 25 June 2000
important variable to be determined was the
percentage of motor load of air conditioners in the
The voltage is plotted as a function of time (sec).
Susbtations.
The simulation result shows agreement with the
The simulation results shows acceptable agreement
actual DSM recordings.
with the actual DSM recordings as explained in
fig. (4) above.
4 Static Var Compensation Solution:

Faults on the transmission system cause sever


3.7 Field Recorded Incident; 25 June 2000 Taif
voltage dips during high load seasons, and air
City Black out:
conditioners motors stall. Due to the type of load
and high loads above (n-1) on the power system
At 09:25 hrs on June 25, 2000, SEC-WR System
elements such as transformers and cables the
Load 4853MW a three phase fault occurred at
voltage recovery delayed. This phenomena can
HVM 110 KV busbar. This fault caused
cause outages of system elements when
immediately outage of some of 110 KV lines and
protectives relays operate due to excessive
one gas turbine in Taif Power Plant (TPS).
currents and some equipment may be damaged.
The introduction of the SVC in the weak islands
This fault cause a very severe voltage dip in
in the system is an efficient way to block the
Makkah and Taif Network. Due to the low voltage
motor stalling phenomenon, and support the
and the delayed voltage recovery the second 110
system following a fault disturbance to allow the
KV circuit of HVM-MJD tripped after 2.5 sec
fast recovery of the voltage (fast dynamic voltage
from the fault. Further voltage reduction
stability). Therefore, SVC can be called fast
occurred. The outage of HVM-MJD circuit 2 left
reactive power reserve against mtor stalling. The
SVC can not be compared to the already existing
13.8KV connected fixed shunt capacitors.
The sizing simulations have sown that the SVC
sizes are highly sensible to the load proportion of
induction motors. As explained earlier in this paper
it is found that the motors stall in SEC-WR for the
proportion of induction motor about 80% of load
of the substation. The simulations shows good
matching results compared with actual records.

The simulations also show that the amounts of


SVC required to solve the problem of the slow
voltage recovery and avoid under voltage load
shedding is extremely big in case of three phase
fault disturbance. Therefore it is decided to size the
SVC required, to allow a fast voltage recovery in
less than one (1) second for all single phase faults
affecting the 380KV and 110KV network with loss
of the faulty element.

4.1 Static Var Compensator Model:


In this study, the PSSE Static Var Compensator Fig. (7) 1 phase, 83 msec. fault at DSP 380KV
Model CSVGN1 is used Fig. ( 6 ) with the busbars, For year 2005 configuration.
following parameters.
Figure (7) shows also the simulation results after
K = 10, T1 = T2= T5= 0, T3=0.04, T4 = 0.01. introducing the SVC’s in the network. The voltage
recovered to the normal levels very fast without
The droop capability is modeled as an impedance motor stalling.
between the primary and the secondary busbar.
Fig. (8) shows the output of the SVC unit and how
it controls the voltage immediately after the fault
described above in very fast mode.

FSL SVC

Fig. (6): Static Var Compensator Model, RDS (DSP) SVC


CSVGN1 [2]
4.2 Simulation of single phase fault at DSP
380KV, For SEC-WR for year 2005:

The same fault is described in item 3.5 above, Fig. (8) : SVC Output in RDS (DSP) and FSL S/S
repeated for SEC-WR Load and Netrwork
configuration for the case of year 2005.

Fig (7) shows the busbar voltages delay to recover


to about (0.67 p.u) after 2 sec. of the instant of the
fault. This is due to stalling of air conditioners
induction motors.
4.3 Simulation of Single phase fault at FSL
380KV busbar for year 2005.

A single phase fault of 83 m. sec duration causes


one 380KV cable between HVE and FSL
substations to trip, for the Network Configuration
of year 2005.

Fig. (9) shows the slow voltage recovery of the


system after the fault. This is due to the stalling of
the airconditioners induction motors.

Fig. (10) SVC output in RDS (DSP) and FSL S/S.


5 SEC-WR Under Voltage Load Shedding
Scheme:

This study concludes that the sizing criterion of


the SVC, based on single phase faults. For severe
three phase faults it is decided to keep a backup
measure for improving the voltage to recover
quickly to normal levels within one second after
the faults three phase faults which are outside the
sizing criterion, by under voltage shedding [5].

The first stage of this scheme is shown in table (2).


For single phase faults SVC alone can control
voltages recovery to the normal levels within
much less than one second.

110 KV Load To Be Voltage Time Location


S/S Shed (P.U.) Delay
% MW (Sec)
*
Fig. (9) 83 m. sec single phase fault at FSL JMC 63 60 0.75 0.9 Jeddah
380KV busbar. PFZ 58 42 0.75 0.9 Jeddah
WPS 43 36 0.75 0.9 Jeddah
MRW 48 42 0.75 0.9 Jeddah
The figure also shows how the introduction of the JAM 44 28 0.75 0.9 Jeddah
SVC in the system, improved the voltage recovery. EPR 55 42 0.75 1.2 Jeddah
UNV 63 53 0.75 1.2 Jeddah
The voltages (with SVC) recovered to the normal EEH 33 35 0.75 1.2 Jeddah
levels very fast and in much less than the targeted GRW 20 6 0.75 0.9 Taif
time one (1) second. SHN 57 17 0.75 0.9 Taif
AST 66 25 0.75 0.9 Taif
Fig. (10) shows the output of the SVC, that AMT 73 20 0.75 0.9 Taif
interferes immediately after the fault and control TPS 22 6 0.75 0.9 Taif
the voltage to recover in very fast mode to the AHW 42 10 0.75 0.9 Taif
normal levels.
TAR 52 14 0.75 0.9 Taif
Total 6.48 436

*At 2002G Peak Load.


Table (2) : Existing Under Voltage Load
Shedding Scheme (First Stage)
6. Conclusions: Scheme” By J Deuse, J.Dubios, R. Fann
& I. Hamzah, IEEE Transaction On
(1) The study concludes installation of the Power System, Vol 12, No. 4, Nov. 1997
following SVC’s in the following key stations in
the system: [ 6 ] “Field Measurements and Model
Development For Rabigh Steam Station”
(a) -150/+450 MVAR in FSL S/S PTI, 1993.
(b) -150/+350 MVAR in KMT S/S
(c) -150/+350 MVAR in MEDSO S/S Biography
(d) 0/+200 MVAR in HVE S/S
(e) 0/+200 MVAR in DSP S/S - Ismail A.Hamza was born in Makkah, Saudi
(f) 0/+200 MVAR in JAM S/S Arabia in 1959. Received his B.Sc, in Electrical
(g) 0/+200 MVAR in MEDNO S/S Engineering in 1981, from King Abdul Aziz
University, Saudi Arabia. From 1981 to 1986,
(2) The SVC coveres the single phase faults worked as Electrical Engineer in Desalination
disturbances and controls the voltage to recover and Power Plant (SWCC) in Jeddah. Joined
very fast. EWR in 1986. From 1986 –1992 worked as
The three phase faults disturbances are covered by Makkah LDC Manager.
the SVC’s and by the backup under voltage load
shedding scheme. Thus the voltage recovers to the Attended Power System Engineering course with
normal level within one second of the instant of the GE in 1988/99. From 1992 –1998 with System
fault. Studies (Operation). Since 1997 System Studies
manager. Since October 2000G, he is acting
(3) For loads below (n-1) criterion the voltage Director System Control. Since Jan 2003 he is
recovery is acceptable, even without SVC’s. Vice President of the Transmission For North
Therefore it is recommended to reinforce the West, West and South Regions of the Kingdom.
system to meet this criterion in the Transmission Also, Mr. Hamza is a member of IEEE & GCC
Future Plans. CIGRE.
E-mail : IHAMZAH@SCECOWEST.COM.SA
(4) The dynamic Load model used in this
study produces simulation results agreed with the - Jamal A. Yasin was born in Jordan in August
dynamic system monitor (DSM) actual recordings. 3, 1955. Received his B.Sc, in Electrical
Engineering from Baghdad University in 1978.
(5) Further studies and analysis are underway He received his M.Sc in Electrical Power System
to optimize the SVC’s to be installed by Analysis (EPSA) from University of Manchester
introducing the breaker switched capacitors (BSC) (UMIST), Manchester, United Kingdom 1983.
in the Static Var Systems (SVS) recommended by From 1979 to 1986 he worked for the Jordan
the study. Electricity Authority (JEA) in the System
Operation and Planning as Planning Engineer.
6. References: From 1986 to 1993 Chief System Studies and
Planning Section in JEA. From 1989 to 1993 he
[1 ] “SEC-WR Annual Report” 2000. worked for EWR as System Studies Specialist on
deputation basis from JEA. From 1993 to 1998 he
[ 2 ] “PSS/E Program Operational Manual”, worked for EWR as System Studies Specialist.
Vol 2, PTI. From 1998 until now he is working for SEC-WR
as Head of System Studies Section. Since 2001,
[3 ] “Transmission Voltage Recovery Delayed he is Power System Studies Manager in System
by Stalled Air Conditioner Compressor”, Operation Department. He is a member of IEE
By B.R. Williams, W.R. Schmus and D.C. (MIEE) and Chartered Engineer (CEng.).
Dawson, IEEE 1992

[4 ] “PSS/E Program Application Guide”, E-mail: jamalyasin@scecowest.com.sa


Vol 2, PTI or
j_yasin@Yahoo.com
[5 ] “EWR Under Voltage Load Shedding -----------------------------

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