Climate Change

the Arctic and the United Kingdom

directions for future research

A Tyndall Centre initiative

in association with the Polar Regions Unit,
Foreign and Commonwealth Office

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 Contents
Cold Facts
The Arctic of Today
The Arctic of the Future
Implications for the UK, an Arctic Neighbour
Integrated Research, Providing Choices for the Future
Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues
Adding value to UK Research
Background
In May 2002 the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change
Research, in association with the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office, hosted a one day symposium
“Climate Change and the Arctic and its implications for the
UK: Towards a New UK Research Agenda” in Norwich. The
objectives of this event were (i) to bring together key
members of the UK’s Arctic research and policy-making
communities and to raise awareness of the work of the
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment and the UK’s
engagement in this initiative (ii) to identify important
knowledge gaps and the extent to which the UK can help
to address these deficiencies through co-ordinated
research; and (iii) to assist in formulating the UK’s future
research effort in topics related to climate change and the
Arctic. A list of participants is given on the back inside
cover.
The symposium was planned by a Steering Group
consisting of Gillian Watson (Tyndall Centre and School of
Environmental Sciences, UEA), Dr Neil Gilbert (Polar
Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office),
Professor Liz Morris (NERC Arctic Science Advisor),
Professor Steve Albon (Centre for Ecology and
Hydrology, Banchory), Professor Mike Hulme (Tyndall
Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA) and
Dr Neil Adger (Tyndall Centre and CSERGE, School of
Environmental Sciences, UEA).
The event benefited from presentations given by Dr Robert
Corell (International Arctic Science Committee), Professor
Julian Dowdeswell (Scott Polar Research Institute,
University of Cambridge), Professor Mark Nuttall, (School of
Sociology and Anthropology and Northern Studies Centre,
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University of Aberdeen), Professor Graham Bentham
(School of Environmental Sciences, University of East
Anglia), Dr Howard Cattle (Hadley Centre for Climate
Prediction and Research), Professor Terry Callaghan
(University of Sheffield and Abisko Research Centre,) as
well as panel discussion led by Dr Corell, Dr Neil Gilbert
(Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office),
Dr Bill Hare (Greenpeace International) and Professor
Duncan Wingham (Centre for Polar Observation and
Modelling, University College London).
This document draws heavily upon the ideas and concepts
presented by the speakers as well as contributions from
the other participants who attended the event.
The production costs of this document were supported by
the Polar Regions Unit of the Foreign and Commonwealth
Office and the Natural Environment Research Council
(NERC).
Further sources of information:
Arctic Council: www.arctic-council.org
Arctic Climate Impact
Assessment (ACIA): www.acia.uaf.edu
International Arctic Science
Committee: www.iasc.no
The Tyndall Centre: www.tyndall.ac.uk
Foreign and Commonwealth Office: www.fco.gov.uk
Natural Environment Research
Council (NERC): www.nerc.ac.uk
Cold Facts
Disturbing things are happening in the Arctic; temperatures 2.5
2.5

are rising, sea ice is thinning and permafrost is thawing. 2 2

These changes in the physical environment are already 1.5 1.5

triggering change in the natural, social and economic 1 1

Temperature anomaly (deg C)

character of the region. 0.5 0.5

0 0

In short, climate change is significantly affecting the Arctic.

-.5 -.5
It is happening NOW and is set to continue for the
-1 -1
foreseeable future.
-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2
So what?
-2.5
In recent years, climate change has emerged as a major 1850 1900 1950 2000
-2.5

development issue for the Arctic region. It is recognised

that climate change impacts and consequences will
become stamped not only on the physical and natural
environment, but also on Arctic economies, regional
resources and peoples.
The Arctic also plays a crucial role within the Earth System,
for example through its role in the planetary energy
balance and through its interaction with the thermohaline
circulation of the oceans. Present and prospective
changes in the Arctic will have consequences well beyond
the region itself.
It is important to consider the implications of Arctic climate
change for the United Kingdom; although the UK is not an
Arctic rim nation, climate change and its impacts in the
Arctic merit particular attention in the UK because:
the UK has sizeable commercial, environmental and
strategic interests in the Arctic which will be affected by
climate change;
the UK can expect a number of direct and indirect
environmental, economic and social impacts in the
short-, medium- and long-term arising from climate
change in the Arctic;
Many questions remain to be answered about the extent
of future Arctic climate change and its consequences, not
only for the Arctic region itself, but also for the world at
large. The UK is well-placed to make a significant and co-
ordinated research contribution to the international
understanding of the processes and consequences of
climate change in the Arctic.
Arctic-average surface temperatures (1851 to 2001), a
combination of surface air temperature over land and sea-
surface temperature over the oceans. Individual bars show
annual values as deviations from the 1961 – 1990 average;
the curve emphasises variations over time-scales of at
least 30 years. This data set was provided by the Climatic
Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, UEA.
Did you know?
Climate warming is occurring faster in the Arctic than
globally.
The extent of Arctic sea ice has shrunk by about 5
per cent in the last 20 years and its thickness in
some areas by 40 per cent. Some model simulations
suggest an ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer as early
as the 2050s.
Permafrost covers more than 20 per cent of the
world’s land surface, including most of Alaska and
more than half of Canada and Russia.
The Greenland Ice Sheet holds ice representing
enough water to raise global sea levels by 7m –
sufficient to flood much of London.
The Arctic is thought to hold a quarter of the global
petroleum resources yet to be discovered,
estimated at 130 billion barrels of oil.

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 The Arctic of Today
The Arctic region covers the ice-
bound Arctic Ocean and
neighbouring seas, as well as
Iceland, Greenland and the
northern fringes of the North
American, European and
Asian land masses.
Interests in the region can be
characterised as:
Environmental The Arctic
environment is shaped by low
temperatures and extreme seasonality. It supports a
unique biodiversity and is of critical importance for
migratory birds. Large stretches of the region can be
counted amongst the world’s few remaining pristine
wilderness areas.
Economic The principal Arctic industries are currently
fishing, timber, mining of mineral ores, oil and gas and,
increasingly, tourism and renewable energy.
Did you know?
Observations show that Arctic regional climate is
changing, although not necessarily uniformly.
Specific examples include:
Average surface air and upper soil temperatures are
rising, particularly during springtime. There are,
however, significant spatial variations in temperature
trends (see plot below left).
Overall both the extent and thickness of sea ice are
reducing, although in certain areas sea ice is
accumulating.
Ice-melt is increasing over the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Glaciers are retreating across the region.
Levels of UV radiation are increasing as the polar
stratospheric ozone is depleted.

Social and cultural Much of the region is sparsely
populated built up of small, often very isolated
communities. There are, however, several major
population centres (for example, Tromsø, Murmansk,
Arkhangelsk, Barrow and Iqaluit). The Arctic is home to
several groups of indigenous peoples each of which retain
a rich heritage of cultural traditions.
Strategic The region is crossed by important air
transportation corridors, however, sea transportation
routes are extremely restricted due to the presence of sea
ice.
Arctic
Temperature
Trends
(1966-1995)
Annual Data
The distribution of vegetation is changing. Woody
scrub is expanding in Alaska and tundra is being
displaced by taiga throughout Arctic Europe and
Russia.
Permafrost thaw is accelerating; unstable ground
conditions are leading to damage to infrastructure,
for example, buildings, roads, airport runways and
pipelines.
Seasonal peaks in Arctic river discharges are
becoming earlier and freshwater flows into the Arctic
Ocean are increasing.
Novel weather conditions are being experienced, for
example thunder and lightning are reported for the
first time by communities in northern Canada.

+1.0
Ice travel is being restricted due to safety concerns
+0.5 linked to thinning ice; communications/transport are
increasingly impacted.
0.0

-0.5

-1.0
(OC per decade)

Source: Abisko Scientific Research Station

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The Arctic of the Future
The Arctic in a future, warmer world will be significantly
different to today. Changes are likely to include:
Environmental Changes will occur in average and
extreme temperatures, precipitation, cloud cover, sea-ice
extent, snow cover and permafrost extent. The
consequences of these new environmental conditions in
the region will be far-reaching and will include effects on
Arctic plant and animal biodiversity and species distribution.
For example, significant loss of sea ice would have a
devastating impact on Arctic wildlife such as the polar bear,
which requires the presence of sea ice to enable it to hunt
for seals. On land, more frequent extreme events may
displace or even locally eliminate keystone species like
reindeer (caribou).
Stored up trouble?
The Arctic currently stores globally significant
quantities of:
water locked within the Greenland Ice Sheet, small
ice caps, glaciers and permanent pack ice;
carbon accumulated within the Arctic ecosystems;
methane held in permafrost and in methane
hydrate deposits in marine sediments.
Even relatively minor changes in Arctic climatic
conditions could trigger the release of extra water into
the world’s oceans and large quantities of additional
carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
Economic In an ice-diminished future Arctic, improved
accessibility is likely to encourage commercial
development. Under some scenarios the region’s
economy could grow significantly through full exploitation
of the Arctic’s rich reserves of petroleum and mineral ores.
Other industries such as fishing are also likely to expand.
Arctic shipping routes are likely to open up attracting
increasing numbers of cargo vessels to the region.
Heightened economic activity in the region would also
threaten to encroach upon wilderness areas and increase
the risk of environmental damage such as pollution
incidents.
Social and cultural A booming economy is likely to
trigger a rapid growth in the Arctic population with an influx
of workers and their families as Arctic commercial and
support industries are established and developed as well
as others attracted by improved infrastructure and
transportation networks. Large demographic changes
such as these would bring widespread and significant
social and cultural changes to indigenous people.
Strategic As accessibility improves and activity
increases, the Arctic region has the potential to become a
future political hotspot. Existing tensions over the extent of
internal waters could escalate as nations compete for the
right to the region’s natural and physical resources.
HadCM3 predictions of September Arctic sea ice by the
2080s under a “high emissions” scenario (Source: Hadley
Centre)
An ice-free Arctic Ocean -
a future of opportunities?
Explorers have long sought to link Europe, eastern
North America and the Orient via the shortest possible
sea route – across the Arctic. After centuries of effort
two such routes have been identified – the
Northwest Passage, which passes west of
Greenland, through the islands of Arctic Canada and
along the coast of Alaska, and the Northern Sea
Route (also known as the Northeast Passage) which
skirts the coast of Siberia. Both are currently open for
very limited periods to specially reinforced vessels
escorted by icebreakers.
Global climate models, however, predict substantially
less Arctic sea ice in future. Research suggests that
both the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea
Route could be open to deep draft vessels with no
reinforcement every summer by as early as the 2050s.
Both routes have the potential to become commercially
feasible for summer shipping before 2080 and could
cut sailing distances between northwest Europe and
northeast Asia by up to 40 per cent.
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 Implications for the UK,
an Arctic Neighbour
The UK lies just beyond the Arctic’s fringe. As a nation, the
UK has a strong tradition of Arctic exploration and
maintains a long-held interest and involvement in
environmental, social, economic and military developments
in the region. The UK has also been actively engaged in
Arctic research in several disciplines for many years.
The UK’s current commercial interests in the region are
wide-ranging and include fishing and exploration,
extraction and processing of petroleum products and
mineral ores. The UK’s insurance industry is also a world
leader in underwriting Arctic activities, covering major items
of infrastructure (for example pipelines) and other industrial
developments throughout the region.
The UK has also retained a strategic political engagement
in the Arctic. The UK is an observer state to both the Arctic
Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council.
The Arctic Council
The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum
that provides a mechanism to address common concerns
and challenges of the Arctic region. The Arctic Council has
Members drawn from the eight Arctic-Rim States and
importantly is open to participation from up to eight
Indigenous Peoples organisations. Key objectives of the
Arctic Council are to:
promote co-operation among Arctic States on issues of
sustainable development and environmental protection;
oversee and co-ordinate working groups established
under the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy;
co-ordinate a sustainable development programme
e.g. trade, transport, education and health matters;
disseminate information, encourage education and
promote interest in Arctic related issues.
The UK is a State Observer to the Arctic Council. In doing
so UK Ministers recognise the importance of maintaining
an influence in the high north; of providing support to the
Arctic states in meeting the objectives for the Arctic
Council, and of the potential scientific and commercial
opportunities that the Arctic holds. The Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (FCO) is lead Government
Department, with attendance at Senior Arctic Official and
Ministerial meetings provided by the FCO’s Polar Regions
Unit (PRU).
For more information visit the Arctic Council
web site at www.arctic-council.org
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Feeling the effects of
climate change in the UK
As a close neighbour of Arctic Europe, the UK can expect to
experience a number of direct or indirect effects of climate-
related changes in the Arctic over the short-, medium- and
longer-term. Examples include:
Short-term (less than 25 years)
UK population’s exposure to UV radiation will increase by a
combination of depletion of Arctic ozone and climate
change related effects (for example changes in cloud
cover, increasing average and extreme temperatures and
changes in recreational behaviour). The interplay between
climate change and the chemistry of the Arctic atmosphere
will have a direct bearing on the risks of malignant
melanomas for the UK population.
Medium-term (within 50 years)
Climate-related changes to Arctic habitats, such as
reductions in tundra area and shifts in the timing of spring
growth periods, are likely to have substantial impacts on
breeding success of Arctic-breeding bird species which
would have serious implications for numbers of migratory
birds in the UK.
Opportunities for UK companies to exploit rich and newly
accessible Arctic reserves of petroleum, mineral ores and
fish. This will need to be set against new priorities –
nationally and globally – for a less polluting energy economy
and more sustainable industrial development.
The UK insurance industry will need to adjust to escalating
claims associated with climate change related incidents,
for example repair and clean-up following Arctic pipeline
fractures caused by subsidence due to melting of
permafrost, but will also be presented with new
opportunities as Arctic activities increase.
Long-term (beyond 50 years)
Weakening of the thermohaline circulation through injection
of increased amounts of freshwater through the Arctic. This
has the potential to disrupt ocean currents in the North
Atlantic and under some scenarios could alter UK and
northwest European climate significantly, possibly eventually
inducing lower winter temperatures. The risks associated
with such perturbations remain very poorly known.
Loss of Greenland ice-mass contributes to sea level rise,
thus exacerbating problems of coastal inundation and
erosion at vulnerable points around the UK coastline. This is
a very long-term impact since the Greenland Ice Sheet
responds to multi-decadal warming trends over a period of
many centuries.
Integrated Research,
Providing Choices for the Future
The challenge
Climate change in the Arctic poses many interlinked
environmental, social and economic questions and
challenges, but it is just one of many drivers of change in
the Arctic; political restructuring and liberalisation,
globalisation, changes in land use and energy technologies
will also have substantial effects on the region. The effects
of, and responses to, climate change must therefore be
considered within this broader context.
Uncertainties surrounding future climate change will
continue to be large, but it is essential to start to plan now
and to make decisions that allow the consequences of
climate change to be managed through the pursuit of
desirable long-term environmental, social and economic
objectives. Such decisions can best be informed through
programmes of integrated assessment and research.
Taking an integrated approach to research
Integrated assessments draw together findings from a
wide range of traditional research disciplines (for example
physical sciences, life sciences, engineering sciences,
social sciences and economics) and organises them in a
coherent way. At the same time, the value and relevance
of the research findings can be optimised by close
engagement and dialogue between the researchers and
those affected, such as community organisations, industry
representatives, planners and decision-makers at a local,
regional, national and international level. The Arctic Climate
Impact Assessment is one example of such an activity
(see Box right).
Integrated assessments, however, need to be
complemented by programmes of underpinning trans-
disciplinary research that pay due attention to the science
of integration. This is not just an exercise in piecing
together elements of knowledge from different disciplines,
but of co-designing research activities from the beginning
using insights from natural and social sciences and allowing
the resulting common methodology to deliver qualitatively
different research findings to emerge. This mode of
research is being increasingly recognised as essential in
relation to questions global change and sustainable
development and the Arctic is a prime candidate for
applying such emerging methods, as recognised by the
European Science Foundation in its 2002 Global Change
Forward Look: “An integrated programme of research in
the Arctic and sub-Arctic Basin … is identified as a flagship
programme ..” (ESF, 2002)
The Arctic Climate Impact
Assessment
The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is an
international research initiative being conducted under
the auspices of the Arctic Council. The goals of ACIA
are to:
estimate and synthesise knowledge on Arctic climate
variability, climate change and increased UV radiation
in the Arctic, and their consequences;
provide useful and reliable information to
governments, organisations and peoples of the
Arctic region in order to support policy-making
decisions;
input to the continuing work of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The initiative involves the close collaboration of experts,
peoples of the Arctic region and others impacted by
changes across the Arctic region. It aims to integrate
both scientific and indigenous knowledge and is being
conducted within the context of other developments
and pressures on the Arctic environment, its economy,
regional resources and peoples. Detailed and synthesis
reports of the findings of the scientific analysis and
indigenous insights as well as a set of policy/action
recommendations are expected to be delivered in 2004.
A number of leading Arctic and climate change experts
in the UK have been, or continue to be, involved in the
ACIA initiative, which represents a sound basis for
further integrated research on the topic.
Further information is available at the ACIA
web site at www.acia.uaf.edu.
© BP p.l.c. (2003)
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 Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues
It is generally acknowledged that we still have a limited
understanding of many aspects of the Arctic system, and
that predictions of the extent and nature of future climate-
related changes in the Arctic remain subject to
uncertainties.
At the meeting, a large number of widely ranging research
topics were suggested. These have been consolidated
and collated into five cross-cutting headings which could
be used to add focus to a co-ordinated programme of
research. Exemplar questions spanning the research
disciplines are suggested for each heading.
Establishing Arctic baseline information under
current climatic conditions
What is the background natural level of climatic and ice
variability in the Arctic?
What are the critical dynamics of Arctic ecosystems,
especially during winter?
How do indigenous Arctic communities define
sustainable development?
Defining critical thresholds, linkages and
feedbacks in the Arctic system
What are the key thresholds for change?
How will climate change interact with other drivers of
environmental/social change?
What types of events trigger changes in individual
and/or community behaviour?
Identifying the pivotal drivers of change
What controls the magnitude and frequency of extreme
events in the Arctic system?
What controls the distribution limits and population
abundance of species and ecosystems?
How will changes in species zoning impact on resource-
dependant communities?
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Assessing vulnerability to change and the
capacity to adapt
When and how often are critical thresholds likely to be
exceeded in future?
Will species adapted to harsh conditions prove inflexible
when the environment becomes more benign?
How vulnerable are biological systems, including
humans, to increases in UV radiation?
How vulnerable is Arctic infrastructure to permafrost
melting?
Placing Arctic climate change in the Earth
System context
Why has climate warming been greater in the Arctic
than globally?
Is the Arctic a net sink or source of greenhouse gases?
How fast will the Greenland Ice Sheet melt?
How sensitive is the thermohaline circulation to
freshwater exchange between the Arctic and the North
Atlantic?
How do global and Arctic changes interact?
In addition, the following general observations were
highlighted.
Construction of a community integrated regional model
for the Arctic, representing physical, ecological and social
processes and with trans-national ownership would be
highly beneficial. It is unrealistic for any single country to
attempt to develop a model of this type on its own, but
UK researchers and research groups could make very
significant contributions to any multilateral project of this
nature.
The marginality of much of the Arctic for human activities
means that interactions between environmental changes
and social responses are particularly sensitive. Arctic
communities’ need to promote social-ecological
resilience and to design adaptive responses for uncertain
futures.
The Arctic research community should investigate using
equipment and methodologies and research tools
developed by researchers in other fields. There is
potential for applying these tools in an Arctic research
context.
Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues
UK strengths in relation to Arctic research
The UK has a particularly strong tradition of excellence in
climate modelling, glaciology and ecosystem science
and research bridging natural and social sciences – there
is plenty of scope for UK scientists to apply high quality
science and technology to Arctic problems.
Many UK or expatriate UK scientists already lead/co-
ordinate international Arctic science projects. Examples
include: the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), DART
(project on dynamic response of the forest-tundra
ecotone to environmental change), the Land Arctic
Physical Processes experiment (LAPP), CONVECTION
(project on mechanism of convection in the Greenland
Sea), GreenICE (Greenland Arctic Shelf Ice and Climate
Experiment), as well as selected International Arctic
Science Committee (IASC) projects and Arctic Climate
Impact Assessment (ACIA) chapters.
(cont.)
The UK has a strong background in Antarctic research -
much of this expertise and experience is directly
transferable to Arctic systems.
The UK has substantial archival data and records relating
to the Arctic that can be exploited for understanding
historical changes.
The UK has no Arctic territory and so UK researchers
have a pan-Arctic approach.
The Arctic represents a relatively well-bounded system
about which it is possible to develop new integrated
models that represent both physical and social dynamics
and which allow relevant decision and policy makers to
explore the implications of different scenarios. Such
scientific integration is an area where UK scientists have
an international lead.
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 Adding Value to UK Research
The UK has an active Arctic research interest involving a
number of research councils, government agencies,
universities and higher education institutes and commercial
organisations. Furthermore, the UK’s researchers are
active in a broad range of disciplines and geographical
locations.
But against this broad spectrum of Arctic research interest,
is the UK handling its Arctic research effort in the most
effective way?
Recommendation:
In addressing this issue the meeting recognised that there
were significant benefits to be gained from improved co-
ordination on Arctic issues, including among the research
community, industry and government.
Benefits would include:
enhanced opportunities for inter-disciplinary research
initiatives spanning the interests of several research
councils;
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improved capacity for the development of and input to
bilateral (e.g. with Canada or Russia) or multilateral (e.g.
through the European Science Foundation or EU FP6)
Arctic programmes;
arctic research that is more closely allied to government
objectives and policy in the region;
greater capacity to influence the international Arctic
scene through enhanced scientific diplomacy.
Mechanisms to achieve this might include:
establishing or identifying a UK Arctic focal point
representing the range of UK Arctic interests and that
has recognition from both the research councils and
from government (e.g. through an existing institution or
as a virtual centre as a partnership initiative across
several institutions);
enhanced communication on Arctic issues through the
development of a UK Arctic research network;
increased participation of the UK research community in
international programmes such as those of the Arctic
Council.
Credits and Acknowledgements
Front cover: photo by Martin Johnson
page 1: photo by John Sharp
page 2: image by CAFF
page 5: photos by BP p.l.c. and Martin Johnson
page 6: photo by John Sharp
page 7: photo by Martin Johnson
page 8: photo by Martin Johnson
Participants at May 2002 “Climate Change and the Arctic and its implications for the UK:
Towards a New UK Research Agenda” meeting:

Dr Neil Adger Tyndall Centre and CSERGE and School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Professor Steve Albon CEH Banchory
Dr Sheldon Bacon Southampton Oceanography Centre
Dr Chris Baker NERC
Dr Bob Baxter Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham
Professor Graham Bentham School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Dr Grant Bigg School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Dr Rob Brooker UK Arctic Network (UKAN)
Mr David Brown NERC
Professor Terry Callaghan Abisko Scientific Research Station and University of Sheffield
Dr Howard Cattle Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
Alison Champion Marine and Waterways Division, DEFRA
Dr Bob Corell Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
Professor Trevor Davies School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Professor Julian Dowdeswell Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge
Dr Vincent Fleming Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)
Dr Neil Gilbert Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Dr Jenny Gill School of Biological Sciences and Tyndall Centre, UEA
Dr Dougal Goodman Foundation for Science and Technology
Dr Richard Harding CEH Wallingford
Dr Bill Hare Greenpeace International
Dr Mike Harrison Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
Dr Alex Haxeltine Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Dr Karen Heywood School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Professor Mike Hulme Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Lord Julian Hunt University College London
Professor Brian Huntley Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham
Dr Elaine Jones Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Dr Malcolm Light Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), University College London
Professor Liz Morris NERC Arctic Science Advisor
Mrs Angela Morrison NERC
Dr Larissa Naylor Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Professor Mark Nuttall Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Aberdeen
Dr Mike Richardson Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Dr Clare Robinson King’s College, London
Daniel Sherry Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Professor Graham Shimmield Scottish Association for Marine Science
Ms Alyce Tidball 1st Secretary, American Embassy
Dr Simon Torok Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Dr Ian Townend ABP Research
Professor Peter Wadhams University of Cambridge
Dr Rachel Warren Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Professor Andrew Watkinson Tyndall Centre and School of Biological Sciences, UEA
Dr Andrew Watson School of Environmental Studies, UEA
Ms Gillian Watson Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA
Professor Duncan Wingham Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), University College London
Dr Sarah Woodin Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Aberdeen
Dr Christoph Zöckler UNEP-WCMC

Produced by the Tyndall Centre in association with the Polar Regions Unit
and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Winter 2002/2003

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