Power Flow Control with Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Abdul Haleem Chandra babu Nayudu Ravireddy M

Project Manager College of engineering pune Project Developer
Krest technologies, cbn.203@gmail.com ravireddy57@gmail.com
haleemforyou@gmail.com

Abstract- The series compensation technique of long and medium transmission lines is
extensively employed in many countries including India as it offers considerable
advantages and better use of transmission lines. It can also be a technique in
improving power system stability and power flow through the intended
transmission network. However, technical problems such as reliability of
capacitors and their protective equipments do exist; and more recently the
problem of sub synchronous resonance (SSR) has surfaced. To remove these
drawbacks, recently a series compensation technique for transmission line which
uses a synchronous voltage source (SVS). The static synchronous voltage source
utilizes a power electronic voltage source (VSC) converter employing GTO or
IGBT depending upon power requirements. The VSC may employ a two level or
multilevel converter. In this paper a static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC) using a 6-pulse VSC employing sinusoidal pulse width modulation is
examined. The steady state performance and P-δ characteristics are obtained for
a given transmission network embedded with SSSC. A control circuit for the
operation of SSSC is developed and the performance of the control circuit is
investigated in MATLAB-SIMLINK Platform.

Keywords— 6-pulse VSC, SSSC, FACTS, Power Flow Control, Series compensation
1. Introduction dielectric capacitors have been
installed all over the world as
Series capacitive compensation is
efficient economical way of
widely used in long transmission
providing capacitive series
lines to maintain the overall
compensation [1]. With the new
impedance of the transmission
advances in the generation of the
line. The capacitive series
power electronics devices based on
compensation increases the power
voltage source converter (VSC)
transfer capacity as well as the
known as flexible ac transmission
transient stability. The series
system (FACTS), more flexible
i
operation and control of the circuit is rather slow, because of controlling
transmission networks are possible thyristor firing pulse is available only once
[2]. FACTS controllers can be in each half cycle. Deriving a closed-loop
classified as shunt, series, or phase model of TCSC is complicated [11].
angle compensating devices or Furthermore, it is susceptible to parallel
devices which are a combination of resonance due to the presence of inductors
the above three types such as and capacitors in parallel paths.
unified power flow controller
(UPFC) [3]. These FACTS devices The SSSC is one of the most important
enable fast response using the FACTS devices for power transmission line
phase locked loop (PLL) with series compensation. It is a power

minimum inherent time delay electronic-based VSC that generates a

during severe disturbances, nearly sinusoidal three phase voltage which

transient power swings, thus is in quadrature with the line current

allowing the transmission system [3,12].The SSSC converter block is

operating safely and close to the connected in series with the transmission

theoretical stability limit. Two line by a series coupling transformer. The

FACTS devices can provide capacitive SSSC can provide either capacitive or

series compensation, they are :(1) thyristor inductive series compensation independent

controlled series capacitor (TCSC) [4] and of the line current. Unlike other series

(2) static synchronous series compensator compensators, an ideal SSSC is essentially a

[5,6]. pure sinusoidal ac voltage source at the

system fundamental frequency. Its output

There are several TCSCS are widely impedance at other frequencies is ideally

installed [7]. The TCSC is used in practice zero. Thus, SSSC does not resonate with the

to significantly improve the small inductive line impedance to initiate sub

disturbance and transient stability of the synchronous resonance oscillations. This

power system [8,9]. Although the TCSC can paper deals with a 6 pulse (two levels) VSC

provide the capacitive series compensation, [13].

it has several disadvantages [10]. It injects The objective of this paper is to analyze

low order harmonic components (typically and investigate the steady state performance

third, fifth, seventh and ninth) into the of the SSSC for providing dynamic series

power system because of phase control of compensation, voltage regulation. A control

the thyristors [2]. Transient response of the circuit is proposed for the operation of the
SSSC. The proposed control scheme for the
ii
SSSC is fully validated in both capacitive voltage waveform and it is
and inductive modes of operation by combined into multi-pulse (12
simulation. pulses) voltage waveform by Wye-
Delta connection of the magnetic
2. Priciple of Operation of SSSC interface. More pulses (24 or 36
pulses) can be achieved if zigzag
The SSSC is generally connected in transformers are used as the
series with the transmission line with the magnetic interface. The DC
arrangement as shown in Fig.1. The SSSC capacitor is used to maintain DC
comprises a coupling transformer, a voltage level on the DC bus. This
magnetic interface, voltage source DC capacitor is selected to meet
converters (VSC) and a DC capacitor. The harmonic and economic criteria of
coupling transformer is connected the SSSC and the power system.
in series with the transmission line Figure.2 shows a single line diagram
and it injects the quadrature of a simple Transmission line with an
voltage into the transmission line. inductive transmission reactance, XL ,
The magnetic interface is used to connecting a sending-end voltage source,
provide multi-pulse voltage and a receiving end voltage source,
configuration to eliminate low respectively [3].
order harmonics.

Fig.2 an Elementary Power Transmission System

The real and reactive power (P and Q) flow

Fig.1 static synchronous series compensator at the receiving-end voltage source are
given by eq (1) and (2)
The VSCs are either two-level
converter or three level converter. VsVr V2
P= sin(δ s − δ r ) = sin δ (1)
One side of the VSC is connected XL XL

to the magnetic interface while the Vs Vr V2

Q= − δs
(1 cos( δr ))
− =(1 cos(2)−) δ
other side is connected to the DC XL XL

bus. The VSC generates six-pulse

iii
Where Vs and Vr voltage magnitudes and Fig.3 shows an example of a simple power
transmission system with an SSSC and the
are the phase angles of the
related phasor diagrams.
voltage sources. The voltage magnitudes are
chosen such that Vs = Vr =V and the
difference between the phase angles is

δ = δS − δr

VS = Vr = V Fig.3 Two machine system with SSSC

An SSSC, limited by its voltage and current

ratings, is capable of emulating a Qq = V sV r (1− cos δ )
X eff
compensating reactance, Xq, (both inductive X eff
=X L
− X q

and capacitive) the expression of power

flow given in equation (1) and equation (2)
becomes
V2 V2
Pq = sin δ = sin δ
Xeff Xq
X L (1 − )
XL Fig.4 Phasor diagram

V2 V2 The SSSC injects the compensating

Qq = (1 − cos δ ) = (1 − cos δ )
X eff Xq voltage in series with the line irrespective of
X L (1 − )
X L
the line current. The transmitted power Pq

Where Xeff is the effective total therefore becomes a parametric function of

transmission line reactance between its the injected voltage and it can be expressed

sending and receiving power system ends, as follows:

including the equivalent “variable

reactance” inserted by the equivalent
The normalized power Pq versus angle
injected voltage (Vq) (Buck or Boost) by
plots are shown in Fig.4.6 as a function of
the SSSC. The compensating reactance is
Vq These values are calculated for the
defined to be negative when the SSSC is
system whose specifications are given
operated in inductive mode and positive
earlier in A Programme in MATLAB has
when SSSC operated in capacitive mode.
been developed to obtain these
iv
characteristics for Vq= 0, 0.353, 0.707 and XL/R ratio for 7.4, 3.7, 1.85 in Fig.6 These
these are shown in Fig.5 values are calculated for the system whose
2
specifications are given earlier. A
ER(p.u)

1
.5 V
q=
0.7
07

Programme in MATLAB has been

ITTEDPOW

V
q=
0.3
53
1
V
q=
0

developed to obtain these characteristics for

Vq
=-
0.3
53

0
.5 V
q=
-
0.7
07
ANSM

XL/R = ∞, 3.7, 7.4, 1.85 and these are

0
TR

-
0.5

-
1
0 2
0 4
0 6
0 80 1
00 1
20 1
40 1
60 1
80
shown in Fig.6 and the Programme is given
T
RA
NS
MIS
SIO
NA
NG
LE
(D
EG
RE
ES)

in Appendix-3
Fig.5 Transmitted power versus transmission angle
as a function of the degree of series compensating
voltage Vq by the SSSC
From the plots given Fig.5 we can say that
the SSSC increases the transmitted power
by a fixed fraction of the maximum power
transmittable by the uncompensated line,
independently of transmission angle and
SSSC not only increase the transmittable
Fig.6 Transmitted real and reactive power versus
power but also decreases it.
transmission angle as a function of ratio of
The transmittable active power, P, and the
reactive power, Q, supplied by the receiving
end bus can be expressed for the simple
These plots clearly show that the maximum
transmittable active power decreases, and
two-machine system as functions of the
the ratio of active to reactive power
(actual or effective) reactive line impedance,
increases, rapidly with decreasing XL/R
XL the line resistance, R, and transmission
ratio.
angle, as follows: Control circuit

P= [ sin -R (1-Cos )] Introduction

An advanced control scheme is
introduced by Akagi [4] used for SSSC. The
Q= [Rsin + (1-Cos )]
development of this control scheme is
discussed in this chapter.

The normalized active power P and reactive Development of Control circuit for SSSC

power Q versus angle transmission

characteristics described by equations and
are plotted as a parametric function of the

v
 Fig.8 Control circuit for SSSC

The injected voltage is independent of the

line current and controlled by using the
pulse width modulation switching
techniques. The voltage source converter
uses PWM switching techniques to ensure
Fig.7 System Configuration of SSSC
fast response and to generate a sinusoidal
The following assumptions are made in the wave form. The output of The PLL is angle,
analysis θ, which is used to transform the direct axis
1) The sending-end voltage is equal to
the receiving-end voltage and quadrature axis components of the ac
three phase voltages and current. The
2) The SSSC device is assumed to be an
measured quadrature voltage is compared
ideal controllable voltage source. Output
voltage vector is equal to its reference with the desired reference constant
quadrature voltage to the input of the AC

3) The three phase voltages at sending end voltage regulator which is a PI controller.
are balanced Thus the voltage regulator provides the
quadrature component of the converter
Fig.7 shows a block diagram of the voltage. Also the Measured direct axis
control circuit [4]. The three- to two-phase component voltage is compared with the
transformation obtains and from the reference voltage; this driven error is an

three-phase currents
transformation yields
and the phase information
by a phase lock-loop (PLL)
and. The d-q input to the voltage regulator which is a PI
controller to compute the direct component
and from
of the converter voltage. The injection
is generated voltage is generated by transforming these

vi
direct axis and quadrature axis components
into three phase voltage and is applied to the
VSC to produce the preferred voltage, with
the help of pulse width modulation (PWM).
Simulation results
Simulation of the SSSC is performed in
MATLAB SIMULINK using the Akagi’s
control technique.
Steady state characteristics of SSSC [4].
Fig.9 Simple system taken for simulation
Fig.9 shows the simple system taken for
simulation. The main circuit of the SSSC
device consists of three phase voltage-fed
pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. A
PWM control circuit compares reference
voltage with a triangle carrier signal in order
to generate gate signals. The ac terminals of
the PWM inverters are connected in series
through step-up transformers because
injecting voltage is very small compare to
transmission line voltage. A three-phase
diode rectifier is employed and reactor L
and resistor R representing the impedance of
the transmission line are inserted between
sending end and receiving end.
capacitor used for the charging
discharging purpose. The function of the
control system is to keep the injecting
voltage in quadrature with the transmission
line current and only control the magnitude
of injected series reactance to meet the
desired reactance compensation level.
Fig.9 shows simulation model used for the
steady state performance of the SSSC
Fig.10 Static Synchronous Series Compensator
Model in MATLAB
Fig.11 injecting voltage
The fig.11 shows that the injecting
voltage of the SSSC and this injected
voltage will be in quadrature with the line
current. The SSSC can provide either
capacitive or inductive series compensation
independent of the line current. By
controlling the magnitude of injected
voltage the amount of series compensation
DC can be adjusted.
and When an SSSC injects an altemating voltage
lagging the line current as shown in the
Fig.12, it emulates a capacitive reactance in
vii
series with the transmission line causing the
4

att)
x10
1.5

Injected Active Power (W

1

power flow as well as the line current to 0.5

increase as the level of compensation -0.5

-1

increases and then SSSC is operating in a -1.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
T
im
ein
Sec
ond
s

capacitive mode. The emulating capacitive

Fig.14 Performance of a SSSC Operating in
reactance of 0.22 ohms. Capacitive Mode (Capacitive Compensation) and
Inductive Mode (Inductive Compensation) in the
1
0
0
case of injected Active Power
n

v
o
l
t
age
(V
)
tio

c
u
r
ren
t
(A
)
8
0
sa

1500
n

6
0
mpe

4
0

Injected Reactive Power (VAR)

o

1000
ec

2
0
itiv

0
c

500
pa

-
2
0
Ca

-
4
0 0
-
6
0

-
8
0 -500

-
1
00
0.
62 0
.
63 0
.
64 0
.
65 0.
66 0
.
67 0
.
68 0
.
69 0
.
7
T
i
mei
nse
c
o
nd
s -1000

Fig.12 SSSC Operating in Capacitive Mode -1500

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

(Capacitive Compensation) Time in Seconds

Fig.15 Performance of a SSSC Operating in

The emulating reactance value calculated by Capacitive Mode (Capacitive Compensation) and
using following relation is .where Inductive Mode (Inductive Compensation) in the
case of Injected Reactive Power
Vq is the rms value of the injecting voltage
Fig 14 and 15 shows the simulation
and I is the current flowing in the line (rms
results when an SSSC emulates a reactance
value).
in series with the transmission line. At the
When an SSSC injects an alternating time 0 seconds, the SSSC injects no voltage.
voltage leading the line current as shown in At 0.2 seconds, capacitive reactance
the fig.13, it emulates an inductive reactance compensation is requested. The injecting
in series with the transmission line voltage lags the line current, by almost 900.
causing the power flow as well as the Due to the capacitive reactance there is an
line current to decrease as the level of increase in the line current and the power
compensation increases and the SSSC is flow in the transmission line increases. At
operating in an inductive mode. The 0.8 seconds coming into the no injected
emulating inductive reactance of 2 ohms state. The time interval between 0.8 to 1.6
4
0
v
o
lta
c
ur
g
r
e
e
n
(
V
t(
A
)
)
seconds SSSC does not inject any voltage.
n

3
0
tio

At 1.6 seconds, the inductive reactance is

sa

2
0
mpen

1
0
o

requested. The inverter voltage leads the

ctive C

0
du

line current, by almost 900. Due to the

-
10
In

-
20

-
3

-
4
0

0
inductive reactance there is a decrease in the
2
.0
4 2
.0
5 2
.0
6 2.
07 2
.
08 2
.0
9 2
.
1
T
im
ein
se
co
nd
s

line current and the power flow in the

Fig.13 SSSC Operating in Inductive Mode (Inductive
Compensation) transmission line. At 2.5 seconds it’s again

viii
coming into the no injected state so it does to 1.6 seconds SSSC does not injecting any
not emulates any reactance. voltage. At 1.6 seconds, the inductive
reactance is requested. Due to the inductive
4
x10
2.5
Line Active Power (Watt)

reactance there is a decrease in t the power

1.5

flow in the transmission line from 12 kW to

]

0.5
2 kW. At 2.5 seconds it’s again coming into
the no injected state so it does not emulates
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
T
imeinSeconds

Fig.16 Performance of a SSSC Operating in any reactance.

Capacitive Mode (Capacitive Compensation) and Therefore, from the figures 16 and 18
Inductive Mode (Inductive Compensation) in the when an SSSC emulates a reactance in
case of Line Active Power
series with the transmission line, the power
flow in the transmission line always
100

decreases if the emulated reactance is

voltage
80 current

60

40
inductive. Also, the power flow always
Voltage (V)
Current (A)

20

-20
0
increases if the emulated reactance is
-40

-60
capacitive.
The parameters of the test system
-80

-100
0 0.05 0.1 0.1
5 0.2 0.25
Timeinseconds

Controllable Power rating (P) =10 kW

Fig.17 injected voltage and line current
Utility line to line Voltage=200V
er (VAR)

2
00
0

Line inductance (L) = 1.0 mH

ow

1
50
0
eactiveP

1
00
0
Line resistance (R) = 0.04 ohm
LineR

5
00
Frequency = 60 Hz
0

Phase difference=100
0 0
.5 1 1.5 2 2
.5 3
T
im
ein
Sec
on
ds

Fig.18 Performance of a SSSC Operating in

Rms voltage of Vc =12V
Capacitive Mode (Capacitive Compensation) and
PI controller gains are
Inductive Mode (Inductive Compensation) in the
Kp =0.5
case of Line Reactive Power Ki = 100
In the fig.16 at the time 0 seconds, the 2 Level inverter employing IGBT
Capacitor = 200 µF
SSSC did not emulate any reactance IGBT Snubber resistance = 1 x105 ohm
compensation. At 0.2 seconds, capacitive Snubber capacitance = ∞
reactance compensation is requested. Due to On resistance of IGBT = 1 x10-4 ohm
the capacitive reactance there is an increase Conclusion
in the line current and the power flow in the The static synchronous series
transmission line increases from 12 kW to compensator offers an alternative to
22 kW. At 0.8 seconds coming into the no conventional series capacitive line
injected state. The time interval between 0.8
ix
compensation. Whereas the series capacitor a Unified Power Flow Controller for
Stabilizing AC Transmission Systems”IEEE
is an impedance that produces the required
Trans.On Power Electronics
compensating voltage as the line current
Vol.14,No.6,November 1999,pp.81-87.
flows through it, the SSSC is a solid-state
voltage source that internally generates the
6. B.Geetalakshmi, A.Saraswathi,
desired compensating voltage. However the P.Dananjayan “Comparing and evaluating
voltage is in quadrature to line current the performance of SSSC with Fuzzy Logic
(Leading or lagging as per requirement) controller and PI controller for Transient
Stability Enhancement” Proceeding of India
independent of the line current. The voltage
International Conference on Power
source nature of the SSSC provides the
Electronics 2006.
basis for its superior operating and 7. M.S. El-Moursi, A.M. Sharaf, “Novel
performance characteristics not achievable reactive power controllers for the
by series capacitor type compensators. STATCOM and SSSC”, Electric Power
Systems Research 76 (2006) 228-241.
References
1. N.G Hingroni and L Gyugyi.
“Understanding FACTS: Concepts and 8. Mohammed El Mours A.M.Sharaf

Technology of flexible AC Transmission KhalilEl-Arroud “Optimal control schemes

System”, IEEE Press, New York, 2000. for SSSC for dynamic series compensation”
Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008)
2. L.Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, K. K. Sen. 646–656.
“Static synchronous series compensator: a
solid-state approach to the series
9. Bruce S. Rigby and Ronald G. Harley ‘An
compensation of transmission lines,” IEEE
Improved Control Scheme for a Series-
Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 12,no. 1,
Capacitive Reactance Compensator Based
1997,pp. 406-417.
on a Voltage-Source Inverter” IEEE
Transactions on industry
3. K.K.Sen, “SSSC-static synchronous series applications,vol.34,no.2, march/april1998.
compensator: theory, modeling and
applications”, IEEE Trans. On Power
10. C.J. Hatziadoniu, Member, A.T. Funk,
Delivery, v.13, no.1, 1998, pp.241-246.
Student Member, “Development of a
control scheme for a Series-Connected
4. Hideaki Fujita, Yasuhiro Watanabe
Solid-State Synchronous Voltage Source”
Hirofumi Akagi “Control and Analysis of a
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.
Unified Power Flow Controller” IEEE
Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996.
Trans.On Power Electronics vol.14, no.6,
November 1999, pp. 1021-1027.

5. Hideaki Fujita, Yasuhiro Watanabe

Hirofumi Akagi “Dynamic Performance of
x