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Class : 6th Semester ( E&CE ) 200506
Introduction
1. Explain with a neat block diagram, the essential and nonessential features of a digital
communication system
2. With a neat block diagram, briefly describe the basic signal processing operations
involved in digital communication system
3. Bring out the salient difference between analog and digital communication
systems.
4. What are the advantages of digital communication compared to analog
communication
Sampling Process
5. State and prove sampling theorem for low pass signals
6. State and prove sampling theorem for an analog signal g (t) of finite energy and
draw the spectrum of the analog signal and the sampled signal for sampling rate fs
=2W, where W is the highest frequency component of the signal. Assume that g(t)
is band limited to WHz
7. Consider a signal m(t) = Cos wot where wo = 2?fo. Illustrate the effect of under
sampling of m (t) for a sampling rate of fs = (3/2)fo
8. Consider the cosine wave g(t) = A Cos 2pfot. Plot the spectrum of the discrete
time signal go(t) derived by sampling g(t) at the time st = nfs
Where n = 0, ? 1, ? 2, ….and fs = fo, fs = 2fo, fs = 3fo.
9. The signal g(t) =10 Cos (2?t) Cos (200?t) is sampled at the rate of 250 samples
per second.
Determine spectrum of sampled signal
What is Nyquist rate for the signal g(t) ?
10. A signal g(t) consist of two frequency components f1 = 3.9 kHz and f2 = 4.1 kHz
in such a relationship they cancel out each other when g(t) is sampled at the
instant t = 0,T,2T…. where T = 250 ? sec. The signal g(t) is defined by g(t) =
Cos [2?f1t + ?/2] + A Cos [2?f2 + ?]. Find the values of amplitude A and phase ?
of the second frequency component.
11. A signal x (t) = 2Cos 400?t + 6Cos 640?t is ideally sampled at fs = 500Hz. the
sampled signal is passed through on ideal low pass filter with cut of frequency
400Hz
Sketch the frequency spectrum of the sampled wave.
State what frequency components will appear at the output?
12. A wave form g(t) = 20 + 20 sin( 500?t + 300 ) is to be sampled periodically and
a) reproduced from the samples
Find the maximum allowable time interval between the samples.
How many sample values need to be stored in order to produce
one second of this waveform, if sampled according to the
result in (i).
13. Show that if the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the highest
message frequency , the message m(t) can be recovered from the natural sampled
signal xns (t) by low pass filtering.
14. Obtain an expression for Fourier transform of a sampled signals, assume flat top
sampling.
15. Find the spectrum of sampled signal xs (t) in terms of the spectrum of the message
m(t) and discuss the distortion in the recovered wave form if flat – top sampling
is used.
16. What is aperture effect ? How is it eliminated ? [Aug – 2002]
17. Explain how practical sampling is different from ideal sampling. [Aug 2003]
18. Describe in detail the process of amplitude modulation when rectangular pulse
h(t) is. Modulated by an input signal g(t). obtain the overall frequency domain
expression of the PAM signal. [Aug –2003]
19. The signals m1(t) = 10 Cos 100pt, m2(t) = 10 Cos 50pt are both sampled with fs
= 75kHz. Show that the two sequences of samples so obtained are identical.
20. A band pass signal m(t) with a spectrum shown in figure. Check the band pass
sampling theorem by sketching the spectrum of the ideally sampled signal ms(t)
when fs = 25, 45 and 50kHz. Indicate if and how the signal can be recovered.
i. m(f)
2. 20 10 0 10 20 f
21. Two analog signals m1(t) and m2(t) are to be transmitted over a common channel
by means of TDM. The highest frequency of m1(t) is 3kHz and that of m2(t) is
3.5kHz. What is the minimum value of the permissible sampling rate.
22. A signal m1(t) is band limited to 3.6kHz and three other signals m2(t), m3(t) and
m4(t) are band limited to 1.2kHz each.These signals are to be transmitted by
means of TDM.
a) Set up a scheme for accomplishing thus multiplexing requirement, with
each signal sampled at its Nyquist rate.
b)What must be the speed of the commutator in samples / sec)
b) Determine the minimum transmission band width of the channel
23. Voice signals are sampled uniformly and then time division multiplexed. The
sampling operation uses flat top samples with 1?sec duration. The multiplexing
operation includes provision for synchronization by adding an extra pulse of
appropriate amplitude are 1?sec duration. The highest frequency component of each
voice signal is 3.4kHz
c) a). Assuming a sampling rate of 8kHz. Calculate the spacing between
successive
pulses of the multiplexed signal.
d) b). Repeat (a), assuming the use of Nyquist rate sampling.
Waveform Coding Techniques
23. A sinusoidal signal is transmitted with PCM, a output SNR is required to be 55.8
dB. Find the number of representation levels required to achive this performance
24. For a voice signal of S(t) = 2 cos( 500?t),find the following
the S/N ratio in dB when it is required using 8 bit PCM. Find the
step size with same PCM
The number of bits of quantization needed to achive S/N ratio of
atleast 40 dB. Find the step size in this case also.
25. A Television signal with a band width of 4.2 MHz is transmitted using binary
PCM. The number of quantization levels is 512. Calculate the following
i) Code word length ii ) Transmission bandwidth iii)Final bit rate iv)( SNR)o
26. Explain the need for non uniform quantization.
27. Explain with relevant mathematical relations a DM transmitter and receiver.
28. A DM system is designed to operate at three times the Nyquist rate for a signal
with 3KHz bandwidth. The quantizing step size is 250mV.
Determine the maximum amplitude of a 1kHz input sinusoid for
which the delta modulator does not show slope overload.
Determine the post filtered output SNR for the signal of part (a)
29. Explain the working of the DPCM transmitter and receiver.
30. Derive an expression for SNR of DM system.
31. A DM system is tested with a 10KHZ sinusoidal system, 1 volt peak to peak at
the input. It is sampled at 10 times the Nyquist rate.
What is the step size required to prevent the slope overload.
What is the corresponding SNR?
32. What is the difference between PCM and DPCM?
33. What is delta modulation in terms of DPCM? With neat illustration explain how
DM provides a staircase approximation to the over sampled version of an input
baseband signal.
34. Explain briefly the following as applied to DM systems.
Slope overload distortion b) Granular noise
35. What is adaptive delta modulation? Explain the transmitter and receiver schemes
of an ADM system.
36. A given DM system operates with a sampling rate fs and a fixed size ? . If the
input to the system is m(t) = ? t for t > 0.
37. Determine the value of ? for which slope overload occurs.
38. If a sinusoidal signal m(t) = A cos ?m t is applied to delta modulator with step
size ?, Show that slope overload distortion will occur if
A > ? / ?m Ts where fs = 1 / Ts is the sampling frequency.
39. Consider a speech signal with a maximum frequency of 3.4 KHz and maximum
amplitude of 1 V. This speech signal is applied to a delta modulator with its bit
rate set at 20 Kbits/sec. Discuss the choice of an appropriate step size for the
modulator.
40. Write short notes on limitations of delta modulator.
Baseband shaping for Data Transmission
41. Explain Intersymbol interference (ISI) ?By drawing block diagram of a binary
base band transmission system. Also explain Nyquist solution used for curing ISI.
42. What is an equalizer ?Explain an adaptive equalizer?
43. Explain desirable properties of line code ?
44. Binary data is given by 101101 represent the data using i) RZpolar ii) NRZ
unipolar iii) RZ Bipolar iv) biphase format
45. What is correlative coding ?For input binary data 1011101 obtain the output of
precoder in a duo binary signaling and also the output of decoder
46. Explain and prove the Nyquist criterion for distortion less base band transmission
47. A computer gives a binary data at the rate of 56 kbps and is transmitted using base
band PAM system that is designed to have a raised cosine spectrum. Determine
transmission band width required for roll off rates i) ? = 0.25 ii) ?=0.75
48. Explain how an eye pattern is helpful in understanding ISI problems
Digital Modulation Techniques
49. Explain the working of a BPSK transmitter and receiver. What are the drawbacks
of the BPSK system?
50. Estimate the power spectral density of a BPSK signal
51. Describe the concept of MSK.Show the coded waveform for bits 00, 10, 11, and
01
52. Explain the following with reference to the digital modulation
53. i) QPSK ii) MSK iii) DPSK
54. What are the differences between the coherent and noncoherent modulation
techniques?
55. With a block diagram ,explain QPSK transmitter and receiver
56. With a neat diagram, explain how a coherent binary FSK wave can be generated
and detected
57. Obtain an expression for the probability of bit error of a binary ASK system
58. For an input stream of 110100011 explain the encoding and decoding process
when DPSK is used
59. Explain bit and frame synchronization
Detection and Estimation
60. Explain the concept of maximum likelihood estimation
61. Briefly explain the properties of matched filter.
62. Explain the function of a correlation receiver
63. Show that the impulse response of a matched filter is a time reversed and delayed
version of the input signal
64. Consider the signal S(t) shown in fig
S(t)
a /2
1. T/2 T
a /2
65. Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as a
function of time
66. Plot the matched filter output as a function of time
67. Describe how an optimum receiver is formulated. Derive the expression for
maximized output SNR
68. Obtain the output Fourier transform of a matched filter for a rectangular pulse
Spread Spectrum Techniques
69. What is spread spectrum technique ?How are they classified ?
70. Explain the working of direct sequence spread spectrum transmitter and receiver
71. Explain the following frequency hop spread spectrum systems
Slow frequency hopping ii) Fast frequency hopping
72. A slow FH / MHSK has the following parameters
No. of bits/MFSK symbol = 4
No. of MFSK symbols / hop = 5
73. Calculate the processing gain of the system
74. Explain the different types of ‘ JAMMERS’ encountered in practice
75. Discuss the advantages of fast frequency hopping over sloe frequency hopping
76. With a neat block diagram, explain the working of a working of a frequency
hopped transmitter – receiver combination