|





 

 

` By: Romeo Lepiten,

Lepiten, ECE

supplementary encoding by: Anthony Ross G. Naňas,

Naňas, ECT
¦

¦

À
¦


` As shown in figure (a), the anatomy of the
ear; the ear is composed of the outer,
middle, and inner ears.
` The pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum or
tympanic membrane are parts of the m

.. Sound transmitted through the air or

other medium reaches to the pinna and
continues through the  
m 
 and
strikes the
 
 


 
 
.. The
membrane is thus set into vibration.
¦


` The 
,, an air-
air-filled chamber, is
composed of three tiny bones call m 
m ..
` The ossicles are:
- the malleous (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
` The vibration of the tympanic membrane
is transmitted to the malleous, incus, and
stapes in the middle ear.
¦


` The semicircular canals and the cochlea
are parts of the inner ear, which contains
fluid called the  
 .. The
   
 provides the sense of
balance, and the m  contains the
organ of m

m
,, which is the sense organ of
hearing.
¦


` The figure below shows the cochlea being
straightened out,
¦


` The figure below shows the cochlea¶s cross
section,
¦


` The cross section shows a membrane
called M


M

,, the 

,, and the

m




m
..
` The cochlea is divided by the basilar
membrane into the  and m
..

` Between the tectoral and basilar
membranes are some 23,500 minute hair
cells.
¦


` The vibrations from the stapes are
transmitted to the inner ear through the
oval window, generating waves in the
perilymph fluid.
` The waves proceed from the oval window,
along the upper gallery, around the
cochleal apex, and through the lower
gallery, terminating at the m

m.


m.
` The waves cause displacement of the
basilar membrane, which, in turn, sways
the tiny hair cells to and fro, producing a
straining effect on the cells.
¦


` The straining produces a piezoelectric
effect, and the electricity being produced
is transmitted to the brain through the
auditory nerve, producing the perception
of hearing.
` The corresponding electric potential
produced is called the m  m



m  m


..
` As long as sound is not transmitted as a
sudden impact, the ear has the capability
to protect itself from intense noise by a
reflex action called  m 
 .

 .
¦


` This reflex is the stiffening of the tympanic
membrane by the action of the two small
muscles in the inner ear call the

m

 
 and the 
  . .
` The ear can detect sound pressures as low
as 2(10-5) Pa and, before experiencing
pain, to as high as 200 Pa.
¦



 ¦
¦
 
` simple animated demonstration

 

à
 






@hy do we study acoustics?

 
  À 





 










  
 
  


  


  
  


 



 
 

  


 


  


 





  




` 0t is the mental interpretation of the
auditory sensation produced by the
disturbance of air.
air.
` The normal, everyday sound being
heard is conglomeration of several
frequencies.. The audible range is from
frequencies
16 to 20,
20,000 Hz.
Hz.
` Sound below 16 Hz is called 
m

while sound above 20,000 Hz is called

m



` A sound is propagated through the air,

compression bands are formed.
formed. Compression
and rarefaction are disturbances over existing
conditions..
conditions

` Pressures are high in the compression band

and are lower in the rarefaction bands.
bands.

` @hat accounts for the propagation of sound is

the differential of those pressures above and
below existing atmospheric pressure.
pressure. @ithout
these differentials, no sound can be
transmitted, as ear will perceive no change.
change.
 




 




 


  




!
` Pressure

` Power

` 0ntensity
 2


 



2

 

` Plane acoustic waves are one

dimensional free progressive waves
traveling in the x-direction, assuming
no variation of pressure in the y or z
direction..
direction

` The wavefronts are infinite planes

perpendicular to the x-axis and they are
parallel to one another at all times
times..

À  

" # & $#" #

" #" %#

where:
c = speed of wave propagation
u = instantaneous displacement

À  

General Solution:

u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A e i (wt ± kx)
kx) +Be i (wt + kx)
kx)

or

u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A cos (wt ± kx)
kx) + B cos (wt + kx
kx))
À


2

 

a. Particle Displacement; u

u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A e i (wt ± kx)
kx) +Be i (wt + kx)
kx)

or

u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A cos (wt ± kx)
kx) + B cos (wt
+ kx)
kx)
À


2

 

b. Acoustic Pressure; P

"
2&  #
"%

 2




Considering wave motion along +x axis

P = Œ [ wcA sin ( wt ± kx)

kx)

where: [è density
w = 2 
2 f
A = displacement amplitude of the wave
k = wave number ; w/c

 2




Îaximum Differential Pressure; Pm

Pm = [ wcA
Effective Acoustic Pressure;

2
2
&
#

2

2

` The energy of an oscillating sound wave is composed of
kinetic and potential energies.
energies. @hen it is compressed, it
possesses potential energy

` @hen it is released against an object place on it, the

energy will be transformed to the object as kinetic
energy..
energy

` Neglecting friction, the resulting kinetic energy will be

equal to the original potential energy
2

Sound Power; Pw:

Pw = ½ S [ w2 cA2 watts
 
'


'

('
The intensity of sound waves is defined as the
average rate at which power is transmitted per
unit cross-
cross-sectional area in the direction of the
travel

'&
)
A 2 "
*



!

2
'&

'



2
'&

 ##
+
'&

 ##
'&+

!
2
#
'&

'



` Total 0ntensity: 0T

0T = 01 + 02 + 03 + . . . + 0n

` Total Pressure: PT

PT2 = P12 + P22 + P32 + «+ Pn2









` The speed of a wave is the

distance that a disturbance travels
per unit time

` The speed of a particular type of

wave depends on the properties of
the medium in which the wave
travels



  

& "2




!"& 


  
 








2&




’



At room temperature and standard
atmospheric pressure, the speed of
sound in air is ë
 and
increases approximately   for
each degree centigrade rise, and
expressed as

$&#*)
&
 *,


 - 
!

& .

B = bulk modulus
[  density


 /  
!

& )
,

‰ = compressibility in m sec2/ kg


  

& 0


* = *oung¶s modulus
[ density
density
o
 

   

Liquid Temperature Velocity (m/s) x

(0C) 10 3
alcohol, ethyl 12.5 1.24
20 1.17
Îercury 20 1.45
Petroleum 15 1.33
@ater, sea(36
parts/thousan 15 1.505
d salinity)
  

Velocity of sound in some common solid
materials
Îaterials Velocity (m/s) Velocity (ft/s)
@ood 3300 10825
Brick 3600 11800
Concrete 3700 12100
Steel 4900 1600
Glass 5000 16400
Aluminum 5800 1900

1
! 


 


% 






 

 









 
2





2



/


2



!
` Gm
  at a point in sound
field; is the alternating component of
the pressure at the point
` Ënit: N/m2 or Pascal (Pa)

2



/

!
2 G




G



#*
 


  


)*
 

34















#%)*5 16#
 #
2/&#* 2 &)* 2
2 
2



!2&34




16#
2*&









&#%)*5 16# 2
2

&****#7
&#*896#
'



'

/


'


` Gm




 is the sound energy
flux through a unit area, normal to that
direction


   



  





'&
 (6#
:;#
'



for sound produced at ground level

'&
 (6#
# #

' 2 #
'/ &)* 
'
&)* 
2
&2/

'<2#



' &

 

6#
&)*)# 6#
2


2
/


2


`
 mof a source; is the total
Gm
 mof
sound energy radiated per unit time

2
/


2 G

 





)*
 


  


)*
 














)*)# 
 
2/&)* 

2/&)*  =)#*



&

 

&






&)*)#
3
 2/2/

` åor sound coming from a point

source (isotropic) in free space

G
 
 
 


2 -

 


G
 
 
 

 

2


The maximum differential pressure that the ear can tolerate in loud
sounds is 28 N/m2. @hat is the amplitude for sound in air at
frequency of 1000 Hz? Assume bulk modulus and density equal to
1.42 x105 N/m2 and 1.23 kg/m3 for air respectively.
respectively. @hat are the
rms pressure and intensity?

!
> à
&
? 2
2
&
& ):#%)*5 #
#8
)#@ 2
&
  #


2&? 
2
#
'& ?
& 2
)98#
?  '&
)#@@:*
& #8
@:*)#@#;)*** 
Determine the value of the bulk modulus for water from the
60.4 m in 4x10-2 sec in
experimental evidence that sound travels 60.
water of density 1x103 kg/m3.

!

>
&
?

& A*:
:%)*#

 

> &# 

> &)5)%)*@)%)*@

U  

*oung¶s modulus of copper is 12.2x1010 Pa. and the density of
copper is 8900 kg/m3. Calculate the speed of sound in copper

!

0
&
?

& )##%)*)*
89**

 
The intensity of sound at construction site is 0.10 @/m2.
Assuming that the are of the eardrum is 0.20 cm2, how much
sound energy is absorbed by one ear in an 8 hour work day

!

2

'

&



À
 
2
&
 

À
'

&


À& @A**


*)*#*%)*: #8
)
À
The density of sound in air is given at 1.21 kg/m3 and a velocity
of 344 m/sec for a pressure of 30 N/m2. Calculate its intensity.

!

2#
'

&
#? 

@*#
'

&
#)#)@::


Sound source radiates uniformly in all directions in air at 20 °C.
At a distance of 80 m from the source, the sound level is 80 dB.
The frequency is 440 Hz. @hat is the displacement amplitude?

!

&#*)#*=#F@&@::):
&8*
0/ &8*.
0
0/ &)*
0B
0 &C  0/6)*D0B&C  8*6)*D)E)*)#
0 &)E)*: 6#

0 &)6#[ # #


&#0 6[ #  ß à] ]
By what factor must the pressure amplitude of the sound wave
be increased in order to increase the intensity by a factor of 9?

!
2
#
0&
# 90 &0
@2
2

 
$ 2
&
#
2
2 ß  
 


&
  
@ #
 


)6@2
#
0&
#
2
# 2
#
0& (
 0 &
9# #
 0f the pressure amplitude of a sound wave is doubled, by what
factor does the intensity of the wave increase?
!
2


0 &G
0 &H0
#2
2
& 2 0 0
# (
 2
&
#
2
&#2

2
&+2

ß  


  


2
#
0&
#

2
# 2
#
+2
# & (
 0 &
0& :# #
#
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 400 Hz, a wave speed of
344 m/s and a displacement amplitude of 0.0075 mm. Calculate
the sound intensity level.

!
0
&:**¦ 0/ &)*
)%)*)#
&@::6

&***F5 ***F5
0/ &)*
)%)*)#
0 &+o # #
0

0 &+)#@#a %:**# @::***F5#
0 &**F56#
The threshold of pain has a sound intensity level of 120 dB. @hat
is the equivalent sound intensity?

!

0/ &)#*.

0
0/ &)*
)%)*)#

0 &C  )#*6)*D)%)*)# 

0 
åor a steel rod, *oung¶s modulus is 2 x 1011 Pa and a density of
7.8 x 103 kg/m3. @hat is the speed of sound in the steel rod?

!

0
&
?

& #*%)*))
F8%)*@

 
A sound wave in air has a displacement amplitude of 0.0140
mm. Calculate the pressure amplitude for frequency at 500 Hz.

!

2 &o 
2 &)#@#a %5**@@***):*%)*@ 

   
A jet aircraft produces a sound of 140 dB intensity at a distance
of 100 ft. How far away is the intensity at 90 dB?

!

0/ &):*.(&)**$ @*:8
0/ &2/&2/I #*  ))
):*&2/I #* @*:8 ))
2/&)8*A8.
9*.
9*&2/I #*  ))
&  C9*I )8*A8=))6#*D
  

A sound intensity level of 55 dB is produced by 10 flutes. @hat is
the number of flutes needed to produce a level of 65 dB under
the same circumstance?

!
0/ &55.)*

(


 0/ &A5.G
0
0/ &)*
)%)*)# J0/ &A5.
0 0

55&)* A5&)*
)%)*)# )%)*)#
0 &C  556)*D)%)*)# 0
&C  A56)*D)%)*)#
0&0 &@)A#%)*9 6# 
)*

0&0
&@)A%)*A 6# 
G

362(
0 @)A#%)*9 6#
&
0
@)A%)*A 6#




A note of frequency 300 vibrations per second has an intensity of
1 ]@/m2. @hat is the amplitude of the air vibrations caused by
the sound?

!
&@** 6

0 &) ]6#

0 &+o # #

&C#)%)*A D6C)#@#a %@**# @@*

à 
 
à 
  





 




1. Pitch
Pitch is that attribute of auditory
sensation in terms of which sound may
be ordered on a scale primarily related to
frequency..
frequency

The pitch of a sound depends upon the

frequency of vibration:
vibration: the higher the
frequency, the higher the pitch pitch.. The
subjective unit of pitch is Î
Î.. 1000 Î
is the pitch of 1000 Hz tone at a
sensation level of 40 db
M. Timbre
Timbre is the quality of a sound related
to its harmonic structure.
structure.
Pure tone is a sound composed of only
one frequency in which the sound
pressure varies sinusoidally with time
time..

Musical Sounds (tones) are composed of

the fundamental frequency and integral
multiple of fundamental frequency
(harmonics)

Octave ( a musical terminology) refers to

a pitch interval at 2:1. The tone whose
frequency is twice that of the given tone
ë. Loudness

Loudness is the brain¶s perception of the

magnitude of the sound level.
level.

Loudness level is measured by the sound

pressure level of a standard pure tone of
specified frequency which is assessed by
normal observes of being equally loud.
loud.
Ë 


/

 m
- loudness of a tone which when heard at
1000Hz and the sound pressure level in the free
progressive wave above 20 µPa.

M Gm
 ± the loudness of 40 phon¶s made arbitrarily
equal to unity and is expected as

&#2  :*6)*

1
! 
’   
  

 
   
  

À%

@hat is the sum of two 40 phons sound pressure

level

40 phons = 1 sone
2 sones = 1 sone + 1 sone
2 sones = 40 phons + 40 phons

s = 2(P
(P--40)/10

2 = 2(P
(P--40)/10

P = 50 phons

40 phons + 40 phons = 50 phons

 





 



1. Transmission of Sound Through Two Îedia:

Reflected @ave

0ncident @ave Transmitted @ave

Îedium 1 Îedium 2

at x = 0
P1 = P2
and
V1 = V2
 




Acoustic Pressure: P

& [ $
2 #" 

"%
on medium 1:

2) &  [
$)#" )
"%
 




u 1 = A0 e i (wt ± k x) + AR e i (wt + k x)
1 1
w
but k1 = C
1

2) &  [
#
$) "K 'A0 e i (wt ± k1x) + AR e i (wt + k1x)]

"%
at x=0

2) & [
$) e wt (A0 ± AR)

 




on medium 2:

2# &  [M $##" #
"%
i (wt ± k x) w
u2 = AT e 2 ;but k2 = C2

e i (wt ± k x)]
2# &  [M 'AT
$##"K 2

"%
 




at x=0
2# & [M $# w AT e wt

equate P1 = P2

[
$) w e wt (A0 ± AR) & [M $# w AT e wt

1
[
$) (A0 ± AR) & [M $# AT
velocity: v
v & " 
"
 



on medium 1:
" )
v1 & "
" 'A0 e i (wt ± k x) + AR e i (wt + k x)]
& "
1 1

v1 & Y w A 0e i (wt ± k1x) + Y w AR e i (wt + k x)]

1
at x = 0
v1 & Y w e i w t (A0 + AR)
on medium 2:
v2 & " #
"
" 'AT e i (wt ± k x)]
& "
2
&YwA T e i (wt ± k x)
2

at x = 0
v2 & Y w AT e i w t
 




equate v1 = v2
Ywe iwt (A0 + AR) &YwA T e iwt

(A0 +A ) &A
R T
2

Acoustic 0mpedance: Z
- the ratio (real or complex) of pressure and
its velocities.

L &
2
o
L & [ $(

 




substitute Z and eqn 2 in eqn 1:

[
$) (A0 ± AR) & [M $# w AT

Z) (A0 ± AR) & L# (A0 + AR)
Z)A0 ± Z1AR & L#A0 + Z2AR
A0 (Z1± Z2) & AR (Z1+ Z2)
AR (Z1± Z2)
&
A0 (Z1+ Z2)
 




from eqn 2:
2¶
AT - A0 &A R

substituting eqn 2¶ in eqn 1:

AT 2 Z1 2´
&
A0 (Z1+ Z2)
 




0. Sound Reflection & Transmission

Coefficients:

1. Sound Reflection Coefficient; ör

reflected sound energy
ör &
incident sound energy
 



 ##
'&+
for reflected wave:
 #)3#
+
'3 &

for incident wave:

 #)0#
'0 &+
 #)3# ( 3
+
ör &  )0
+ # #
& 0
)2

Z1± Z2
ör & 'Z +Z ]
1 2
2
 




1. Sound Transmission Coefficient; öT

transmitted sound energy
öT &
incident sound energy

for transmitted wave:

' &
#
 ## #
+
 # #    # but,
+
# # # #
öT & +#
) )0 #
& ) )0# L&[$
 



from 2´,
L# # AT 2 Z1
öT & A0
&
L)0# (Z1+ Z2)

L# #L) #
öT & ( )
L) L)=L#
:L) L#
öT &
L)=L##

Transmission Loss; TL
' ) )
TL & 10 log & 10 log
öT & 10 log
' ' öT
'
 




Transmission of Sound; TL

)
TL & 10 log
öT
 



00. åor Normal 0ncidence at Surface of
Solids:
Solid Surface

0ncident @ave

Îedium 1 Îedium 2
 




(rn - )c1)2 + Xn2

ör &
(rn + ) c1)2 + Xn2

4 ) c1 rn
öa &
(rn + ) c1)2 + Xn2

where:
rn = resistive component of Zn
Xn = reactive component of Zn
Zn = rn + jXn
 





000. åor transmission of Sound @aves from

one fluid to another at oblique
incidence:
0nterface

0ncident @ave

Îedium 1 Îedium 2
 




R2 cos LJi ± R1 cos LJT 2
ör &( )
R2 cos LJi + R1 cos LJT

4 R1R2 cos LJi cos LJT

öa &
(R2 cos LJi + R1 cos LJT)2

where:
LJi = angle of incidence
LJT = angle of refraction
 




0V. åor sound waves in air striking at

oblique incidence on the surface of a
normally reacting solid:
Solid

0ncident @ave

Îedium 1 Îedium 2
 




(rn cos LJi ± R1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi

ör &
(rn cos LJi + R1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi

4 R1rn cos LJi
öa &
(rn cos LJi + R1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi

where:
rn = resistive component of Zn
Xn= reactive component of Zn
LJi = angle of incidence
 




V. Transmission of sound through three

mediums

Îedium 1 Îedium 2 Îedium 3

 



4 R1 R3
öa & R1 R3
(R1R3)2 cos2 k2L + (R2 + R2
) sin2 k2L

L = thickness of medium 2
k2 = wave no. of medium 2
@
= c 2

)
TL & 10 log
öT
 

2


Sound waves in air with an intensity of 0.02
@/m2 is incident normally on a boundary.
boundary. @hat
is the absorption of the boundary if the reflected
sound intensity is 0.005 @/m2?
0.005 @/m2 interface

!
0.02 @/m2

0a
Ñ &
0i
0a & 0i - 0r
& 0.02 I 0.005
0a & 0.015 @/m2
0.015
Ñ &
0.02
Ñ & 0.75
A beam of sound waves is incident normally on a
plane interface of air & an unknown body.
body. 0f half
of the sound energy is reflected, what is the
impedance of the unknown body?
interface

!
air unknown body

- ! L  &[air$ 
&)#)@:)
L  &412.61 rayls 2

( )
Z1± Z2
ö & *5 ; but, ö &
Z1+ Z2

( )
412.61 ± Z2 r
2
*5 &
412.61 + Z2

L# & F*F9

An acoustic tile panel has a normal specific acoustic
impedance of 1000 ± j1300 rayls.
rayls. Calculate the sound
transmission and reflection coefficients for plane acoustic
waves in air incident normally of the surface of the tile
panel..
panel
solid surface
! (tile panel)

air

(rn - )c1)2 + Xn2

ör & ; 1c1 = Zair = 412.61 rayls
(rn + ) c1)2 + Xn2
(1000 ± 412.61)2 + (-1300)2
&
(1000 + 412.61)2 + (-1300)2

ör & 0.55
öa + ör & 1
öa & 1 - ö
& 1 ± 0.55
öa & 0.45
Plane acoustic waves in air strike the surface of
an acoustic tile panel having an impedance of
1000 ± j1300 rayls.
rayls. åind the reflection coefficient
for an angle incidence at 80°
80°.
!
(rn cos LJi ± 1c1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi
ör &
(rn cos LJi + 1c1)2 + Xn2 cos2
LJi
(1000 cos 80° ± 412.61)2 + (-1300)2 cos2 80°
&
(1000 cos 80° + 412.61)2 + (-1300)2 cos2 80°
ör & 0.27
Plane acoustic wave in water is incident normally on the
surface of a large steel plate of thickness 0.02m
02m. 0f the
frequency of the wave is 3khZ, find the transmission loss
through the steel into water on the opposite sides
sides..

! -
! - !
L&1.48 x 106 
L&39 x 106 

steel $&5050 6



3) &3¦#B &3@
H2O H2O
3# &



L = 0.02m

4 R1 R3
öa &
R 1R 3
(R1R3)2 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
4 R12
öa &
2 R 12
4R1 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
 ! 4 R12
öa &
2 R 12
4R1 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
@ 2  (3000)
k2 & &
c2 5050
k2 & 3.73 rad/m

4 (1.48 x 106)2
öa &
(1.48 x 106)2
4(1.48 x 106)2 cos2 (3.73)(0.02) + (3.9 x 106 + ) sin2 (3.73)(0.02)
(3.90 x 106)

öa & 0.5
)
TL & 10 log
öT
)
TL & 10 log
0.5
TL & 3.01 dB
 3

 

3
 

Room Acoustics is concerned with the behavior
of sound within an enclosure space with a
view obtain the optimum acoustic effect on
the occupants

3
 


!
) 







4

  








 










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Room åunction Reverberation

Time

Recording and Broadcast studios 0.45 ± 0.55

Elementary Classrooms 0.60 ± 0.80
Playhouses, 0ntimate Drama Production 0.90 ± 1.10
Lecture and Conference Rooms 0.90 ± 1.10
Cinema 0.80 ± 1.20
Small Theaters 1.20 ± 1.40
High School Auditoriums 1.50 ± 1.60
General Purpose Auditoriums 1.60 ± 1.80
Churches (Cathedrals) 1.40 ± 3.40
3


  

@hen a sound is emitted in a closed

environment such as a room or auditorium it
takes a certain amount of time for the intensity
of sound to dissipate.
dissipate. This is because the sound
reflects off the walls and the people and objects
in the room, and dies down only as a
consequence of the absorption of some of the
energy by each object at each reflection.
reflection.

M
  
is defined as the time it
takes for the intensity of a given steady sound to
drop 60 dB from the time the sound source is
shut off.
off.
Reverberation time depends on the total
acoustic energy pervading the room, the
surface areas of the absorbing material and
their absorption coefficient.
coefficient.

A formula that gives good estimates of the

Reverberation time is given by:
by:

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Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
Snowball¶s Law
"M
’M
" growth

"M
= = M
" decay

Let E = sound energy unabsorbed

"À
’À
"
"À
=  À
"
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
"À
=  ˜t
"
0ntegrate:

A À
"À
À A
=  ˜t
§

À
ln E |À = - k t |§
ln E ± ln Eo = - k t
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
E
ln =-kt
Eo
E

eln Eo
= e-kt
E 1
lne = e-k t
Eo
E
= e-k t 1

Eo
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
by definition:
E -6
= 10
Eo
@hen sound wave is transmitted, the sound energy
left after the first reflection is,

E = Eo ± Eoa
E = Eo(1 ± a)
åor n reflections: the sound energy left is,
E = Eo(1 ± a)n
E
= (1 ± a)n 2

Eo
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
velocity; V
d
V=
t
d=Vt
V = Cair = 341 m/sec
d = (341) t
åor n reflections: the distance covered is,

n d = (341) t
(341) t
n=
d
equate: eqn 1 = eqn 2
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
e-kt = (1-a)n
ln e-kt = ln (1-a)n
-kt ln e 1= n ln (1-a)
-kt
n=
ln (1-a)
(341) t -k t
=
d ln (1-a)

-341 ln (1-a)
k=
d
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
Also, in mathematics:
4V
d=
s
V = volume of the room
s = surface area of the room
substitute k in eqn 1:
-341 s ln (1-a)
10-6 = e ±' 4V
]t
1 -341 s ln (1-a)
ln (10-6) = ln e ±' 4V
]t

-341 s ln (1-a)
-13.82 = 4V t
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
0.16 V
t= ; sec $ metric dimension
-s ln (1-a)

translate:
Cair = 341 m/sec $ ft/sec
= 341 m/sec (3.28 ft/m)
Cair = 1118.5 ft/sec

-1118.5 s ln (1-a)
-13.82 = 4V t
0.049 V
t= ; sec $ english dimension
-s ln (1-a)
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:

let: € sĮ = s ln (1-a)
0.16 V
t=
€ sĮ

&
0.049 V
t=
€sĮ

€sĮ = s1a1 + s2a2 + . . . + snan

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reverberation time computation)

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A lecture room has a volume at 15,15,000 m3 if it has 1000
m2 of acoustic (Į=0.6), 2400 m2 at plaster (Į=0.03),
03), 1000
2
m at concrete (Į=0.02), 2
02), and 4000 m of wood (Į=0.05 05)).
åind the reverberation time of the room.
room.

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A lecture room has a volume at 15,
m2 of acoustic (Į=0.6), 2400 m2 at plaster (Į=0.03),
03), 1000
2
m at concrete (Į=0.02), 2
02), and 4000 m of wood (Į=0.05 05)).
åind the reverberation time when it holds 200 people.
people.

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 åind the optimum reverberation time of 500Hz500Hz of a living room
20ft
20 ft long, 13ft
13ft wide & 8 ft high with a plaster ceiling (Į=0.02
02)), a
carpeted floor (Į=0.3), a wood-wood-paneled sidewall (Į=0.12 12)) &
opposite glass wall (Į=0.03 03)), an end wall of medium drapery
(Į=0.4) & a brick fireplace (Į=0.02)
02) for the other wall.
wall.

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 A shower room has a dimension of 5x4x3 m. All the walls
are at tile, and the door has the same absorption
coefficient as tile (Į=0.03
03)). åind the reverberation time if
one man is showering and singing ³my way´.
way´.

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A further correction need to be added for higher
frequency to allow for air absorption, reverberation
time may be expressed as,

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 X per m3 at a temperature of 20°
20°C

årequency 30% RH 40% RH 50% RH 60% RH 70% RH 80% RH

(Hz) X 10-3 X 10-3 X 10-3 X 10-3 X 10-3 X 10-3

1000 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28

2000 1.48 8.2 8.2 6.56 6.56 6.56

4000 39.36 29.52 22.96 19.68 16.4 16.4

p.H. = relative humidity

 

2


 Calculate the amount of absorption contributed at 2000Hz
2000Hz by
the 30,
30,000m 3
000m of air at a cathedral when the relative humidity is
60%
60%. 0f its reverberation time empty at 2000Hz
2000Hz is 4seconds, find
the number of square meters of absorbent in the structure.
structure.
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1. Direct åield Sound 0ntensity : 0D

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How much acoustic power must a public address system be able
to put out in order to create SPL = 100 dB for a musical show in
a 105 m3 auditorium with reverberant time of 1.2 sec.
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reverberation time of 1.2 sec and moderately vigorous
speaking voice can produce acoustic power on the order of
100 µ@?

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Choose the number, type, and location of the speakers
as well as the amplifier rating for a factory sound
system.. The factory floor served by the system is 80ft
system 80ft
(24
24..4m) long and 100ft
100ft (30.
30.5m) wide.
wide. 0t is desired to
use the public-
public-address system for both voice and music
amplification..
amplification
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How Speakers @ork

image above shows a basic speaker and

its parts as well as its cross-section
How Speakers @ork

A speaker is essentially the final translation machine -- the reverse of the microphone. 0t
takes the electrical signal and translates it back into physical vibrations to create sound
waves. The voice coil is a basic electromagnet. Running electrical current through the wire
creates a magnetic field around the coil, magnetizing the metal it is wrapped around. The
field acts just like the magnetic field around a permanent magnet: 0t has a polar orientation
-- a "north" end and a "south" end -- and it is attracted to iron objects. But unlike a
permanent magnet, in an electromagnet you can alter the orientation of the poles. 0f you
reverse the flow of the current, the north and south ends of the electromagnet switch.
This is exactly what a stereo signal does -- it constantly reverses the flow of electricity.
À%




1. The lower the frequency of the
wave,

a ) the higher its velocity

c) the smaller its amplitude
b) the longer its wavelength
d) the shorter its period
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