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Telecom Israel

Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understand HSPA:
High-Speed Packet Access For UMTS

Understanding HSPA Page 1

Telecom Israel
About QUALCOMM University Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

QUALCOMM University (“QU”) offers the advanced technology


training solutions you need to stay on the cutting edge of wireless
technology.
Visit the QU website for more information about individual training
products, international training centers, and distance learning
opportunities, along with a complete list of classes—all developed by
QUALCOMM, the pioneers of CDMA.
QUALCOMM University: www.qualcommuniversity.com
QUALCOMM: www.qualcomm.com
Understanding HSPA Page 3

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Telecom Israel
Where Can I Learn More? Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Want to learn more?


QUALCOMM University offers additional in-
depth technical training related to this course.
To learn more about this or related topics, sign
up for the following courses.

• WCDMA HSDPA: Protocols


and Physical Layer (1 day)
• WCDMA HSUPA: Protocols
and Physical Layer (1 day)
To check out the schedules for these courses
and enroll, go to:
www.qualcommuniversity.com
Understanding HSPA Page 4

Telecom Israel
UMTS Courses from QUALCOMM University Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

For the latest information on all QUALCOMM University courses, visit www.qualcommuniversity.com.
Understanding HSPA Page 6

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Telecom Israel
Tutorial Objectives Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

¾ Provide telecommunication professionals with the basic


understanding of HSPA, the high speed packet access
technologies (HSDPA, HSUPA), and related applications,
network architecture, and deployments.
¾ The talk will present:
¾ the market drivers for UMTS HSPA
¾ the basic enabling techniques and terminology associated
with HSPA
¾ the basic operations of HSPA
¾ the HSPA implementation and performances

Understanding HSPA Page 7

Telecom Israel
Market Drivers Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HSPA Motivations

Understanding HSPA Page 8

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Telecom Israel
3G Enables Wider Options of Services Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Increasing Wireless Internet Traffic


Entertainment
Demands Higher Data Rates
Audio on demand
Video on demand
Games on demand
Network Games Business
Reservation services Workgroups
Remote LAN access
Videoconferencing

Information
Database access
E-mail/Fax/Web
Location Based Services
Emergency Call Locating
Safety Credit verification …and many
Financial others
Stock trading
Education
Wireless banking
Remote learning
Financial news
Remote library access
Interactive shopping
Remote language laboratory
E-commerce

Understanding HSPA Page 9

Telecom Israel
3G (IMT-2000) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Key Features:
• Commonality
• Compatibility
Global Roaming • High quality
• Small terminals
• Worldwide roaming
More Capacity, High Speed Data • Multimedia
CDMA2000 1x • Wide range of services
Medium Speed Data
CDMA2000 1xEV
Capacity/Quality WCDMA
cdmaOne
IS-95B
Roaming Multi-Mode
TDMA cdmaOne
Mobility IS-95A GPRS Multi-Band
GSM
AMPS PDC Multi-Network
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (IMT-2000)

Time

IMT-2000 aims to achieve Anywhere, Anytime Communications


Understanding HSPA Page 10

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Telecom Israel
3G Enables Advanced Data Services Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

3G
ƒ MM streaming
ve d
ƒ MM sharing
ƒ Wireless Evol HSDPA/HSUPA
HSDPA/HSUPA
Broadband Access
ƒ Interactive Gaming (Rel5
(Rel5 // Rel6)
Rel6)
ƒ VoIP with AMR-WB
Spectral Efficiency

ƒ Rich Voice
ƒ Video Telephony WCDMA
WCDMA (R99)
(R99) Voice & High Speed Data

ƒ Push-to-Talk
ƒ Customized
Infotainment EDGE
EDGE
ƒ Multimedia Medium Speed Data
Messaging
GPRS
GPRS

ƒ Text Messaging
ƒ Speech
GSM
GSM Voice & Limited Data

Data Services Peak Data Rate


Evolution

Understanding HSPA Page 12

Telecom Israel
HSPA for Higher Speed Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

What are the requirements for HSPA?


• Data Rate
– Demand for higher peak
data rates
• Delay
– Lower latency
• Capacity
– Better capacity and throughput
– Better spectrum efficiency
– Finer resource granularity
• Coverage
– Better coverage for higher data
rate

Understanding HSPA Page 13

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Telecom Israel
UMTS Data Rate Evolution Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Uplink Peak Data Rate Dow nlink Peak Data Rate


(Typical Deployment) (Typical Deployment)
GSM 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps
GPRS 20 kbps 40 kbps
EDGE 60 kbps 120 kbps
W CDMA Release 99 64 kbps 384 kbps
HSDPA - Release 5 384 kbps 10 Mbps*
HSUPA - Release 6 1.4 Mbps (early deployment) 10 Mbps

Understanding HSPA Page 14

Telecom Israel
Applications Benefiting from HSPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Voice-over-IP (VoIP)
- Low latency, Quality of Service (QoS) control, fine resource
granularity and improved capacity
Delay
Sensitive Video Telephony (in Packet Switched domain)
– Error - Low latency, Quality of Service (QoS) control, high data rates
and improved coverage and capacity
Tolerant
Gaming
- Low latency, fast resource allocation

Video Share / Picture Share


- High Uplink data rates and improved coverage
Delay and capacity
Tolerant File Uploading (large files)
– Error - High Uplink data rates and improved coverage
Sensitive and capacity

Understanding HSPA Page 15

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Telecom Israel
Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Part I:
Understanding
HSDPA

Understanding HSPA Page 18

Telecom Israel
Review - UMTS Network Architecture Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Node
B Iub
Node
B Iups
RNC SGSN GGSN Internet
Node
B
Node
Mobile B HLR/
USIM Iur
Equipment AuC
Uu Node
B
User Iub
Equipment Node
B Iucs MSC/ PSTN/
RNC GMSC ISDN
Node VLR
B
Node
Core Network
B
UTRAN

Understanding HSPA Page 19

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Telecom Israel
Review - UMTS Protocol Stack Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Circuit Switched Packet Switched

Connection Management (CM) Session Management (SM)

Non- Call Control Supplementary Short Message Short Message


Access (CC) Services (SS) Services (SMS) Services (SMS)
Stratum

Mobility Management GPRS Mobility


(MM) Management (GMM)

Radio Resources Control (RRC)


Access
Stratum
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Layer 2
Medium Access Control (MAC)

Physical Layer (L1)

Understanding HSPA Page 20

Telecom Israel
Review - Release 99 Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 21

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Telecom Israel
Review – RRC Modes and States Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

UTRAN Connected Mode


Channels: PCH, No Uplink Channels: PCH, No Uplink
Mobility: URA Update URA_PCH CELL_PCH Mobility: Cell Update
Calls: PS (no data transfer) Calls: PS (no data transfer)
DRX Mode DRX Mode

Channels: Downlink DCH, Uplink Channels: FACH, RACH


DCH CELL_DCH Mobility: Cell Update
CELL_FACH
Mobility: Handover Calls: PS
Calls: PS, CS Dedicated logical channels, but
common transport and physical
channels
Release RRC Release RRC
Connection
No DRX Mode
Connection Establish RRC
Establish RRC
Connection Connection
Channels: PCH, No Uplink
Idle Mode Mobility: Location/Routing Area Update
(Camping on a UTRAN cell) Calls: None, PS call might be in “context
preserved” state
DRX Mode

Understanding HSPA Page 22

Telecom Israel
Release 99 Principles Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How is Packet Data Managed in Release 99?


• DCH (Dedicated Channel)
– Spreading codes assigned per user
– Closed loop power control
– Macro diversity
• FACH (Common Channel)
– Common spreading code
– Header defines user
– No closed loop power control
• DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)
– not implemented for FDD
– Common spreading code shared by many users
– User assignment by Physical Layer signaling
– Closed loop power control with DPCH

Understanding HSPA Page 23

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Telecom Israel
DCH/FACH Comparison Summary Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How do we do Packet Data in Release 99


Mode DCH FACH
Channel Type Dedicated Common
Closed Inner Loop None or slow
at 1500 Hz - (based on
Power Control
Slower Outer measurement
Loop report)
Soft Handover Supported Not Supported
Setup Time High Low
Suitability for Bursty Data Poor Good

Data Rate Medium Low


Radio Performance Good Poor

Understanding HSPA Page 24

Telecom Israel
What will HSDPA Address? Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Release 99 Downlink Limitations


• Limited Peak Data Rate
– Maximum implemented Downlink of 384 kbps
• Capacity and Throughput
– Modulation and coding
‹ QPSK
‹ Convolution coding (R=1/2, 1/3) or turbo coding (R=1/3)
– Link adaptation due to channel conditions
‹ Fast closed inner loop power control, but
‹ Slower outer loop

• Minimum TTI of 10 ms
• Slow Rate and Type Switching

Understanding HSPA Page 37

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Telecom Israel
HSDPA Goals Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

9 Higher Data Rate


9 Higher User / Cell Throughput
9 Lower Latency

Understanding HSPA Page 38

Telecom Israel
HSDPA Enabling Technologies Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How will HSDPA address the limitations of Release 99?


• Extension of DSCH
• Multi-Code operation
• Adaptive modulation and coding
– QPSK and 16-QAM
– Coding from R=1/3 to R=1
– Fast feedback of channel condition
• Improve transmission efficiency
– Fast retransmission and Physical Layer HARQ
• Fast resource management
– Node B scheduling
• Reduce transmission latency
– 2 ms TTI

Understanding HSPA Page 39

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Telecom Israel
Common Channel for Data Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Common Channel for data transfer using


the HS-PDSCH

HS-
PDS
C H

Understanding HSPA Page 40

Telecom Israel
Multi-Code Operation Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Fixed Spreading Factor SF=16


– (Typical Spreading Factor for 128 kbps in Release 99)

• 1-15 codes can be reserved for HS-PDSCH


• Can be TDM or CDM between users

Up to 15 codes
reserved for
HS-PDSCH
transmission

2 ms (3 slots)
User #1 User #2 User #3 User #4
Understanding HSPA Page 41

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Telecom Israel
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Coding from R=1/3 to R=1


• HSPDA supports 16-QAM modulation
– 4 bits per symbol versus 2 bits per symbol with QPSK

Understanding HSPA Page 42

Telecom Israel
Link Adaptation versus Power Control Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Release 99
– Use fast power control with
fixed data rate (DCH)

• HSDPA
– Adapt the modulation and
coding to the link quality

Channel
Fast Link adaptation: quality (C/I)
Switching
Rate #3: e.g. 16-QAM, R=3/4
levels
Rate #2: e.g. QPSK, R=3/4
Rate #1: e.g. QPSK, R=1/2
Rate #2 Rate #1 Rate #2 Rate #3 Rate #2 Rate #1 Rate #2 time

Understanding HSPA Page 43

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Telecom Israel
Scheduling Comparison Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

RELEASE 99 RNC
Scheduling
RLC ARQ
Resource Allocation

RELEASE 5 (HSDPA)
RLC ARQ
Resource Allocation

RELEASE 5 (HSDPA)
Scheduling
Link Adaptation
HARQ Node B
Resource Allocation

Understanding HSPA Page 44

Telecom Israel
HSDPA Scheduling and Retransmissions Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Scheduling
– Done at the Node B
– No interaction with the RNC
– Based on channel quality feedback from the UE

• Retransmissions
– HARQ (link level retransmissions)
– Done at the Node B
– Based on UE feedback (ACK/NACK)
– Soft combining at the UE

Understanding HSPA Page 45

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Telecom Israel
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Scheme combining ARQ and Forward Error


Correction
• FEC decoding based on all unsuccessful
transmissions
• Stop-and-Wait (SAW) protocol
• Two basic schemes:
– Chase Combining
‹ same data block is sent at each retransmission
– Incremental Redundancy (IR)
‹ Additional Redundant Information sent at each retransmission

Understanding HSPA Page 46

Telecom Israel
HARQ – Illustration Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006
K

K
NA

NA

AC

ss
l
Fai

Pa

Understanding HSPA Page 47

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Telecom Israel
Comparison Summary Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Mode DCH FACH HSDPA


Channel Type Dedicated Common Common
Closed Inner Loop Fixed Pow er
Pow er Control at 1500 Hz - Slow None w ith link
Outer Loop adaptation
Soft Handover Supported Not Supported Not Supported
Suitability for Bursty Data Poor Good Good

Data Rate / Traffic Volumn Medium Low High

Understanding HSPA Page 48

Telecom Israel
UMTS Network Architecture with HSDPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Node
B Iub
Node
B Iups
RNC SGSN GGSN Internet
Node
B
Node
Mobile B HLR/
USIM Iur
Equipment AuC
Node
Uu B
User Iub
Equipment Node
B MSC/ PSTN/
RNC GMSC ISDN
Node Iucs VLR
Hardware and
B
Software Changes
Node
Core Network
Software Changes B
UTRAN

Understanding HSPA Page 49

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Telecom Israel
HSDPA Protocol Stack Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 50

Telecom Israel
HSDPA Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

New HSDPA Channels


Transport Channel
• High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
– Downlink Transport Channel
Physical Channels
• High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
– Downlink Control Channel

• High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel


(HS-PDSCH)
– Downlink Data Channel

• High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel


(HS-DPCCH)
– Uplink Control Channel

Understanding HSPA Page 51

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Telecom Israel
HSDPA Channels (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 52

Telecom Israel
HSDPA Operation Overview Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HSDPA Operation
HS-DPCCH 1. Each UE reports channel
HS-DSCH quality on HS-DPCCH.
HS-SCCH
P-CPICH
2. The Node B determines
3dTower.emf
which and when each UE is
Node B to be served.
H
H

SC
C

3. The Node B informs the UE


PC

- D
SC HS
D

to be served via HS-SCCH.


S-
H

H
C
H
S-

4. Then deliver the data to the


C
H

PI
C

UE via HS-DSCH.
P-

5. The UE sends feedback


(ACK/NAK) back to Node B
UE on HS-DPCCH.

Understanding HSPA Page 53

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Telecom Israel
HSDPA Channel Operation Timeline Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 54

Telecom Israel
HS-PDSCH Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)


• Carries UE data
• Up to 15 HS-PDSCH may be assigned simultaneously
– UE capability indicates maximum number of codes it supports
• Uses Spreading Factor = 16
Understanding HSPA Page 55

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Telecom Israel
HS-DPCCH Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

ACK/
NAK CQI
HS-DPCCH
Uplink Channel
2 ms
3 slots

High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel


(HS-PDCCH)
• 1st slot carries ACK or NAK for received HS-DSCH blocks
• 2nd and 3rd slots carry Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
– UE measures Downlink CPICH channel quality
– CQI indicates the highest data rate for error rate < 10%
– Frequency of CQI reports configured by UTRAN
• DTX during ACK/NAK and CQI slots if nothing to send
• Uses Spreading Factor = 256
Understanding HSPA Page 56

Telecom Israel
HS-SCCH Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)


• 1st part carries modulation information
– OVSF code assignment
– Modulation scheme
• 2nd part carries transport block size, Hybrid ARQ parameters
• UE Identity encoded over each part
– UE decodes each part independently
• UE assigned up to 4 HS-SCCHs to monitor
• Uses Spreading Factor = 128
Understanding HSPA Page 57

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Telecom Israel
Data Rate Example Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Question:
Assuming a transport block size of 320 bits, what HSDPA
data rate can be achieved by a single UE using the
channel allocation timing shown above?
Understanding HSPA Page 58

Telecom Israel
Data Rate Example (cont.) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Answer:
320 bits are transmitted every 10 ms, so the maximum
data rate is 32 kbps.

Understanding HSPA Page 59

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Telecom Israel
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How do we get from 32 kbps to 14.4 Mbps?


• Multi-code transmission
• Consecutive assignments using multiple Hybrid
Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) processes
• Lower coding gain
• 16-QAM

Understanding HSPA Page 60

Telecom Israel
Multi-code Transmission Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Data Rate with 15-code Multi-code


32 kbps X 15 = 480 kbps

Understanding HSPA Page 61

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Telecom Israel
Consecutive Assignments Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Data Rate with Consecutive Assignments


480 kbps X 5 = 2.4 Mbps

Understanding HSPA Page 62

Telecom Israel
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)


• Each HSDPA assignment is handled by a HARQ process
– HARQ Processes run in Node B and UE
– Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
– Number configured by Node B when HSDPA operations begin

• The UE HARQ process is responsible for:


– Attempting to decode the data
– Deciding whether to send ACK or NAK
– Soft-combining of retransmitted data

• The Node B HARQ process is responsible for:


– Selecting the correct bits to send according to the selected retransmission
scheme and UE capability

Understanding HSPA Page 63

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Telecom Israel
Lower Coding Gain Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

R=1/3 Turbo Coding and QPSK Modulation

Understanding HSPA Page 64

Telecom Israel
Lower Coding Gain (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Data Rate with Rate 1 Turbo Coding and QPSK Modulation


2.4 Mbps X 3 = 7.2 Mbps

Understanding HSPA Page 65

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Telecom Israel
16-QAM Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Data Rate with 16-QAM


7.2 Mbps X 2 = 14.4 Mbps

Understanding HSPA Page 66

Telecom Israel
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Review: How do we get to 14.4 Mbps?


• Multi-code transmission
– Node B must allocate all 15 OVSF codes of length
16 to one UE

• Consecutive assignments
– Node B must allocate all time slots to one UE
– UE must decode all transmissions correctly on the first transmission

• Lower Coding Gain


– Effective code rate = 1
– Requires very good channel conditions to decode

• 16-QAM
– Requires very good channel conditions

Understanding HSPA Page 67

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Telecom Israel
Inter-TTI Interval Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Inter-TTI Interval = 2
CQI ACK ACK ACK

HS-DPCCH

HS-SCCH

HS-PDSCH 1
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
HS-PDSCH N

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 ms
Understanding HSPA Page 69

Telecom Israel
Retransmissions Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

NAK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK


HS-DPCCH

HS-SCCH

HS-PDSCH 1
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
HS-PDSCH 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 ms

10 ms minimum retransmit interval


Understanding HSPA Page 70

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Telecom Israel
ACK/NAK Repetitions Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 71

Telecom Israel
Node B Implementation Considerations Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Node B Considerations
• OVSF Code Allocation
• Power Allocation
• CQI Report Processing
• Scheduler
• HSDPA Cell Re-pointing Procedure
• Compressed Mode

Understanding HSPA Page 72

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Telecom Israel
OVSF Allocation Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HS-SCCH

SCCPCH
Understanding HSPA Page 73

Telecom Israel
Node B Transmit Power Allocation Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006
Total available cell power
Total available cell power

Understanding HSPA Page 74

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Telecom Israel
CQI Report Processing Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• UE measures CPICH strength


– Measurement reference period is 3 slots, ending 1 slot before CQI is
sent
• UE reports index into CQI Table
– Highest data rate for which UE can guarantee error rate < 10%
• Node B may filter CQI reports
– Varying CQI means UE is in a fast changing environment
– Steady CQI means UE is in a stable environment

Understanding HSPA Page 75

Telecom Israel
Node B Scheduler Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Pure Time Division Multiplexing


User #1 User #2 User #2 User #3 User #1 User #4 User #4 User #2 User #1 15 codes
reserved for
HS-PDSCH
transmission
HS -DSCH TTI User #1 User #2
(3 slots = 2 ms) User #3 User #4

Combined Code and Time Division Multiplexing

User #1 User #2
User #3 User #4

Understanding HSPA Page 76

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Telecom Israel
HSDPA Cell Re-pointing Procedure Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 77

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Performance Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Maximum Theoretical Data Rate:


• 14.4 Mbps
– 15 codes
– 16QAM
– Consecutive assignments (Inter-TTI spacing of 1)
– Coding Rate of 1
Practical Peak Data Rate:
• 10.0 Mbps
– Full capability UE
– Good RF conditions (High Cell Geometry)
– Single UE
• Dedicated HSDPA carrier

Understanding HSPA Page 79

30
Telecom Israel
Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Part II:
Understanding
HSUPA

Understanding HSPA Page 80

Telecom Israel
Release 99 Uplink Packet Data Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How is Uplink Packet Data handled in Release 99?


• DCH (Dedicated Channel)
– Variable spreading factor
– Closed loop power control
– Macro diversity (soft handover)

• RACH (Common Channel)


– Common spreading code
– Fixed (negotiated) spreading factor
– No closed loop power control
– No soft handover

Understanding HSPA Page 81

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Telecom Israel
Release 99 Uplink Limitations Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Large Scheduling Delays


– Slow scheduling from RNC

• Large Latency
– Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations of 10/20/40/80 ms
– RNC based retransmissions in case of errors

• Limited Uplink Data Rate


– Deployed peak data rate is 384 kbps

• Limited Uplink Cell Capacity


– Typically about 800 kbps

Understanding HSPA Page 82

Telecom Israel
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Set of high speed channels is received at the Node B.


• Interference is shared by multiple users.
• Several users may be allowed to transmit at given data rate
and power on a fast scheduling.
Understanding HSPA Page 83

32
Telecom Israel
Enhancements Provided by HSUPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How will HSUPA address the limitations of Release 99?


• Higher Peak Data Rate in Uplink
– Enable new services and improve user perception

• Improved Uplink Coverage for higher Data Rates

• Improved Uplink Cell Capacity

• Reduced Latency

• Fast Scheduling and Resource Control


– Increase resource utilization and efficiency

• Quality of Service (QoS) support


– Improve QoS control and resource utilization

Understanding HSPA Page 84

Telecom Israel
How are Enhancements Achieved? Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Release 99 UL DCH HSUPA

Minimum TTI Smaller TTI


of 10 ms of 2 ms

Slow UL rate Fast UL data rate


switching control in the Node B
(RNC based)
Improved Cell
Improved Physical Capacity
Layer performance Higher Peak
through HARQ Data Rates
Reduced
Latency
Dedicated resource Dedicated resource Improved QoS
allocation that could allocation for latency Support
not be used efficiently sensitive applications
Faster Resource
Control
Slow mechanism to Fast mechanism to
request resources request UL resources

Multiplexing of transport Multiplexing of logical New Transport New Physical


channels at Physical Layer channels at MAC layer Channel Channels

Understanding HSPA Page 85

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Telecom Israel
HSUPA vs. HSDPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HSDPA HSUPA
New high-speed Shared Dedicated Channel with
Channel Enhanced Capabilities

HARQ with Fast Retransmission at Layer 1

Rate/Modulation Adaptation Fast Power Control


Single Serving Cell Soft Handover

Fast Node-B Scheduler Fast Node-B Scheduler


“One-to-Many” “Many-to-One”
Shared Node-B Power and Code Rise-over-Thermal (RoT)

Understanding HSPA Page 86

Telecom Israel
Rise-over-Thermal Noise Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

In order to decode received data correctly, a


minimum SINR shall be guaranteed at the
Grant Received
from NodeB
Node B receiver.
4
Rise-over-Thermal is a measure of the
Uplink load.
1. By increasing the number of transmitting UEs
UE Data Rate and their transmit power, the level of
interference in the Uplink band increases.
5 Interference from
UE Transmit
other UEs 2. This interference is perceived by the
Power
1 Node B receiver as noise, affecting the SINR.
3. The Node B controls the interference level by
NodeB adjusting the UE grant assignments.
4. When the UE receives a new grant, it uses it in
combination with available UE transmit power
2 and the amount of data in the buffer…
Determination of UL Interference Level 5. …to determine the data rate and the
grant for the UE
3 (At NodeB)
(RoT measure) corresponding transmit power.
Understanding HSPA Page 87

34
Telecom Israel
Node B Scheduler for HSUPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

The HSUPA scheduler addresses the trade-off between:


and
Several users Satisfying all
that want to requested grants
transmit at while preventing
high data rate
3dTower.emf

overloading and
Node B
all the time maximizing
resource utilization

Understanding HSPA Page 88

Telecom Israel
Rise-over-Thermal Loading Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

With the introduction of HSUPA, a lower Uplink margin for


preventing overload situations can be used, thanks to the fast
resource allocation and control mechanisms in the Node B.
RoT
Overload

R6 UL
margin
R99 UL

Target Load

load

Possible additional load with HSUPA


Understanding HSPA Page 89

35
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Operation Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HSUPA Operation
1. The UE sends a Transmission
Request to the Node B for getting
resources.

3dTower.emf
2. The Node B responds to the UE with
T Node B a Grant Assignment, allocating
AN
EQ

Uplink band to the UE.


R
R

3. The UE uses the grant to select the


AK

appropriate transport format for the


A

/N
AT

Data Transmission to the Node B.


C
D

4. The Node B attempts to decode the


received data and send ACK/NAK to
the UE. In case of NAK, data may be
UE
retransmitted.

Understanding HSPA Page 90

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Operation (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

1. Transmission Request
The UE requests data
transmission by means of the
Scheduling Information (SI),
which is determined according
the UE Power and Buffer Data
availability.
The scheduling information is
sent in-band to the Node B.

Understanding HSPA Page 91

36
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Operation (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

2. Grant Assignment
The Node B determines the
UE Grant by monitoring
Uplink interference (RoT at
the receiver), and by
considering the UE
transmission requests and
level of satisfaction.
The grant is signaled to the
UE by new grant channels.

Understanding HSPA Page 92

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Operation (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

3. Data Transmission
The UE uses the received
grant and, based on its power
and data availability, selects
the E-DCH Transport Format
and the corresponding
Transmit Power.
Data are transmitted by the UE
on together with the related
control information.

Understanding HSPA Page 93

37
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Operation (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

4. Data Acknowledgment
The Node B attempts to
decode the received data
and indicates to the UE with
ACK/NAK if successful.
If no ACK is received by the
UE, the data may be
retransmitted.

Understanding HSPA Page 94

Telecom Israel
UMTS Network Architecture with HSUPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Node
B Iub
Node
B Iups
RNC SGSN GGSN Internet
Node
B
Node
Mobile B HLR/
USIM Iur
Equipment AuC
Node
Uu B
User Iub
Equipment Node
B MSC/ PSTN/
RNC GMSC ISDN
Node Iucs VLR
Hardware and
B
Software Changes
Node
Core Network
Software Changes B
UTRAN

Understanding HSPA Page 95

38
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Protocol Stack Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 96

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Uplink Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

New HSUPA Uplink Channels:


• Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
– Uplink Transport Channel

• E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel


(E-DPDCH)
– Uplink Physical Channel

• E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel


(E-DPCCH)
– Uplink Control Channel

Understanding HSPA Page 99

39
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Downlink Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

New HSUPA Downlink Channels:


• E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH)
– Downlink Physical Channel

• E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH)


– Downlink Physical Channel

• E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH)


– Downlink Physical Channel

Understanding HSPA Page 100

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Mapping Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Rel. 99

Rel. 5

Rel. 6

Understanding HSPA Page 101

40
Telecom Israel
Uplink Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

E-DPDCH
• Carries the payload. HD PAYLOAD SI

• May include a scheduling


request from UE to Node B. TTI
E-DPCCH
• Carries control information
required to decode the
payload carried by E-
DPDCH.
• Carries an indication from
UE to indicate to the Node B
whether the assigned
resources are adequate.

Understanding HSPA Page 102

Telecom Israel
Downlink Channels Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

E-AGCH
• The absolute grant carries maximum
allowed E-DPDCH/DPCCH ratio.
• Carries information that controls HARQ
process.

E-RGCH Up / Down / Hold


• The relative grant carries a simple
command to increase (UP), Decrease
(DOWN), or keep (HOLD) the current
grant. TTI

E-HICH
ACK/NAK
• Gives feedback to the UE about previous
data transmission, carrying Acknowledge
(ACK) or Not Acknowledge (NAK).
TTI
Understanding HSPA Page 103

41
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Channel Timing Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Understanding HSPA Page 104

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Features (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Shorter TTI of 2 ms
– In HSUPA both 10 ms and 2 ms TTI are supported
– A shorter TTI allows reduction of the latency and increasing
the average and peak cell throughput
– A tighter resource control can be implemented, thus allowing
for additional capacity

• Higher Peak Data Rate


– For a 10-ms TTI UE, peak data rate is limited to 2 Mbps
– Higher peak data rates can be achieved with a 2-ms TTI UE
– 5.76 Mbps is the maximum peak data rate for HSUPA

Understanding HSPA Page 105

42
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Features (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

• Hybrid-ARQ
– N-channel Stop-and-Wait
(SAW) protocol, with E-DCH cells part
of the Active Set
4 processes for 10 ms TTI
and 8 processes for 2 ms
TTI 3dTower.emf

3dTower.emf

Node B
– Synchronous Node B

retransmission

TA
DA
– Separate HARQ feedback

NA

K
K
DA

AC
is provided per Radio-Link

TA
Understanding HSPA Page 106

Telecom Israel
HSUPA Features (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Rate Request
• The UE requests grant for data transmission
Rate Control
• The UTRAN controls the grants for transmission on Uplink
– Scheduled transmissions granted by the Node B for high speed data
– Non-Scheduled transmissions granted by the RNC for delay-sensitive
applications

Load Control
• The UTRAN monitors Rise-over-Thermal (RoT) noise at the
Node B receiver.
– UTRAN prevents overloading by reducing scheduled grants to UEs

Understanding HSPA Page 107

43
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Features (continued) Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

HSUPA Quality of Service (QoS)


• QoS is linked to a logical channel.

• Up to 15 logical channels can be


multiplexed on a single MAC-e PDU.
– Each logical channel may have a different
QOS and a different priority level.
Air interface
• Priority level is considered while
forming a MAC-e PDU.

• Parameters affecting HSUPA


performance are set as per the QoS
requirements.

Understanding HSPA Page 109

Telecom Israel
E-DCH Active Set and Mobility Support Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

There are three different types of


Example with an Radio Links in the UE Active Set:
Active Set of 4 cells
• Serving E-DCH Cell – The cell from
which UE receives AGCH from
3dTower.emf

Node B
Serving scheduler.
E-DCH cell
Non-Serving
Radio Links (RL)
• Serving (E-DCH) RLS – Set of cells
that contain at least the serving cell
and from which the
UE can receive and combine the
serving RGCH.

• Non-Serving RL – Cell that belongs


3dTower.emf

to the E-DCH Active Set but does not


Node B
3dTower.emf
belong to the serving RLS and from
Node B Serving E-DCH Radio which the UE can receive a RGCH.
Link Set (RLS)

Understanding HSPA Page 110

44
Telecom Israel
HSUPA Serving Cell Change Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

From the 3GPP Standards:


HSUPA Serving Cell is the same as HSDPA Serving Cell
Understanding HSPA Page 111

Telecom Israel
Active Set Composition with HSUPA Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

All cells belonging


to the UE AS that All cells belonging
handle E-DCH to the UE AS

DPCH Active Set (max 6 cells)

E-DCH Active Set (max 4 cells) Other


Non- AS cell
Serving RL



E-DCH Serving Serving


Serving Cell RL RL

Serving RLS Non- Other


Serving RL AS cell

Send UE can combine RGCH Send non-


AGCH commands from these cells serving RGCH Is in SHO

Understanding HSPA Page 112

45
Telecom Israel
Theoretical HSUPA Maximum Data Rate Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

How do we get 5.76 Mbps?


• Lower Coding Gain
– Effective code rate = 1
– Requires very good channel conditions to decode

• Lower Spreading factor


– UE can use SF2

• Multi-code transmission
– UE can use up to 4 codes, 2 with SF4 plus 2 with SF2
– Require some power back-off at UE side

• Shorter TTI
– Requires higher processing capabilities at terminal and Node B
Understanding HSPA Page 113

Telecom Israel
E-DPDCH with SF4 and Puncturing Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Maximum payload for spreading factor of 4, TTI of 2 ms and coding


rate of 1 is 1920 bits (for 960 kpbs).

Understanding HSPA Page 114

46
Telecom Israel
Lower Spreading Factor SF2 Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Maximum payload for spreading factor of 4, TTI of 2 ms and coding


rate of 1 is 3840 bits (for 1920 kpbs).
Understanding HSPA Page 115

Telecom Israel
Multi-code Transmission Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Use of multi-code transmission 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4


(2 x 1920 kbps) + (2 x 960 kbps) = 5760 kbps

Understanding HSPA Page 116

47
Telecom Israel
HSUPA UE Capabilities Technical Tutorial
University November 7th, 2006

Max number of
E-DCH Minimum Supported Peak rate for Peak rate for
E-DPDCH
Category SF TTI TTI = 10 ms* TTI = 2 ms
channels

Category 1 1 SF 4 10 ms 711 kbps --

Category 2 2 SF 4 2 & 10 ms 1448 kbps 1448 kbps

Category 3 2 SF 4 10 ms 1448 kbps --

Category 4 2 SF 2 2 & 10 ms 2000 kbps 2886 kbps

Category 5 2 SF2 10 ms 2000 kbps --

Category 6 4 SF2 + SF 4 2 & 10 ms 2000 kbps 5742 kbps

* Maximum Peak data rate for 10 ms E-DCH TTI operation is 2 Mbps in all configurations
Understanding HSPA Page 117

48

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