Rajesh Kumar Roll No.

22060110002

AMITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE LEARNING

Post Box No. 503, Sector-44
Noida – 201303
INTRODUCTION TO IT (ADL-)
Total Marks: 10
Assignment A

Q1 a) Define Software packages, give 10 examples of Software packages.

Ans:
Software package: A special method of distributing and installing software (or software
upgrades) to a computer. A package that consists of
(a) one or more computer programs and possibly related material such as utility programs or
tutorial programs, recorded on a medium suitable for delivery to the user, and from which the
user can transfer the program(s) to a data-processing device, and
(b) Instructional materials such as handbooks and manuals, update information, and possibly
support services information.
The computer programs may consist, for example, of application programs or operating systems,
and are usually written in a high-level or low-level language, respectively.
The recording medium is usually a magnetic disk or an optical compact disk.

b) Explain the various types of storage systems in computers.

Ans:

The various types of storage systems in computers are following:

A computer’s main memory is built of volatile RAM chips.
 Read-Only Memory (ROM) - A special type of RAM, called read only memory (ROM),
is non-volatile memory chip in which data is stored permanently and cannot be altered by
the programmer. There are two types of read only memory (ROM) manufacturer
programmed and user-programmed. The latter is commonly known as because a user can
program it. ROMs are mainly used to store programs and data that do not change and are
frequently used. ROMs are also known as field stores, permament stores, or dead stores.
 Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) - A user-programmed ROM is one in which
a user can load and store “read only” programs and data. That is, it is possible for a user
to “customize” a system by converting his/her programs to micro-programs and storing
them in a user-programmed ROM chip. Such a ROM is commonly known as
Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) because a user can program it. Once the
user programs are stored in a PROM chip they can be executed usually in a fraction of
the time previously required. PROMs are programmed to record information using a
special device known as PROM-programmer. However, once the chip has been
programmed, the PROM becomes a ROM. PROM is also non-volatile storage, i.e, the
stored information remains intact even if power is switched off or interrupted.
  Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EPROM)- EPROM chips are of two types –
one in which the stored information is erased by exposing the chip for some time to
ultraviolet light and the other one in which the stored information is erased by using high
voltage electric pulses. The former is known as Ultra Violet EPROM (UVEPROM) and
the latter is known as Electricallhy EPROM (EEPROM). It is easier to alter information
stored in an EEPROM chip as compared to an UVEPROM chip. EEPROM is also known
as flash memory because of the ease with which programs stored in it can be altered.
Flash memory is used in many new I/O and storage devices like USB (Universal Serial
Bus) pen drive and MP3 music player.
 Cache memory- Cache memory is an extremely fast and small memory between CPU and
main memory. Its access time is closer to the processing speed of CPU. It acts as a high-
speed buffer between CPU and main memory and is used to temporarily store very active
data and instructions during processing.

Q2 The basic function of an operating system is to provide an interface of the system and the
user. Elaborate this statement with examples from any Operating System you are familiar with.

Ans:
Most operating systems perform the functions given below. A seprate module of
operating system software performs each of these functions:

1. Process Management.-- Process management module takes care of creation and deletion
of processes, scheduling of system resources to different processes requesting them, and
providing mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
2. Memory management.-- Memory management module takes care of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resource.
3. File Management.-- File management module takes care of file-related activities such as
organization, storage, retrieval, naming , sharing, and protection of files.
4. Security-- Security module protects the resources and information of a computer system
against destruction and unauthorized access.
5. Command Interpretation- Command interpretation module takes care of interpreting user
commands, and directing system resources to process the commands. With this mode of
interpreting user commands, and directing system resources to process the commands.
With this mode of interaction with a system, users are not much concerned about
hardware details of the system.

An operating system also performs few other functions such as accounting of system resource
usage by all user (or processes), maintenance of log of system usage by all users, and
maintenance of internal time clock.
 Q3 Describe what is meant by “interrupts” in a microprocessor system and explain why it
would be used?
Ans:
An interrupt is an unexpected hardware initiated subroutine call or jump that temporarily
suspends the running of the current program.

Interrupts occur when a peripheral device asserts an interrupt input pin of the micro-processor.
Provided the interrupt is permitted, it will be acknowledged by the processor at the end of the
current memory cycle. The processor then services the interrupt by branching to a special service
routine written to handle that particular interrupt. Upon servicing the device, the processor is
then instructed to continue with what is was doing previously by use of the "return from
interrupt" instruction.

The status of the program being executed must first be saved. The processors registers will be
saved on the stack, or, at very least, the program counter will be saved. Preserving those registers
which are not saved will be the responsibility of the interrupt service routine. Once the program
counter has been saved, the processor will branch to the address of the service routine.

Q4 How do caches help improve performance? Why do systems not use more or larger
caches if they are so useful?

Ans:
Use of main memory helps in minimizing disk-processor speed mismatch to a large
extent because the rate of data fetching by a computer’s CPU from its main memory is about 100
times faster than that form a high speed secondary storage like disk. The overall performance of
processor can be improved greatly by minimizing the memory processor speed mismatch. Cache
memory is commonly used for this purpose. It is an extremely fast and small memory between
CPU and main memory. Its access time is closer to the processing speed of CPU. It acts as a
high-speed buffer between CPU and main memory and is used to temporarily store very active
data and instructions during processing.

Q5 List out the similarities and differences between 7 bit and 8 bit ASCII?

Ans:
ASCII is of two types – ASCII -7 and ASCII-8. ASCII -7 is a 7 bit code that can
represent 128 (27) different characters. Computers using 8 bit byte (group of 8 bits for 1 byte)
and the 7 bit ASCII either set the 8th bit (leftmost bit) of each byte as zero or use it as a parity bit.

ASCII-8 is an extended version of ASCII-7. It is an 8-bit code that can represent 256 (28)
different characters. The additional bit is added to the left of the 7th bit (leftmost bit) of ASCII-7
codes.
 Rajesh Kumar Roll No. 22060110002

AMITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE LEARNING

Post Box No. 503, Sector-44
Noida – 201303
INTRODUCTION TO IT (ADL-)

Total Marks: 10
Assignment B

Q1 Discuss different types of communication networks, based on the data transfer and
control technique.

Answer: A computer network is a network of computers that are geographically distributed, but
connected in a manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.
Sharing of information, resources (both hardware and software), and processing load is the main
objective of a computer network. Communication is the process of transferring a message from
one point to another. There basic elements of any communication system are

1. A Sender (source) that creates and sends a message.

2. A medium that carries the message.
3. A receiver (sink) that receives the message.
The three modes of data transmission are simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
Bandwidth refers to data transfer rate of a communication system (amount of data that it can
transfer per unit of time). It is analogous to a road’s width. Bandwidth is measured in bits per
second (bps) (alos called baud). Generally, baud is identical to bits per second. Hence, a rate of
300 baud means 300 bps.
Based on data transmission speed, three basic categories of communication channels (paths) are:

1. Narrow band. – Narrowband or sub-voice grade channels have speed in the rage of 45 to
300 baud. They are used to handle low data volumes, and are adequate for low-speed
devices. They are used mainly for telegraph lines and low speed terminals.
2. Voice band –Voice band channels have speed up to 9600 baud. They are so called
because their major application is in ordinary telephone voice communication
3. Broadband –Broadband channels are used for transmission of large volumes of data at
high speed. They have speed of 1 million baud or more. Broadband facility is used for
high-speed computer-to-computer communication or for data transmission to several
different devices simultaneously.
Q2 a) What are the names and functions of the main parts of the system unit?
Answer

Parts of a computer
A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which
we can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand,
refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)

System unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on
or underneath our desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process
information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit
(CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of our computer. Another
component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when
the computer is turned off.

Storage
Our computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or
plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

Hard disk drive

Our computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack
of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of
information, they usually serve as our computer's primary means of storage, holding
almost all of our programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the
system unit.

CD and DVD drives

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on
the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and
many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If we have a recordable disk
drive, we can store copies of our files on blank CDs. We can also use a CD drive to play
music CDs on your computer.

Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on our computer screen.
Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual
mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles
a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
 Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into our computer. Like the keyboard on a
typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where
they are used.
The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows us to enter
numbers quickly.
The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a
document or webpage.

Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a
computer screen can show still or moving pictures.
There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid
crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the
advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more
affordable.

Printer
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. We don't need a printer to use our
computer, but having one allows us to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements,
and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your
computer.

b) Convert the following numbers into desired form:

a. (35)16 = ( ? )2 b. (43)16 = ( ? )2
c. (35)16 = ( ? )10 d. (45)10 = ( ? )2
e. (77)8 = ( ? )2 f. (00011000)2 = ( ? )8

Answer: a) (35)16 = (110101)2

b) (43)16 = (1000011)2
c) (35)16 = ( 53 )10
d) (45)10 = (101101 )2
e) (77)8 = (111111 )2
f) (00011000)2 = (30)8
Q3 What are the five generations of programming languages? Give examples of each
generation. What is the main use of third generation languages?

Answer: First- generation Language:--

In first-generation language, all instructions were given in the binary form and is referred
to as machine language or low level language(LLL). It is very difficult for us to write or read
instructions written in binaries. For Example:--
010010011001 0101010 01010111

Second-generation Language:-
In second-generation language, instructions written with mnemonics to simplify the
program. The symbolic instruction language is called Assembly Language. In order to execute
these instructions, all mnemonics are converted into binaries with the help of a translator known
as Assembler. The program written using mnemonics is called Source program.

Third-generation Language:
In third-generation languages, instructions are written using English language with
symbols and digits. Third generation languages are also known as high level languages (HLL).
The complete instruction set written in one of these languages is called a computer program or
source program. In order to execute the instructions, the source program is translated into binary
form by a compiler or interpreter.
For Example :
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
int a, b, s;
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
s = a + b;
printf(“\n sum = %d, s);
}
Translates/complies the program
00101011 01000101…..
01101 100………………………….
Input 5 3
Sum = 8 output

Fourth-generation Languages:-
Fourth-generation languages refer to software packages which are mostly written in one
of the languages for any specific application. It is very useful for the user to perform a task
without written programs. The language is also called as command line language.
Some of the commonly used 4 GL packages are dBase, FoxPro, SQL.

Main use of third generation languages: main used of third generation language for high level
languages are FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, PROLOG, C, C++, etc.
Q4 What is the difference between analog and digital signals? Give examples of each.
Which device would you use to convert one into the other?
Answer:
When data is propagated by means of electrical signals, the signals may be in either
digital or analog form. An analog signal is a power range that varies continuously. Amplitude (v)
of an analog signal is measured in volts and its frequency (f) in hertz (Hz). Higher the frequency,
the more number of times it crosses the time axis. On the other hand, a digital signal is a
sequence of voltage pulses represented in binary form. Computer generated data is digital,
whereas telephone lines used for data communication in computer networks usually carry analog
signals. When digital data has to be transmitted on an analog facility, they must be converted to
analog form, first. When analog signals are transmitted over long distances, they become weak
and distorted as they travel. Hence, amplifiers are used at periodic intervals along analog
communication lines between modems to amplify (strengthen) weak analog signals. Signals are
also transmitted in digital mode. In this case, modems are not needed. When digital signals ae
transmitted over long distances, repeaters are used at periodic intervals along digital
communication lines to strengthen weak digital signals.

Modulation is the technique of converting a digital signal to its analog form, and demodulation is
the reverse process of converting an analog signal to its digital form.

There are three forms of modulation –Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation.

Q5 What are the three major categories of system software? What are the main functions
of system software? Give example of 2-3 system software you are familiar with.

Answer:
System software is a set of one or more programs designed to control the operation and
extend the processing capability of a computer system. A computer’s system software performs
one or more of the following functions:
• Supports development of other application software.
• Supports execution of other application software.
• Monitors effective use of various hardware resources such as CPU, memory, peripherals
etc.
• Communicates with and controls operation of peripheral devices such as printer, disk,
tape.

Hence, system software makes the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient.
It helps the hardware components work together, and provides support for the development and
execution of application software (programs). The programs included in a system software
package are called system programs.

Some commonly known types of system software are:

Operating System – Operating system is an integrated set of programs that controls the resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc.) of a computer system and provides its users with an interface
or virtual machine that is easier to use than bare machine. Operating system software takes care
of effective and efficient utilization of all hardware and software components of a computer
system.

Main functions of an operating system

• Process Management –Process management module takes care of creation and deletion of
processes, scheduling of system resources to different processes requesting them, and
providing mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.

• Memory Management –Memory management module takes care of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resource.

• File Management –File Management module takes care of file-related activities such as
organization, storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

• Security –Security module protects the resources and information of a computer system
against destruction and unauthorized access.

• Command Interpretation –Command interpretation module takes care of interpreting user

with a system, users are not much concerned about hardware details of the system.

These are operating system, we familiar with them:

MS-Dos, Window 98, 2000, & Linux,
 Rajesh Kumar Roll No. 22060110002 (BCA)

AMITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE LEARNING

Post Box No. 503, Sector-44
Noida – 201303
INTRODUCTION TO IT (ADL-)

Total Marks: 10

Assignment C

1. Which of the following is not to be used for data handling in transaction system?
1) Batch Processing
2) On-Line Processing
3) Real Time Processing
4) None
Answer:

2 In Unix operating system file organization

1) is a simple byte sequence
2) is free of disk blocks each holding a n keyed records
3) is a sequence of fixed size records
4) none
Answer: 4)

3 Which one is true of the cache memory?

1) It is placed between main memory and CPU.
2) It is placed between control unit and ALU
3) It is placed between Hard Disk and Main Memory
4) It is placed between main memory and read only memory
Answer: 1)

4 In network data model, which of the following data structure is used?

1) tree
2) graph
3) table
4) None
Answer:

5 Which of the following is not a type of operating system?

1) batch operating system

2) resident monitor
3) serial operating system
4) None
Answer: 2)
6 The three parts of a CPU are:
1) ALU, control & memory
2) ALU, Memory & chip
3) Chip, Disk Drive & peripherals
4) Control, Disk Drive & Peripherals
Answer: 1)

7 Which of the following is a multitasking, multiuser, multiprocessing network

operating system?
1) Windows 3.1
2) Windows 95
3) Windows NT
4) DOS
Answer: 3)

8 A kilobyte is equal to approximately:

1) . 1000 bytes
2) 10,000 bytes
3) 1 billion bytes
4) 1 million bytes
Answer: 1)

9 Low Level computer language use

1) English words
2) mnemonics codes
3) limited grammar
4) mathematical symbols
Answer: 2)

10 What is the name given to an entire programme written in a high level language and
converts it into machine language code is:
1) Assembler
2) transistor
3) compiler
4) system software
Answer: 3)

11 Instructions for execution by a computer are given in________language

1) symbolic
2) BASIC
3) machine
4) compiler
Answer: 3)
\12 The hardware in which data may be stored for a computer system is called
1) register
2) memory
3) Chip
4) peripheral
Answer: 2)

13 An instruction that can be recognized and used without translation must be written
in
1) BASIC
2) Machine code
3) Assembly code
4) Source code
Answer: 2)

14 The only language which is machine specific and which a computer understands
directly is called
1) Assembly language
2) High level language
3) Lower level language
4) Machine language
Answer: 4)

15 A bit is
1) A single digit
2) Computer data which is represented in binary form
3) Combination of pulses
4) None
Answer: 2)

16 Which one does Magnetic disk may be driving factor for new trends in OS design.
1) New H/W
2) New S/W
3) New Application
4) New Computing Paradigm
Answer: 4)

17 Magnetic disk may be

1) fixed head
2) moveable head
3) 1&2
4) None
Answer: 1)
18 Which of the following memory access modes is the fastest?
1) random
2) sequential
3) cyclic
4) all the above
Answer: 1)

19 First generation of computer had

1) Transistor
2) Valves
3) ICs
4) SSI
Answer: 2)

20 A 32 bit machine refers to

1) Word length of a machine
2) Size of main memory
3) Size of cache
4) Size of ROM
Answer: 1)

21 The Von Newman model refers to

1) One control unit and Multiple ALUs
2) Multiple control units and a single ALU
3) Multiple CPUs and Multiple memory units.
4) A single CPU and a Single memory device.
Answer: 2)

22 The measure of productivity for programmer is

1) MIPS
2) LOC
3) SIMMS
4) None
Answer: 4)

23 Which of the following is the application of internet?

1) Email
2) News
3) Remote login
4) None
Answer: 1)
24 Number of sectors per track is between in the range of
1) 4 to 32
2) 32 to 256
3) 256 to 2048
4) None
Answer: 2)

25 The set of wires, connecting the microprocessor & the memory, through which the
data flows, is called:
1) A data bus
2) A data Wire
3) Virtual Memory
4) A database
Answer: 4)

26 Which of the following is not application software

1) word processing
2) operating system
3) desktop publishing
4) None
Answer:2)

27 Which of the following can be used as Primary Memory

1) Cartridge tape
2) Hard Disk
3) Optical Disk
4) None of these
Answer: 2)

28 COMPARE is a / an
1) Arithmetic function of the ALU
2) Logical function of ALU
3) Input-Output function of the CPU
4) None of the above
Answer: 1)

29 Peripherals’ are:
1) A part of CPU
2) Output devices alone
3) Input devices alone
4) Input, Output and secondary Storage devices
Answer: 4)
30 The movement of the read/write head of a floppy is
1) Circumferential
2) Radial
3) Rotary
4) None
Answer: 3)

31 Data is stored on computer media in

1) the form of electrical signals
2) a magnetic code of 1’s and 0’s
3) Morse code
4) None
Answer: 2)

32 MODEM is used while communicating in

1) LAN
2) WAN
3) LAN and WAN
4) None
Answer: 3)

33 A combination od eight 0’s and 1’s or binary digits is referred to as a

1) Byte
2) Bit
3) Character
4) None
Answer: 1)

34 Loading Operating system onto RAM is called

1) Saving
2) Opening
3) Printing
4) Booting
Answer: 4)

35 Memory Address Register (MAR)

1) contains the data to be written in the memory or it receives the data from the
memory
2) keep the track of the instruction which is to be executed next
3) specifies the address of memory location from which data or instruction is to be
accessed
4) loads the instruction before their execution
Answer: 1)
36 Number of sectors per track is between in the range of
1) 4 to 32
2) 32 to 256
3) 256 to 2048
4) None of the above
Answer: 2)

37 Which two are examples of analog data ?

1) Light from a switched electric light
2) Sound from radio
3) Sound from Television
4) A sign wave
Answer: 4)

38 Size of a sector is generally

1) 64 bytes
2) 128 bytes
3) 256 bytes
4) 512 bytes
Answer: 4)

39 Synchronous and Asynchronous are types of

1) Analog circuit
2) Sequential circuit
3) Combination circuit
4) None of the above
Answer: 2)

40 System bus is divided into

1) data bus, instruction bus address bus
2) data bus, control bus, instruction bus
3) instruction bus, control bus, address bus
4) data bus, address bus, control bus

Answer: 3)