IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accredited by NBA, New Delhi

Gangarampalayam, Villupuram – 605108.

IT1402IVyrCSE: MOBILE COMPUTING

Part B : Key Answers

Unit 1 : Wireless Communication Fundamentals

1. (a) Define Wired and Wireless Communications with examples. (4m)

Wired Communication: It refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based
communication technology. Wired communication is a broad term that is used to describe any
type of communication process that relies on the direct use of cables and wiring to transmit audio
and visual data.
A classic example of wired communications: is the traditional home telephone that is
connected to the local telephone switch via wires that are run from the home to the switch. While
wireless communication solutions have become more common in recent years, the use of wired
services remains common and is not likely to disappear in the near future.
Wireless communication: It is, the connection of two or more devices without using wires.
A few examples include cell phones, WI-FI internet, radio, and Satellite communications.
The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using
radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music
via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio."
Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:
 Cellular phones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications,
both personal and business
Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and
ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth, etc.,

(b) Explain the applications of wireless network and mobile communications. (12m)
Draw Fig 1.1 Page 24 and Fig 2.2 Page 25
Although many applications can benefit from wireless networks and mobile communications,
particular application environments seem to be predestined for their use. Some of them are;
• Vehicles – DAB, UMTS, GPS, GSM, TETRA, and so on.
• Emergencies
• Business
• Replacement of wired networks
• Infotainment and more
• Location dependent services
• Mobile and wireless devices

1
 2. Describe the History or overview of wireless communication with its figure.

Brief History of Wireless Communications: ( For Fig Refer Fig 1.3 Page 14)
(i) The Birth of Telecommunications: The Telegraph [wikipedia]
 pre-1600s - 1833
(ii) From Telegraph to ``The Birth of Radio'', 1867-1896
 1867 -1896
(iii) ``The Birth of Radio''
 1897 -1898
(iv) Transoceanic Communication
 1901-1909
(v) Voice over Radio
 1914 -1940
(vi) Birth of Mobile Telephony
 1946 -1976
(vii) Cellular Mobile Telephony
 1979 1994 and Mobile Communications''
(viii) Wireless Local Area Networks
 1990 -2009
(ix) Wireless Local Area Networks
 1995 - 2008

3. (a) Describe a simplified reference model of communication. (8m)

Figure shows a personal digital assistant (PDA) which provides an example for a wireless
and portable device. This PDA communicates with a base station in the middle of the picture. The
base station consists of a radio transceiver (sender and receiver) and an interworking unit
connecting the wireless link with the fixed link. The communication partner of the PDA, a
conventional computer, is shown on the right-hand side.
The functions of each layer:
● Physical layer: This is the lowest layer in a communication system and is responsible for the
conversion of a stream of bits into signals that can be transmitted on the sender side. The physical
layer of the receiver then transforms the signals back into a bit stream.
● Data link layer: The main tasks of this layer include accessing the medium, multiplexing of
different data streams, correction of transmission errors, and synchronization (i.e., detection of a
data frame).
● Network layer: This third layer is responsible for routing packets through a network or
establishing a connection between two entities over many other intermediate systems. Important
topics are addressing, routing, device location, and handover between different networks.
● Transport layer: This layer is used in the reference model to establish an end-to-end connection.
Topics like quality of service, flow and congestion control are relevant, especially if the transport
protocols known from the Internet, TCP and UDP, are to be used over a wireless link.
● Application layer: Finally, the applications (complemented by additional layers that can support
applications) are situated on top of all transmission oriented layers.

2
 a. Describe about the frequencies for Radio Transmission. (8m)
Radio transmission can take place using many different frequency bands. Each frequency
band exhibits certain advantages and disadvantages. Figure 2.1 gives a rough overview of the
frequency spectrum that can be used for data transmission.
λ = c/f,
where c ≅ 3·108 m/s (the speed of light in vacuum) and f the frequency. For traditional wired
networks, frequencies of up to several hundred kHz are used for distances up to some km with
twisted pair copper wires, while frequencies of several hundred MHz are used with coaxial cable
Radio transmission starts at several kHz, the very low frequency (VLF) range. These are
very long waves. Waves in the low frequency (LF) range are used by submarines, because they can
penetrate water and can follow the earth’s surface. The medium frequency (MF) and high
frequency (HF) ranges are typical for transmission of hundreds of radio stations either as
amplitude modulation (AM) between 520 kHz and 1605.5 kHz, as short wave (SW) between 5.9
MHz and 26.1 MHz, or as frequency modulation (FM) between 87.5 MHz and 108 MHz.
Conventional analog TV is transmitted in ranges of 174–230 MHz and 470–790 MHz using
the very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) bands. Super high frequencies
(SHF) are typically used for directed microwave links (approx. 2–40 GHz) and fixed satellite
services in the C-band (4 and 6 GHz), Ku-band (11 and 14 GHz), or Ka-band (19 and 29 GHz).
Some systems are planned in the extremely high frequency (EHF) range which comes close to
infra red. Next step is Infra red (IR) transmission is used for directed links, e.g., to connect
different buildings via laser links.

4. What are the main problems of signal propagation? Why do radio waves not
always follow a straight line? Why is reflection both useful and harmful?
Like wired networks, wireless communication networks also have senders and receivers of
signals. However, in connection with signal propagation, these two networks exhibit considerable
differences. In wireless networks, the signal has no wire to determine the direction of propagation,
whereas signals in wired networks only travel along the wire (which can be twisted pair copper
wires, a coax cable, but also a fiber etc.). 3 Situations / reasons Transmission range, Detection
range & Interference range The different problems are : Path Loss of Radio signals, Additional
Signal propagation effects and Multi-path Propagation

5. Why, typically, is digital modulation not enough for radio transmission? What are
the general goals of digital modulation? What are typical schemes?
Cosine function: g(t) = At cos(2π ftt + φt) This function has three parameters: amplitude At,
frequency ft, and phase φt which may be varied in accordance with data or another modulating
signal. For digital modulation, which is the main topic in this section, digital data (0 and 1) is
translated into an analog signal (baseband signal). Digital modulation is required if digital data
has to be transmitted over a medium that only allows for analog transmission.
The three basic methods for this translation are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift
keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). Apart from the translation of digital data into analog
signals, wireless transmission requires an additional modulation, an analog modulation that shifts
the center frequency of the baseband signal generated by the digital modulation up to the radio
carrier.
There are several reasons why this baseband signal cannot be directly transmitted in a
wireless system: ● Antennas, ● Frequency division multiplexing ● Medium characteristics

3
 As for digital modulation, three different basic schemes are known for analog modulation:
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).

6. What are the main benefits of a spread spectrum system? How can spreading
achieved?
As the name implies, spread spectrum techniques involve spreading the bandwidth
needed to transmit data – which does not make sense at first sight. Spreading the bandwidth has
several advantages. The main advantage is the resistance to narrowband interference. Figure
shows an idealized narrowband signal from a sender of user data The power level of the spread
signal can be much lower than that of the original narrowband signal without losing data.
Spreading the spectrum can be achieved in two different ways: Direct sequence spread spectrum
(DSSS) systems take a user bit stream and perform an (XOR) with a so-called chipping sequence
and For frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) systems.
Explain the below terms & Compare DSSS and FHSS
In DSSS: Chips - Spreading factors – Integrator – Correlator – Decision Unit – Rake Receiver
In FHSS: Hopping sequence – dwell times – slow & fast hopping

7. What are the main reasons for using cellular systems? How SDM typically
realized and combined with FDM? How does DCA influence the frequencies
available in other cells?
Cellular systems for mobile communications implement SDM. Each transmitter, typically called
a base station, covers a certain area, a cell. Cell radii can vary from tens of meters in
buildings, and hundreds of meters in cities, up to tens of kilometers in the countryside. The shape of
cells is never perfect circles or hexagons as shown in Figure 2.41.
List the advantages and disadvantages of cellular systems.

8. (a) What is the main physical reason for the failure of MAC schemes? (4m)
Several medium access control (MAC) algorithms which are specifically adapted to the
wireless domain. Medium access control comprises all mechanisms that regulate user access to a
medium using SDM, TDM, FDM, or CDM. MAC is thus similar to traffic regulations in the
highway/multiplexing example.
The fact that several vehicles use the same street crossing in TDM, for example, requires rules
to avoid collisions; one mechanism to enforce these rules is traffic lights. MAC belongs to layer 2,
the data link control layer (DLC).
Layer 2 is subdivided into the logical link control (LLC), layer 2b, and the MAC, layer 2a
(Halsall, 1996). The task of DLC is to establish a reliable point to point or point to multi-point
connection between different devices over a wired or wireless medium.

b) How does near/far effect influence TDMA systems? What

happens in CDMA systems? What are the countermeasures in TDMA and CDMA
systems? (12m)

Compared to FDMA, time division multiple access (TDMA) offers a much more flexible
scheme, which comprises all technologies that allocate certain time slots for communication, i.e.,
controlling TDM.
3.4.1 Fixed TDM - time division duplex (TDD).

4
 3.4.2 Classical Aloha - ALOHANET for.
3.4.3 Slotted Aloha
3.4.4 Carrier sense multiple access -carrier sense multiple access (CSMA): non-
persistent CSMA, & p-persistent CSMA - (CSMA/CA- elimination yield – non-preemptive
multiple access (EY-NMPA) used in the HIPERLAN 1 specification.
3.4.5 Demand assigned multiple accesses: One basic scheme is demand assigned multiple
access (DAMA) also called reservation Aloha, a scheme typical for satellite systems.
3.4.6 PRMA packet reservation multiple access: An example for an implicit reservation
scheme is packet reservation multiple access (PRMA)
3.4.7 Reservation TDMA - An even more fixed pattern that still allows some random access
is exhibited by reservation TDMA .
3.4.8 Multiple access with collision avoidance - request to send (RTS) & clear to send
(CTS).
3.4.9 Polling 3.4.10 Inhibit sense multiple access - digital sense multiple access (DSMA).

9. (a) Explain the term interferences in the space, time, frequency and code domain.(6m)
(b) Compare SDMA, TDMA, FDMA and CDMA mechanisms. (10m)

10. Define CDMA. Explain its function with one theoretical example.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) systems use exactly these codes to separate different
users in code space and to enable access to a shared medium without interference. The orthogonal
in code space has the same meaning as in standard space (i.e., the three dimensional space). Now let
5
us translate this into code space and explain what we mean by a good autocorrelation. The Barker
code (+1, –1, +1, +1, –1, +1, +1, +1, –1, –1, –1), for example, has a good autocorrelation, i.e., the
inner product with itself is large, the result is 11. This code is used for ISDN and IEEE 802.11

Unit 2 : Telecommunication Networks

1. Name the main elements of the GSM system architecture and describe their
functions with neat sketches.
A GSM system consists of three subsystems, the radio sub system (RSS), the network and
switching subsystem (NSS), and the operation subsystem (OSS). Each subsystem will be discussed
in more detail in the following sections. Generally, a GSM customer only notices a very small
fraction of the whole network – the mobile stations (MS) and some antenna masts of the base
transceiver stations (BTS). Figure 4.4 Functional architecture of a GSM system
GSM: Pg no: 96 – 122. The main elements are:
• Mobile services System architecture Radio interface
• Protocols Localization and calling Handover
• Security New data services
Table 4.1 Tasks of the BTS and BSC within a BSS

2. (a) Explain the concepts of GSM Mobile services. (6m)

Mobile services: MS:SIM-PMI-IMEI-PUK-IMSI
GSM permits the integration of different voice and data services and the interworking with
existing networks. Services make a network interesting for customers. Figure 4.3 shows a
reference model for GSM services.
A mobile station MS is connected to the GSM public land mobile network (PLMN) via the
Um interface. (GSM-PLMN) is the infrastructure needed for the GSM network.) This network is
connected to transit networks, e.g., integrated services digital network (ISDN) or traditional public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
Within the mobile station MS, the mobile termination (MT) performs all network specific
tasks (TDMA, FDMA, coding etc.) and offers an interface for data transmission (S) to the terminal
TE which can then be network independent. GSM has defined three different categories of
services namely, Bearer, Tele, and Supplementary services.

(b) What are the advantages of specifying not only the Radio Interface but also
all internal interfaces of the GSM System? (10m)
The most interesting interface in a GSM system is Um, the radio interface, as it comprises
many mechanisms presented in chapters 2 and 3 for multiplexing and media access. GSM
implements SDMA using cells with BTS and assigns an MS to a BTS.
To avoid frequency selective fading, GSM specifies an optional slow frequency
hopping mechanism. Logical Channels and Frame hierarchy: 2 basic sub groups – TCH:
-HR, FR, EFR & TCH/F14.4 & CCH: BCCH-CCCH (PCH, RACH, AGCH) – DCCH
(SDCCH, SACCH & FACCH) Draw Figures 4.5 & 4.6

3. (a) Describe Protocol Architecture of GSM. (8m)

Explain about the keyword Radio-specific functions – multiplexing –
synchronization – channel quality – modulation - encryption and decryption – channel
6
 coding –detection/correction – FEC and VAC. Draw Fig 4.7
(b) Explain the process of Localization & calling process in GSM. (8m)
Explain the keywords – MSISDN (CC, NDC & SN) – IMSI (MCC, MNC & MSIN) –
TMSI (VLR & LAI) – MSRN (VCC & VNDC). Draw Figures 4.5 & 4.6

4. Compare and Contrast DECT and TETRA.(16m)

The digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) system specified by ETSI
(2002, 1998j, k), (DECT Forum, 2002). Formerly also called digital European cordless telephone
and digital European cordless telecommunications, DECT replaces older analog cordless phone
systems such as CT1 and CT1+.
Tell about System and protocol architecture (all layers) - Draw Figures 4.18 to 4.20
Trunked radio systems constitute another method of wireless data transmission. These
systems use many different radio carriers but only assign a specific carrier to a certain user for a
short period of time according to demand. Draw Figures 4.21
Tell about PDO- MS – SWMI – TDMA frame structure – CF (multi and control frame)

5. Describe about UMTS and IMT-2000 Telecommunication system.

A lot has been written about third generation (or 3G) networks in the last few years. But
how did it all start? First of all, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) made a request
for proposals for radio transmission technologies (RTT) for the international mobile
telecommunications (IMT) 2000 program. IMT-2000 should indicate the start of the system and
the spec-136 Mobile communications. IMT-2000 includes different environments such as indoor
use, vehicles, satellites and pedestrians.
Explain about UMT releases and standardization – system architecture – radio interface-
UTRAN – Core network – Handover and its sub keywords.

6. (a) Name basic applications for satellite communication and describe the trends.
Draw a typical satellite system for global mobile communication. (8m)
Traditionally, satellites have been used in the following areas:
● Weather forecasting ● Radio and TV broadcast satellites
● Military satellites ● Satellites for navigation
In the context of mobile communication, the capabilities of satellites to transmit data is of particular
interest.
● Global telephone backbones ● Connections for remote or developing areas
● Global mobile communication Draw Figure 5.1

(b) Describe the 2 simple laws of satellites circulate in orbits around the earth. Draw all the
three kinds of circulation diagrams. (8m)
Satellites orbit around the earth. Depending on the application, these orbits can be circular
or elliptical. Satellites in circular orbits always keep the same distance to the earth’s surface
following a simple law: ● The attractive force Fg of the earth due to gravity equals m·g·(R/r)2.
● The centrifugal force Fc trying to pull the satellite away equals m·r·ω2.
Where, Draw figures 5.2 to 5.4
● m is the mass of the satellite;
● R is the radius of earth with R = 6,370 km;
● r is the distance of the satellite to the centre of the earth;
● g is the acceleration of gravity with g = 9.81 m/s2; and
● ω is the angular velocity with ω = 2·π·f, f is the frequency of the rotation.
To keep the satellite in a stable circular orbit, the following equation must hold:
7
● Fg = Fc, i.e., both forces must be equal. Looking at this equation the first thing to notice is that
the mass m of a satellite is irrelevant (it appears on both sides of the equation).
● Solving the equation for the distance r of the satellite to the center of the earth results in the
following equation: The distance r = (g·R2/(2·π·f)2)1/3
Tell about 4 types of orbits namely GO, MEO, LEO AND HEO
7. (a) What characteristics do the different types of orbits have? Show its satellite
communication diagram. What are their pros and cons? (10m)
Tell about 4 types of orbits namely GO, MEO, LEO AND HEO in detail.
Draw figures 5.2 to 5.4
(b) Explain Routing, Localization and Handover concepts in Satellite systems. (6m)
Tell about satellite communication after say about Routing: ISL – 2 Uplinks and
Downlinks, Localization (HLR, VLR and SUMR) and Handover : (intra, inter, gateway and
intersystem)

8. (a) List out the four examples of satellite networks in table format. (6m)
Draw Table 5.1 Page 198

(b) Give an overview of Broadcast transmission with its scope and figure. (6m)
Symmetrical communication systems offer the same transmission capabilities in both
communication directions, i.e., the channel characteristics from A to B are the same as from B to A
(e.g., bandwidth, delay, costs). Examples of symmetrical communication services are the plain old
telephone service (POTS) or GSM, if end-to-end communication is considered.
Asymmetrical communication systems are unidirectional broadcast systems where
typically a high bandwidth data stream exists from one sender to many receivers. Draw Fig 6.1

(c) Explain the concepts of cyclical repetition of data. (4m)

Draw Fig 6.2 with description about – broadcast disk – Flat disk – Skewed disk and
Multi desks.

9. Describe with neat sketch about Digital Audio Broadcasting.

Tell about DAB - Main service channel (MSC): The MSC carries all user data, e.g. audio,
multimedia data. The MSC consists of common interleaved frames (CIF), i.e., data fields of
55,296 bits that are sent every 24 ms (this interval depends on the transmission mode (ETSI,
2001a)). This results in a data rate of 2.304 Mbit/s. A CIF consists of capacity units (CU) with a
size of 64 bits, which form the smallest addressable unit within a DAB system. ● Fast information
channel (FIC): The FIC contains fast information blocks (FIB) with 256 bits each (16 bit
checksum).
Draw Figures 6.3 to 6.6 and give notes about Multimedia object transfer protocol(OR, IO,
SR and HR) repetitions

10. Describe with neat sketch about Digital Video Broadcasting.

Tell about DVB, DVB data broadcasting (Data pipe, Data streaming, multiprotocol
encapsulation, data carousels and object carousels and DVB for high speed internet access.
● Network information table (NIT): NIT lists the services of a provider and contains
additional information for set-top boxes.
● Service description table (SDT): SDT lists names and parameters for each service within
an MPEG multiplex channel.

8
 ● Event information table (EIT): EIT contains status information about the current
transmission and some additional information for set-top boxes.
● Time and date table (TDT): Finally, TDT contains update information for set-top boxes.
Draw Figures 6.7 to 6.10

Unit 3 : Wireless LAN

(a) List the pros and cons of WLAN with brief explanation. (8m)
Write short notes about each pros and cons.
Some advantages of WLANs are:
● Flexibility ● Planning ● Design
● Robustness ● Cost
But WLANs also have several disadvantages:
● Quality of service ● Proprietary solutions ● Restrictions
● Safety and security
Many different, and sometimes competing, design goals have to be taken into account for
WLANs to ensure their commercial success:
● Global operation ● Low power ● Easy to use
● License-free operation ● Robust transmission technology
● Simplified spontaneous cooperation ● Protection of investment
● Safety and security ● Transparency for applications

(b) Compare and contrast Infrared Vs Radio transmission. (8m)

Two different basic transmission technologies can be used to set up WLANs. One technology
is based on the transmission of infra red light (e.g., at 900 nm wavelength), the other one, which is
much more popular, uses radio transmission in the GHz range (e.g., 2.4 GHz in the license-free
ISM band).
Infra red technology uses diffuse light reflected at walls, furniture etc. or directed light if a
line-of-sight (LOS) exists between sender and receiver.
● The main advantages of infra red technology are its simple and extremely cheap senders
and receivers which are integrated into nearly all mobile devices available today. PDAs, laptops,
notebooks, mobile phones etc. have an infra red data association (IrDA) interface. Version 1.0 of
this industry
● Disadvantages of infra red transmission are its low bandwidth compared to other LAN
technologies. Typically, IrDA devices are internally connected to a serial port limiting transfer rates
to 115 kbit/s.
● Advantages of radio transmission include the long-term experiences made with radio
transmission for wide area networks (e.g., microwave links) and mobile cellular phones.
● Again, the main advantage is also a big disadvantage of radio transmission. Shielding is
not so simple. Radio transmission can interfere with other senders, or electrical devices can destroy
data transmitted via radio.

(a) Describe about IEEE 802.11 System & Protocol architecture.

The IEEE standard 802.11 (IEEE, 1999) specifies the most famous family of WLANs in
which many products are available.

9
 System architecture: Several nodes, called stations (STAi), are connected to access points
(AP). Basic service set (BSSi) - Distribution system extended service set (ESS) - distribution
system services
Protocol architecture :The IEEE 802.11 standard only covers the physical layer PHY and
medium access layer MAC like the other 802.x LANs do. The physical layer is subdivided into the
physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) and the physical medium dependent sublayer
PMD. Draw Figures 7.3 to 7.6

2. (b) Describe MAC management in IEEE 802.11.

MAC management: It plays a central role in an IEEE 802.11 station as it more or less controls all
functions related to system integration, i.e., integration of a wireless station into a BSS, formation
of an ESS, synchronization of stations etc. Draw Figures 7.18 to 7.21
The following functional groups have been identified:
● Synchronization ● Power management
● Roaming ● Management information base (MIB)
Synchronization : TCF – BEACON – Infrastructure based networks – target beacon transmission
time. Each node of an 802.11 network maintains an internal clock.
Power management: The basic idea of power saving includes two states for a station: sleep and
awake, and buffering of data in senders. If a sender intends to communicate with a power- timing
synchronization function (TSF) point, a traffic indication map (TIM). Additionally, the access
point maintains a delivery traffic indication map (DTIM) interval for sending broadcast/multicast
frames. The station answers with a PS (power saving) announced using ad-hoc traffic indication
map (ATIMs) – the announcement period is called the ATIM window.
Roaming: Moving between access points is called roaming.. The station then starts scanning for
another access point. Passive scanning & Active scanning comprises sending a probe on each
channel and waiting for a response. Tell about association request.

Explain about the 3 different physical layers supported by IEEE 802.11

Physical layer: All PHY variants include the provision of the clear channel assessment
signal (CCA). This is needed for the MAC mechanisms controlling medium access and indicates if
the medium is currently idle. The transmission technology (which will be discussed later)
determines exactly how this signal is obtained.
1. Frequency hopping spread spectrum: It is a spread spectrum technique which allows
for the coexistence of multiple networks in the same area by separating different networks using
different hopping sequences
● Synchronization ● Start frame delimiter (SFD)
● PLCP_PDU length word (PLW ● PLCP signalling field (PSF)
● Header error check (HEC) Finally, the PLCP header is protected by a 16 bit checksum with the
standard ITU-T generator polynomial G(x) = x16 + x12 + x5 + 1.
2. Direct sequence spread spectrum: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is the
alternative spread spectrum method separating by code and not by frequency. The fields of the
frame have the following functions:
● Synchronization ● Start frame delimiter (SFD) ● Service
● Length ● Header error check (HEC)
3. Infra red: The PHY layer, which is based on infra red (IR) transmission, uses near
visible light at 850–950 nm. Infra red light is not regulated apart from safety restrictions.

Describe about HIPERLAN concepts.

10
 HIPERLAN stands for high performance local area network.) - BRAN (broadband radio
access networks) and wireless ATM activities. However, the standardization efforts had a lot of
impact on QoS supporting wireless broadband networks such as HiperLAN2.
1. Historical: HIPERLAN 1: Elimination-yield non-preemptive priority multiple access
(EY-NPMA): Prioritization - Contention –Transmission ( synchronized channel condition-
access in channel-free condition’) -hidden elimination condition The contention phase is further
subdivided into: Prioritization phase , Elimination phase, Yield phase & Transmission phase.
Quality of service support and other specialties: (HMQoS-parameters - MSDU lifetime -
residual MSDU lifetime - Power conservation is achieved by setting up certain - encryption
and decryption - normalized residual HMPDU lifetime (NRL)
2. WATM: Wireless ATM, Working Group:The following more general extensions of
the ATM system also need to be considered for a mobile ATM: Location management -
Handover Network management - radio access layer (RAL) - Radio resource control, and so
on - Generic reference model -Handover of multiple connections - Location management-
Transparency of mobility - Security - Efficiency and scalability – Identification-● Inter-
working and standards- Mobile quality of service: ● Wired QoS ● Wireless QoS ● Handover
-Access scenarios: MT (mobile terminal) - WT (wireless terminal) WMT (wireless mobile
terminal, etc.,

Describe about Bluetooth technology in WLAN concepts.

Wireless personal area networks (WPAN) under the following five criteria: ● Market
potential ● Compatibility ● distinct identity ● Technical feasibility ● Economic feasibility
Tell about the titles with its figures User scenarios - Architecture: Like IEEE 802.11b,
Bluetooth : Networking & Protocol stack, Radio layer - Baseband layer - Link manager
protocol - L2CAP(The logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) is a data link
control protocol – Security - SDP –Profiles - IEEE 802.15 Figures : 7.40 to 7.56

6. Compare IEEE 802.11, HIPER LAN and Bluetooth with regard to their ad hoc
capabilities. Where is the focus of these technologies?
Refer answers for question 3, 4 & 5

Why is the physical layer in IEEE 802.11 subdivided?

Physical layer: All PHY variants include the provision of the clear channel assessment
signal (CCA). This is needed for the MAC mechanisms controlling medium access and indicates if
the medium is currently idle. The transmission technology (which will be discussed later)
determines exactly how this signal is obtained.
1. Frequency hopping spread spectrum: It is a spread spectrum technique which allows
for the coexistence of multiple networks in the same area by separating different networks using
different hopping sequences.
2. Direct sequence spread spectrum: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is the
alternative spread spectrum method separating by code and not by frequency.
3. Infra red: The PHY layer, which is based on infra red (IR) transmission, uses near
visible light at 850–950 nm. Infra red light is not regulated apart from safety restrictions.

Compare the power saving mechanism in all the 3 LANs.

Refer answer for Question 3.

Describe about IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b standards in WLAN.

Draw figures: 7.22 to 7.26
11
 Refer Book pages 251 to 259

10. (a) What are the advantages and problems of forwarding mechanisms in ad hoc
networks regarding security, power saving and network stability. (10m)
Refer answers from book page nos. 225 to 227

(b) Compare and contrast Bluetooth and HIPER LAN. (6m)

Refer answers for question 3, 4 & 5

Unit 4 : Mobile Network Layer

1. Recall routing in fixed IP networks. Name the consequences and problems

of using IP together with standard routing protocols for mobile communication.
Tell brief notes about Mobile IP: 1. Goals, assumptions and requirements 2. Entities and
terminology 3. IP Packet delivery 4. Agent Discovery 5. Registration 6. Tunneling and
encapsulation 7. Optimization Draw Figures 8.1 to 8.7

2. (a) Explain about the IP version 6. (IPv6) (6m)

While mobile IP was originally designed for IP version 4, IP version 6 (Deering, 1998) makes life
much easier.
One issue is security with regard to authentication, which is now a required feature for
all IPv6 nodes. No special mechanisms as add-ons are needed for securing mobile IP
registration.
Every IPv6 node can send binding updates to another node, so the MN can send its
current COA directly to the CN and HA. These mechanisms are an integral part of IPv6.
Altogether, mobile IP in IPv6 networks requires very few additional mechanisms of a
CN, MN, and HA. The FA is not needed any more. A HA must be able to encapsulate packets.
However, IPv6 does not solve any firewall or privacy problems. Additional mechanisms on
higher layers are needed for this.

(b) Describe about Cellular IP and HAWALL and HM in IPv6 mobility. (10m)
Cellular IP: (Valko, 1999), (Campbell, 2000) provides local handovers without renewed
registration by instaling a single cellular IP gateway (CIPGW) for each domain, which acts to the
outside world as a foreign agent (see Figure 8.14).
Advantage
● Manageability: Cellular IP is mostly self-configuring, and integration of the CIPGW into a
firewall would facilitate administration of mobility-related functionality. This is, however, not
explicitly specified in (Campbell, 2000).
Disadvantages
● Efficiency: Additional network load is induced by forwarding packets on
multiple paths. ● Transparency: Changes to MNs are required. ● Security: Routing tables are
changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes.
HAWAII (Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure): tries to keep micro-
mobility support as transparent as possible for both home agents and mobile nodes (which have to
support route optimization to the new base station as to a foreign agent
Advantages: ● Security: Challenge-response extensions are mandatory ● Transparency:
12
HAWAII is mostly transparent to mobile nodes.
Disadvantages
● Security: There are no provisions regarding the setup of IPSec tunnels.
● Implementation: No private address support is possible because of collocated COAs

3. (a) What is the basic purpose of DHCP? Name its entities. How can DHCP
be used for mobility and support of mobile IP? (6m)
The dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP, RFC 2131, Drohms, 1997) is mainly
used to simplifiy the installation and maintenance of networked computers. If a new
computer is connected to a network -DHCPDISCOVER Figs. 8.17 & 8.18

(b) Describe about Mobile ad-hoc networks with its Routing concepts. (10m)
These networks should be mobile and use wireless communications. Examples for the
use of such mobile, wireless, multi-hop ad-hoc networks, which are only called ad-hoc
networks here for simplicity, are: ● Instant infrastructure ● Disaster relief ‘
● Remote areas ● Effectiveness. ● Fig 8.19

4. Explain the 3 categories of protocol in ad-hoc network with its algorithm

and sketch.
Refer Book page nos: 350-352 & Fig 8.19

5. Explain about ad-hoc routing protocols.

Refer Book Page nos. 352 to 355 & Fig 8.20

6. What are the difference between AODV and the standard distance
algorithm? Why are extensions needed?
AODV-DSDV now adds two things to the distance vector algorithm:
● Sequence numbers: Each routing advertisement comes with a sequence number. Within ad-hoc
networks, advertisements may propagate along many paths.
● Damping: Transient changes in topology that are of short duration should not destabilize the
routing mechanisms. Advertisements containing changes in the topology currently stored are
therefore not disseminated further.

7. Explain about DSDV and DSR.

Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) now adds two things to the distance vector
algorithm: Sequence numbers & Damping
Dynamic source routing (DSR), therefore, divides the task of routing into two
separate problems: Route discovery & Route maintenance Fig 8.2

8. Give detailed notes about Alternative metrics and routing protocols of ad

hoc.
The examples use the number of hops as routing metric. Although very simple,
especially in wireless ad-hoc networks, this is not always the best choice. Even for fixed
networks, e.g., bandwidth can also be a factor for the routing metric. Fig 8.21

9. Explain the Tunneling and Encapsulation mechanism used in IP.

A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry and a tunnel
endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel and leave the tunnel
13
 unchanged. Fig 8.7 to 8.13
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data
and putting it into the data part of a new packet. The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the
data part of another packet, is called encapsulation which 3 types are IP-in-IP encapsulation,
Minimal encapsulation and Generic routing encapsulation

10. (a) Describe all entities and terminology in IP. (8m)

(b) Describe about IP Packet delivery mechanism. (8m)
For both the questions refer Book page no 327 330 Figures 8.1 & 8.2
Tell notes about the keywords:
MN – CN – HN – FN – FA – COA(FACOA & CLCOA) & HA

Unit 5 : Transport and Application Layers

1. (a) Describe about TCP and Traditional TCP. (8m)

A transport layer protocol such as TCP has been designed for fixed networks with fixed end-
systems. Data transmission takes place using network adapters, fiber optics, copper wires,
special hardware for routers etc. This hardware typically works without introducing transmission
errors. Congestion may appear from time to time even in carefully designed networks.
Tell also about Congestion Control, Slow start, Fast retransmit/fast recovery &
Implications
(b) Compare and contrast TCP over 2.5/3G wireless networks. (8m)
The current internet draft for TCP over 2.5G/3G wireless networks describes a profile for
optimizing TCP over today’s and tomorrow’s wireless WANs such as GSM/GPRS, UMTS, or
cdma2000. The focus on 2.5G/3G for transport of internet data is important as already more than
1 billion people use mobile phones and it is obvious that the mobile phone systems will also be
used to transport arbitrary internet data.
Tell about characteristics have to be considered when deploying applications over 2.5G/3G
wireless links: Data rates, Latency, Jitter and Packet loss
Tell about Based on these characteristics, (Inamura, 2002) suggests the following configuration
parameters to adapt TCP to wireless environments: Large windows, Limited transmit, Large
MTU, SACK, ECN, Timestamp and No header compression.

2. Explain all the concepts of Classical TCP.

Together with the introduction of WLANs in the mid-nineties several research projects were
started with the goal to increase TCP’s performance in wireless and mobile environments. Tell about
Indirect TCP: Two competing insights led to the development of indirect TCP (I-TCP) b
One is that TCP performs poorly together with wireless links; the other is that TCP within the fixed
network cannot be changed. I-TCP segments a TCP connection into a fixed part and a wireless part.
Figures 9.1 & 9.2 List its advantages & disadvantages
Snooping TCP – Figure 9.3 List its advantages & Mobile TCP List its pros & cons.

3. (a) Compare the different types of transmission errors that can occur in wireless
and wired networks. What additional role does mobility play? (8m)
Tell about the Implications on Mobility Pg 354 (9.1.4)

(b) What is the reaction of standard TCP in case of packet loss? In what situation

14
does the reaction make sense and why is it quite often problematic in the case of WN
and mobility? (8m)
Tell about Based on these characteristics, (Inamura, 2002) suggests the following configuration
parameters to adapt TCP to wireless environments: Large windows, Limited transmit, Large
MTU, SACK, ECN, Timestamp and No header compression.

4. (a) What are the influences of encryption on the proposed schemes? Consider for
example IP security that can encrypt the payload i.e., the TCP packet. (10m)
Draw Table 9.1 from page 385 & Figure 9.4

(b) How and why does the I-TCP isolate problems on the wireless link? What are
the main drawbacks of this solution? (6m)
Indirect TCP: Two competing insights led to the development of indirect TCP (I-TCP) b
One is that TCP performs poorly together with wireless links; the other is that TCP within the fixed
network cannot be changed. I-TCP segments a TCP connection into a fixed part and a wireless part.
Figures 9.1 & 9.2 List its advantages & disadvantages

5. (a) Why is strong consistency of file systems problematic in a wireless and

mobile environment? What are the alternatives? (8m)
File Systems: The general goal of a file system is to support efficient, transparent, and consistent
access to files, no matter where the client requesting files or the server(s) offering files are located.
Efficiency is of special importance for wireless systems as the bandwidth is low. Transparency addresses
the problems of location-dependent views on a file system.
Consistency: The basic problem for distributed file systems that allow replication of data for
performance reasons is the consistency of replicated objects (files, parts of files, parts of a data structure
etc.). Also tell about – Strong & weak consistency - Reintegration
CODA: Hoarding, Write disconnected
Little Work: States to maintain consistency – Connected, Partially connected, Fetch
only and disconnected
Ficus: gossip protocols. – MIO-NFS and Rover

(b) How do conventional file systems react to disconnected systems? (8m)

CODA: Hoarding, Write disconnected & Describe also about the Approaches: Image
scaling, Content transformation, content extraction / semantic compression, special languages
and protocols. Draw figure 10.1 and 10.2

6. (a) Describe HTTP in wireless network. (6m)

The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is a stateless, lightweight, applicationlevel protocol for
data transfer between servers and clients. The first version, HTTP/1.0 (Berners-Lee, 1996), never became a
formal standard due to too many variant implementations. An HTTP transaction consists of an HTTP
request issued by a client and an HTTP response from a server. Stateless means that all HTTP transactions
are independent of each other.

15
 Tell about - Bandwidth and delay, Caching and POSTing.

(b) Describe HTML in wireless network (5m)

HTML is broadly used to describe the content of web pages in the world wide web
(Raggett, 1998). No matter which version is used, they all share common properties: HTML
was designed for standard desktop computers connected to the internet with a fixed wire.
These computers share common properties, such as a relatively high performance and a color
high-resolution display, mouse, sound system, and large hard disks.
Tell about the Approaches: Image scaling, Content transformation, content extraction /
semantic compression, special languages and protocols. Draw Figure 10.3

(c) What are approaches that might help wireless access? (5m)
Tell about the Approaches: Image scaling, Content transformation, content extraction /
semantic compression, special languages and protocols. Draw Figures 10.4 to 10.8

7. Explain with neat sketches about WAP architecture and WDP.

To avoid many islands of incompatible solutions, e.g. special solutions for GSM, IS-136, or
certain manufacturers, the wireless application protocol forum (WAP Forum)
was founded in June 1997 by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet. In summer 2002, the
WAP forum together with the open mobile architecture forum and the SyncML initiative formed
the open mobile alliance. Draw Figures 10.9 to 10.11
● interoperable, i.e., allowing terminals and software from different vendors to communicate with
networks from different providers;
● scaleable, i.e., protocols and services should scale with customer needs and number of customers;
● efficient, i.e., provision of QoS suited to the characteristics of the wireless and mobile networks;
● reliable, i.e., provision of a consistent and predictable platform for deploying services; and
● secure, i.e., preservation of the integrity of user data, protection of devices and services from
security problems. Tell about WAP Architecture.
The wireless datagram protocol (WDP) operates on top of many different bearer services
capable of carrying data. WDP offers source and destination port numbers used for multiplexing
and demultiplexing of data respectively. The service primitive to send a datagram is TDUnitdata.
req with the destination address (DA), destination port (DP), Source address (SA), source port
(SP), and user data (UD) as mandatory parameters.

8. Explain about Wireless transport layer security and Wireless transaction protocol.
If requested by an application, a security service, the wireless transport layer
security (WTLS), can be integrated into the WAP architecture on top of WDP as specified in
(WAP Forum, 2000c). Draw Figures 10.12 to 10.19
The first step is to initiate the session with the SEC-Create primitive. Parameters are
source address (SA), source port (SP) of the originator, destination address (DA), destination
port (DP) of the peer. A key exchange suite (KES), ECC, a cipher suite (CS) and a compression
method (CM) The peer answers with parameters for the sequence number mode (SNM), - KR -
the session identifier (SID - key exchange suite (KES’), cipher suite (CS’), compression
method (CM’). The peer also issues a SEC-Exchange primitive from client certificate (CC) from
the originator. Explain WTP Classes namely Class 0, Class 1 and Class 2.

9. (a) Compare and contrast WSP/B over WTP(8m).

WSP/B uses the three service classes of WTP is Class 0 is used for unconfirmed push,
session resume, and session management. Confirmed push uses class 1, method invocation, session

16
resume, and session management class 2. Draw Figures 10.20 to 10.27 There are so many
keywords read all from Page 425 to 431.

(b) Describe about WAE, WML and WMLScript. (8m)

Draw Figures 10.29 and Describe all terms from page 432 to 437

10. (a) Describe i-mode service in mobile network. (8m)

Draw Figures 10.34 to 10.36 and describe notes from page 450 - 453

(b) Describe about SyncML framework. (8m)

Describe notes from page 453 – 454.

17