Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels Practical Review

NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
LaGuardia Community College

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK (CUNY)
SCB203 Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels Practical

Review
Prepared by Bradley F. Maurer, Yun. Jeong, Heidy Joglar, Billy

Kozis, Janet Yona, and Vera Zakinova
The Science Study Hall
LaGuardia Community College
2
Table of Contents
3 Heart Model Key 22 Cat Arteries

4 Human Heart Model 23 Cat Veins
11 Sheep Heart 24 Human Arteries
13 Blood Circulation to the Heart 25 Human Veins
Conduction Pathway 26 Azygous System
14 White Blood Cells 28 Fetal Circulation

19 Preparing a Blood Smear 30 Cardiac Cycle
20 Blood Typing 31 Blood Self Test
21 Vein and Artery Structure 34 Vein and Arteries Self Test
2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

3
Heart Model Key
1. Right atrium 32. Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

2. Auricle 33. Opening of the inferior Vena
3. Coronary sulcus Cava
4. Right ventricle 34. Valve of Inferior Vena Cava
6. Left ventricle 35. Tricuspid valve
7. Left atrium 36. Atrioventricular node
8. Right and Left pulmonary 37. Pulmonary semilunar valve
veins 38. Right branch of bundle of His
9. Pulmonary trunk 39. Purkinje fibers
a. Right pulmonary artery 40. Chordae tendinae
b. Left pulmonary artery 41. Bicuspid (mitral) valve
10. Ligamentum arteriosum 42. Papillary muscles
(Ductus arteriosus) 43. Left branch of bundle of His
11. Ascending aorta 44. Interventricular septum
12. Aortic arch 45. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Brachiocephalic trunk 46. Small cardiac vein
14. Left common carotid artery 47. Posterior vein of left ventricle
15. Left subclavian artery 48. Apex
16. Superior vena cava 49. Circumflex branch of left
17. Right brachiocephalic vein coronary artery
18. Left brachiocephalic vein 50. Anterior Intraventricular Artery
19. Descending Aorta 51. Auricle Appendage
20. Esophagus 52. Pectinate muscles
21. Trachea 53. Crista terminalis
22. Annular Ligament 54. Posterior left ventricular branch
23. Tracheal Cartilage 55. Fossa ovalis (foramen ovale)
24. Primary Bronchi 56. Valve of the opening of the
25. Secondary Bronchi Cardiac Sinus
26. Inferior vena cava 57. Valve of coronary sinus
27. Coronary sinus (posterior) 58. Opening of coronary sinus
28. Great Cardiac vein 59. Azygous Vein
29. Left coronary artery 60. Middle Cardiac Vein
30. Adipose Tissue(Fatty tissue) 61. Posterior interventricular branch
31. Right coronary artery 62. Traberculae carnae
63. Marginal artery

4
1) Left Brachiocephalic vein 5) Right Auricle

2) Right Brachiocephalic vein 6) Right Atrium
3) Ascending Aorta 7) Corononary Sulcus
4) Superior Vena Cava 8) Right Pulmonary veins

5
4
10
5
6
12
7
11
8
9
1) Brachiocephalic Trunk 7) Esophagus

2) Left Common Carotid Artery 8) Secondary Bronchi
3) Left Subclavian Artery 9) Descending Aorta
4) Right Brachiocephalic vein 10) Annular Ligament
5) Trachea 11) Tracheal Cartilage
6) Azygous Vein 12) Primary Bronchi

6
1
2
13
4
5
3
12
16
6
7
8
14
9
10
11
15
1) Aortic Arch 9) Left Ventricle

2) Ascending Aorta 10) Right Ventricle
3) Pulmonary Trunk 11) Marginal artery
4) Right Pulmonary Artery 12) Right Coronary Artery
5) Left Pulmonary Artery 13) Ligamentum Arteriosum
(=Ductus Arteriosus)
6) Left Atrium 14) Fatty tissue
7) Left Auricle 15) Apex
8) Left Coronary Artery 16) Auricle Appendage

7
2
3
4
1) Left Pulmonary vein 4) Right branch of Bundle of

His
2) Tricuspid valve 5) Right Purkinje Fibers
3) Chordae Tendinae 6) Left Purkinje Fibers
7) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

8
1) Bicuspid Valve 4) Papillary Muscles

2) Aortic Semilunar valve 5) Traberculae Carnae
3) Interventricular Septum

9
8
2
3
9
4
5
6
1) Pectinate Muscles 5) Opening of Coronary Sinus

2) Sino-Atrial Node 6) Valve of Inferior Vena Cava
3) Atrio-ventricular Node 7) Inferior Vena Cava
4) Fossa Ovalis 8) Crista terminalis
9) Valve of the opening of the
Cardiac Sinus

10
4
5
6
7
8
9
1) Descending Artery 6) Small cardiac vein

2) Foraman Virgae Tendinae 7) Circumflex artery
3) Inferior vena cava 8) Middle cardiac artery
4) Coronary Sinus 9) Middle cardiac vein
5) Great Cardiac vein

11
The Sheep Heart

12

13
Blood Circulation to the Heart

14
Deoxygenated Blood comes from the Systemic Circulation via Superior and Inferior
Vena CavaRight AtriumTricuspid ValveRight VentricleSemi-lunar Valve
of Pulmonary ArteryLungsBlood gets oxygenated in the lungs and comes
back to the heart via Pulmonary VeinsLeft VentricleBicuspid ValveLeft
Ventricle
Semi-lunar Valve of AortaAorta Systemic Circulation.
Note:
Arteries are Red and Veins are Blue EXCEPT Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
Pulmonary arteries: are Blue and Pulmonary veins are Red
Conduction Pathway
SA NodeLeft AtriumAV nodeRight and Left Bundle of HisPurkinjee

fibers
Ventricular Myocardium
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Agranulocytes Granulocytes
1. Lymphocytes 1. Neutrophil
 Smallest White Blood Cell  Most abundant White
(WBC) Blood Cell (WBC)
 Dark blue or purple nucleus  3-7 lobed-shaped
 Little cytoplasm nucleus
 Lymphocytesproduction of  Phagocyte
antibodies and blood  Fine cytoplasmic
 Lymphocytesregulation and granules
destruction of grafts, tumors, 2. Eosinophil
and virus infected cells  “Figure eight” shaped
2. Monocytes nucleus
 Largest of White Blood  Large red-orange
Cells (WBC) cytoplasmic granules
 Dark blue kidney bean-  Increased numbers due
shaped nucleus to allergy or infection
 Abundant cytoplasm  A selective phagocyte
 Phagocyte 3. Basophil
 Least abundant White
Blood Cell (WBC)
 “U” or “S” shaped
nucleus
 Sparse granulation
 Granules contain

15
histamines (vasodilators)
Red Blood Cells (Erythocytes)
 No cellular organelles
 Contains hemoglobin

16
Specific Immunity
(from www.merck.com)

17
Specific (adaptive) immunity is not present at birth; it is acquired. As a person's

immune system encounters antigens, it learns the best way to attack each antigen
and begins to develop a memory for that antigen. Specific immunity is so named
because it tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered. The
hallmarks of specific immunity are its ability to learn, adapt, and remember.
Specific immunity takes time to develop after initial exposure to a new antigen.
However, because a memory is formed, subsequent responses to a previously
encountered antigen are more effective and more rapid than those generated by
nonspecific immunity.
Lymphocytes are the most important type of white blood cell involved in specific
immunity. Dendritic cells, antibodies, cytokines, and the complement system
(which enhances the effectiveness of antibodies) are also involved.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes enable the body to remember antigens and to distinguish self from
nonself (foreign). Lymphocytes circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system
and move into tissues as needed.
Lymphocyte
The immune system can remember every antigen encountered because

lymphocytes live a long time—for years or even decades. When lymphocytes
encounter an antigen for the second time, they respond quickly, vigorously, and
specifically to that particular antigen. This specific immune response is the reason
that people do not contract chickenpox or measles more than once and that
vaccination can prevent certain disorders.
Lymphocytes include B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (which

are involved in nonspecific immunity).
B Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) are formed in the bone marrow. B

lymphocytes have particular sites (receptors) on their surface where specific
antigens can attach. When a B lymphocyte encounters an antigen, the antigen
attaches to the receptor, stimulating the B lymphocyte to change into a plasma cell.
Plasma cells produce antibodies. These antibodies are specific to the antigen that
stimulated their production.
T Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes (T cells) are produced in the thymus gland. There,

they learn how to distinguish self from nonself. Only the T lymphocytes that
tolerate the self-identification molecules are allowed to mature and leave the
thymus. Without this training process, T lymphocytes could attack the body's cells
and tissues.
Mature T lymphocytes are formed and stored in secondary lymphoid organs (such
as the spleen), bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They circulate in the bloodstream
and the lymphatic system, where they search for particular foreign or abnormal

18
cells, such as particular bacteria or cells infected by particular viruses. T

lymphocytes can attack particular foreign or abnormal cells.
There are different types of T lymphocytes:
Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

attach to foreign or abnormal cells (because they recognize the antigens on these
cells). Killer T cells kill foreign or abnormal cells by making holes in the cell
membrane and injecting enzymes into the cells.
Helper T cells
help B lymphocytes recognize and produce antibodies against foreign antigens.
Helper T cells also help killer T cells kill foreign or abnormal cells.
Suppressor T cells
produce substances that help end the immune response.
Sometimes T lymphocytes—for reasons that are not completely understood—
develop without or lose the ability to distinguish self from nonself. The result is an
autoimmune disorder, in which the body attacks its own tissues (see Autoimmune
Disorders).
Dendritic Cells
Dendritic cells develop from monocytes and reside mainly in tissues. Newly
developed dendritic cells ingest and break antigens into fragments so that other
immune cells can recognize them—an activity called antigen processing. A
dendritic cell matures after it is stimulated by cytokines at a site of infection or
inflammation. Then, it moves from tissues to the lymph nodes where it shows
(presents) the antigen fragments to T lymphocytes, which generate a specific
immune response.
Antibodies
When a B lymphocyte encounters an antigen, it is stimulated to mature into a

plasma cell, which then produces antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, or Ig).
Antibodies protect the body by helping other immune cells ingest antigens, by
inactivating toxic substances produced by bacteria, and by attacking bacteria and
viruses directly. Antibodies also activate the complement system. Antibodies are
essential for fighting off certain types of bacterial infections.
Each antibody molecule has two parts. One part varies; it is specialized to attach to
a specific antigen. The other part is one of five structures, which determines the
antibody's class—IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, or IgA. This part is the same within each
class.
IgM: This class of antibody is produced when a particular antigen is encountered

for the first time. The response triggered by the first encounter with an antigen is
called the primary antibody response. Normally, IgM is present in the bloodstream
but not in the tissues.

19
IgG: The most prevalent class of antibody, IgG is produced when a particular
antigen is encountered again. This response is called the secondary antibody
response. It is faster and results in more antibodies than the primary antibody
response. IgG is present in the bloodstream and tissues. It is the only class of
antibody that crosses the placenta from mother to fetus. The mother's IgG protects
the fetus and infant until the infant's immune system can produce its own
antibodies.
IgA: These antibodies help defend against the invasion of microorganisms through
body surfaces lined with a mucous membrane, including those of the nose, eyes,
lungs, and digestive tract. IgA is present in the bloodstream, in secretions
produced by mucous membranes, and in breast milk.
IgE: These antibodies trigger immediate allergic reactions (see Allergic Reactions:
Introduction). IgE binds to basophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bloodstream
and mast cells in tissues. When basophils or mast cells with IgE bound to them
encounter allergens (antigens that cause allergic reactions), they release
substances that cause inflammation and damage surrounding tissues. Thus, IgE is
the only class of antibody that often seems to do more harm than good. However,
IgE may help defend against certain parasitic infections that are common in some
developing countries.
IgD: Small amounts of these antibodies are present in the bloodstream. The
function of IgD is not well understood.
Preparing a Blood Smear

20
(a) Place a drop of blood

about 2 cm from the end of
a clean slide
(b) Hold a second slide at a
45° angle to the first one
allowing the blood to
spread along the edge
(c) Push the second slide
over the surface of the first
one so that it pulls the
blood with it
(d) Observe the completed
blood smear
The ideal blood smear

should be 1.5 inches in
length, be evenly
distributed, and contain a
smooth feathered edge.

21
Blood Typing
ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Blood typing is critical for blood transfusions, transplantations, and maternal-fetal

compatibility, but is also used in genetic studies, forensic studies, legal medicine,
and anthropology. Although there are many different systems for classifying human
blood, we will be studying the ABO and Rh systems, because they are most
commonly used.
Blood typing is based on the antigenic (agglutinogens) molecules that are on the
surface of the RBC membranes. An antigen is a substance that is able to produce
an immune response and will react with a specific antibody.
Antibodies are plasma proteins that combine with a specific antigen to inhibit or
destroy it. In the ABO system, there are two types of antigens (A and B) that can
be present as surface membrane molecules on RBCs. If the plasma membrane of
your RBCs have only the A antigen present, you have type A blood;
correspondingly, if you have only B antigens present, you have type B blood. If you
have both antigens A and B present you have type AB blood, and if you do not
have either A or B antigen present, you have type 0 blood (see Figure 26.5).
ABO antibodies appear in babies' blood a few months after birth. If you have type
A blood, you do not have its corresponding anti-A antibody. If the two are mixed,
they will form a detrimental antigen-antibody complex and cause clumping. People
with type A blood have anti-B antibodies that will become cross-linked and
agglutinate (clump) if type B blood is given to them (see Figure 26.6).
Agglutination is followed by the activation of another plasma protein that attaches
to the recipient's RBCs and hemolyzes or bursts them, releasing hemoglobin that
can cause kidney damage. ABO antibodies do not cross the placenta because of
their large size.
The Rh blood system is different from the ABO system, but has some similarities. If
you have the Rh antigen as a surface membrane molecule on your RBCs, you are
Rh+. If you do not have the Rh antigen, you are Rh-.
An Rh- person is not born with the anti-Rh antibody (as in the ABO system) and
does not obtain this antibody until the person is exposed to the Rh antigen from Rh
+ blood.
This can happen through a blood transfusion, by sharing hypodermic needles, or
by an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ child. During delivery, the baby's blood can leak
from the placenta into the mother's bloodstream, causing the mother's body to
make Rh antibodies. The first baby would not be affected, but subsequent
pregnancies with Rh + fetuses can result in the small Rh antibodies crossing the
placenta causing hemolysis in the fetuses' blood. This condition is called hemolytic
disease of the newborn. Rh mothers are typically given RhoGAM so they will not
make Rh antibodies.
The following activity will use antisera (plural of antiserum), which can be artificial
serum or serum from an animal or human containing antibodies against A, B, or D
(Rh) antigens. Serum is blood plasma without clotting proteins. If anti-A serum
clumps a particular blood sample, the blood is type A because of an antibody-
antigen complex formed with the A antigens on the RBCs.

22

23
Cat Arteries

24
Cat Veins

25
Human Arteries

26
Human Veins

27
Structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries. (a) Diagrammatic view. (b) Line
drawing of a small artery (right) and vein (left), cross-sectional view.

28
Fetal Circulation

29

30
The Cardiac Cycle
The small P wave accompanies the depolarization of the atria. The atria begin
contracting about 100 msec after the start of the P wave.
The QRS complex appears as the ventricles depolarize. The is a relatively
strong electrical signal, because the ventricular muscle is much more massive
then that of the atria. It is also a complex signal, in part because it incorporates
atrial repolarization as well as ventricular depolarization. The ventricles begin
contracting shortly after the peak of the R wave.
The smaller T wave indicates ventricular repolarization. You do not see a
deflection corresponding to atrial repolarization, because it occurs while the
ventricles are depolarizing and the electrical events are masked by the QRS
complex.
The P-R interval extends from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of the
QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) rather than to R, because in abnormal
ECGs the peak can be difficult to determine. Extension of the P-R interval to
more than 0.2 second can indicate damage to the conducting pathways or AV
node.
The Q-T interval the time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of
depolarization and repolarization. It is usually measured from the end of the P-R
interval rather than from the bottom of the Q wave. The Q-T interval can be
lengthened by conduduction problems, coronary ischemia, or myocardial
damage. A congenital heart defect that can cause sudden death without warning
may be detectable as a prolonged Q-T interval

31
Blood Self Test

A. Characteristics of the Formed Elements and Blood Abnormalities
________________ 1. The oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying cell
________________ 2. Help the body fight infections and foreign substances
________________ 3. Form a clot to help the body stop bleeding
________________ 4. Another name for red blood cells
________________ 5. Another name for platelets
________________ 6. Another name for white blood cells
________________ 7. Large cells that develop into platelets
________________ 8. A deficiency in number of RBCs or decreased hemoglobin

content of blood
________________ 9. An abnormal increase in RBCs
________________ 10. An abnormal increase in WBCs
________________ 11. A deficiency in WBCs
________________ 12. A deficiency in platelets
B. White Blood Cell Structure and Characteristics
________________ 1. 60-70% of all WBCs
________________ 2. 2-4% of all WBCs
________________ 3. 0.5-1% of all WBCs
________________ 4. 20-25% of all WBCs
________________ 5. 3-8% of all WBCs
________________ 6. 10-12 μm; nucleus with 2-5 connected lobes; pale lilac
granules

32
________________ 7. 10-12 μm; nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes; red-orange granules
________________ 8. 8-10 μm; nucleus difficult to see; large deep blue-purple

granules
________________ 9. 6-9 μm; round nucleus that is dark purple; sky blue
cytoplasm, no visible granules
________________ 10. 12-20 μm; kidney-shaped nucleus; blue-gray cytoplasm,

no visible granules
________________ 11. Abbreviation for polymorphonuclear leukocytes
________________ 12. General name for all of the WBCs
________________ 13. ┐
├ Nicknames for neutrophils
________________ 14. ┘
C. White Blood Cells
________________ 1. ┐
│
________________ 2. ├ granulocytes
│
________________ 3. ┘
________________ 4. ┐
├ agranulocytes
________________ 5. ┘
________________ 6. most numerous leukocyte
________________ 7. least numerous leukocyte
D. ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in Plasma

1. O+ ________________ __________________
2. A- ________________ __________________
3. B- ________________ __________________
4. AB+ ________________ __________________

33
5. Based of what you know about antigens and antibodies, what blood type is the
universal donor? ______ Explain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. What blood type is the universal recipient? _____________ Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
E. Hematocrit
1. Define hematocrit.
________________________________________________________________
2. What is the anticoagulant used in this type of blood test?
________________________________________________________________
3. Ron has a hematocrit of 47%. Is this within the normal range? (yes/no)
4. Janey has a hematocrit of 58%. Is this within the normal range? (yes/no)
F. Hemoglobin Content and Coagulation Time
1. Do the hematocrit and hemoglobin content of blood measure the same thing?
Explain.
________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of coagulation time?
________________________________________________________________
3. Would a hemophiliac have an above or below normal coagulation time?
________________________________________________________________

34
Veins and Arteries Self-test
A. Structure of Arteries and Veins

Name the components of each blood vessel tunic. Terms may be used more than
once.
smooth muscle
endothelium
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
1. Tunica media of arteries. _______________________
2. Tunica media of veins. _________________________
3. Tunica interna of arteries. _______________________
4. Tunica interna of veins. _________________________
5. Tunica externa of arteries. _______________________
6. Tunica externa of veins. _________________________
Circle True or False for the following questions. If false, underline and change
word(s) that are incorrect to make statement true.
7. The tunica media of veins is thicker than the tunica media of arteries. True or
False
8. The tunica media of elastic arteries contains more elastic fibers than muscular
arteries. True or False
9. Venous valves are folds of the tunica externa. True or False
10. Venous valves prevent backflow of blood. True or False
11. Walls of veins are thicker than the walls of arteries of the same size. True or
False
12. Lumens of veins are larger than lumens of arteries of the same size. True or
False

35
B. Structure of Capillaries
Match the term to the correct description. More than one term may apply to each
description. Terms may be used more than once.
fenestrations
intercellular clefts
tight junctions
transcytosis
1. Holes in plasma membrane through which molecules pass across capillary

walls.
_____________________________
2. Fusion of plasma membranes of adjacent endothelial cells; for very selective

barrier.
_____________________________
3. Vesicles transport substances across capillary wall.

_____________________________
4. Spaces between cells through which substances pass.

______________________________
5. Capillary walls are composed of an endothelium and a basement membrane

only. True or False
6. Hydrostatic pressure forces plasma across capillary walls at venous end of

capillary, and interstitial fluid enters arterial end of capillary by osmotic pressure.
True or False
C. Blood Pressure
Fill in the blank with the correct term.
1. Term used for arterial pressure during ventricular systole.

_______________________
2. Term used for arterial pressure during ventricular diastole.

______________________

36
3. Device used to measure arterial blood pressure, in the brachial artery.

_____________
4. Average normal adult arterial blood pressure.

_________________________________
5. Average venous blood pressure.

___________________________________________
6. Sounds of turbulent blood flow that occur when blood flow resumes in an artery
that has been occluded.
____________________________________________________
word(s) to make statement true.
7. The blood pressure gradient from the aorta to the capillaries is greater than the
blood
pressure gradient from the venules to the right atrium. True or False
8. Blood pressure gradient from the aorta to the capillaries is less than the blood
pressure gradient from the arterial end of the capillary to the venous end of the
capillary. True r False
9. Kate's systolic blood pressure is 115 and diastolic is 72. Her pulse pressure is
47. True or False
10. Scott's blood pressure is 126/83 and his MAP is 97. True or False
D. Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

1. Increasing heart rate increases blood pressure. True or False
2. Systemic vasoconstriction decreases blood pressure. True or False
3. Increasing arterial blood pressure increases blood flow. True or False
4. Recoil of muscular arteries maintains blood flow during ventricular diastole. True
or
False
5. Muscular arteries control the blood flow to different body areas. True or False

37
6. Vasoconstriction of the renal arteries (arteries supplying blood to kidneys) would

decrease blood flow to the kidneys. True or False
7. Blood pressure is higher in the supine position than in the standing position.
True or
False
8. Blood pressure decreases when going from a supine to standing position. True
or False
9. The greater the pulse pressure, the lower the pressure gradient driving blood
from the
aorta through the systemic circulation. True or False
10. Exercise Increases MAP. True or False

38
Identify the following structures:

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

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NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

LaGuardia Community College

SCB203 Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels Practical

Prepared by Bradley F. Maurer, Yun. Jeong, Heidy Joglar, Billy

3 Heart Model Key 22 Cat Arteries

Conduction Pathway 26 Azygous System

14 White Blood Cells 28 Fetal Circulation

20 Blood Typing 31 Blood Self Test

21 Vein and Artery Structure 34 Vein and Arteries Self Test

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Heart Model Key

1. Right atrium 32. Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Left Brachiocephalic vein 5) Right Auricle

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Brachiocephalic Trunk 7) Esophagus

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Aortic Arch 9) Left Ventricle

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Left Pulmonary vein 4) Right branch of Bundle of

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Bicuspid Valve 4) Papillary Muscles

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Pectinate Muscles 5) Opening of Coronary Sinus

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

1) Descending Artery 6) Small cardiac vein

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

The Sheep Heart

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Blood Circulation to the Heart

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

SA NodeLeft AtriumAV nodeRight and Left Bundle of HisPurkinjee

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Red Blood Cells (Erythocytes)

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Specific (adaptive) immunity is not present at birth; it is acquired. As a person's

The immune system can remember every antigen encountered because

Lymphocytes include B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (which

B Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) are formed in the bone marrow. B

T Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes (T cells) are produced in the thymus gland. There,

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

cells, such as particular bacteria or cells infected by particular viruses. T

There are different types of T lymphocytes:

Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

When a B lymphocyte encounters an antigen, it is stimulated to mature into a

IgM: This class of antibody is produced when a particular antigen is encountered

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Preparing a Blood Smear

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

(a) Place a drop of blood

The ideal blood smear

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

Blood typing is critical for blood transfusions, transplantations, and maternal-fetal

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

2006 The Praying Skeleton Tutoring Team

4. AB+ __