OCB 283 DIGITAL ELECTRONIC

EXCHANGE
CONTENTS

S.No Topic

Page No

1. Introduction & Salient features 3

2. Exchange Functional Architecture 5

3. System Architecture 8
-Subscriber Access Units (CSNL, CSND, CSED) 10
-Trunks and Junction Connection Units (SMT) 11
-Switching Network 12
-Auxiliary Equipments (SMA) 15
-Control Units ( SMC ) 18
-Communication Multiplexes (MIS & MAS Token rings) 23
- Operation & Maintenance Unit ( SMM) 25
- Time Base Generator (STS) 26
4. Exchange Configuration 30

5. Power Distribution 32

6. Subscriber Facilities 33
7. Token rings 36
8. Local Call Processing 43

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9. Maintenance Routine for OCB 283
10. 283 56

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I began working on this project from -----to ----- at SHAKTINAGAR

Exchange, Delhi. The excellent infrastructural facilities of DELHIGATE
Exchange and gracious words of encouragement from RAJESH JETLY
hastened the process of completing the project.
Mr RAJESH JETLY put in considerable effort and reviewed the
manuscript in a time bound manner, he has rendered very valuable
assistance in many other ways.
All the office staff and few of my colleagues at there have in some way
contributed to this project. I really thank them a lot.
It is my experience that both science and religion have their roles to play
in one’s life. While science has helped me to think and reason rationally,
religion has carried me beyond the realm of thought and reasoning

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INTRODUCTION

OCB 283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of

communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile
communication, data communication etc. This system has been developed by
CIT ALKATEL of France and therefore has many similarities to its
predecessor E-10B (also known as OCB 181 in France). The first OCB 283
exchange of R11 version were commissioned in Brest (France) and Beijing
(China) in 1991.The first OCB-283 exchange came to India in1993.
Subsequently, the system has been upgraded and version R20 was fully
validated in 1994.The exchange, which are being supplied to India, belong to
R21 version.

O-------- ORGAN
C-------- COMMAND OR CONTROL
B-------- BHERSION
2--------- IIND GENERATION
83------ -MICRO PROCESSOR UNIT

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM

1. It is a digital switching system with single ‘T’ stage Switch .A

maximum of 2048.
2. It supports both analog and digital subscribers.
3. The system supports all the existing signaling systems, likes decadic, MF
(R2), CAS and also CCITT#7 signaling system.
4. It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio and other
value added services.
5. The system has ‘automatic recovery’ feature. When a serious fault occurs in
a control unit, it gives a message to SMM (O& M Unit).The SMM puts this
unit out of service ,loads the software of this unit in a back up unit and
brings it into service. Diagnostic programmes are run on the faulty unit and
diagnostic is printed on the terminal.
6. OCB -283 has double remoting facility. Subscribers access unit CSND can
be placed at a remote place and connected to the main exchange through

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 PCM links .Further, line concentrators can also be placed at a remote
location and connected to the CSNL or CSND through PCMs .This special
feature can meet entire range of necessities viz urban, semi urban and rural.
7. Various units of OCB 283 system are connected over token rings (IEEE
802.5 standard).This enables fast exchange of information and avoids
complicated links and wiring between various units.
8. The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc once
in a day .This avoids loss of revenue in case of total power supply/battery
failure.
9. The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge .It can handle 8,00,000
BHCA and 10,000 erlangs of traffic. Depending on the traffic, a maximum
of 2, 00,000 subscribers on 60,000 circuits can be connected.
10.The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through 64
KB/S link.
11.All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware. This is
a station. Depending on the requirement of processing capacity, software of
either one or several control units can be located on the same station .For all
these control units, only one backup station is provided, enabling ‘automatic
recovery’ in case of fault.
12. The OCB 283 systems are made up of only 35 types of cards. This
excludes the cards required for CSN .Because of this the number of spare
cards, to be kept for maintenance are drastically reduced.
13.The system has modular structure .The expansion can be very easily carried
out by adding necessary hardware and software.
14.The SMMs (O & M Units) are duplicated with one active and other hot
standby .In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically. Moreover,
as discs are connected to both SMMs, there is no necessity of changing
cables from one system to another.
15.The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free.
16.It has a very huge memory capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes .The detail billing
data are regularly saved in the disc itself, from where they can be
transferred to magnetic tape for processing.
17.The space requirement is very small. No separate room is required for
OMC.
18.There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system .It
provides great flexibility and adjustment in the available space.
19.The environment requirements of the system are flexible. False floor and
ceiling are not essential .Air conditioning requirements are also not
stringent .The system can work a temperature 5 to 45 C, though the
optimum temperature is 22 C.

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 OCB – 283 SWICHING SYSTEMS

OCB 283 exchange is also called ALKATEL 1000 E10. The functional
architecture of the OCB – 283 System comprises in general of following
distinct components: ---

Connection Units:

These provide facility to connect the subscriber’s loop or circuits from an external
PCM and transfer these Speech samples on to selected Time Slots called Voice
Channels on LR link (internal PCM)
Towards switching matrix &vice versa, these units are

NAME FUNCTIONAL
NAME
Subscriber Connection Units CSNL, CSND,
CSED
Circuit Connection Unit SMT (URM)
FREQUENCY GENERATOR, Sender &Receiver &Common SMA (ETA)
Channel Signaling Protocol Handler SMA (PUPE)

Switching Network

These provides facility for CONNECTING the LR (internal PCM’s) coming from
connection units and performs Switching Operation for Calling Subs TS onto
called Subscriber TS & vice versa for a two-way connection per call of telephony.

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

An OCB 283 exchanges comprises following hardware units:

i. Subscriber Access Units (CSNL, CSND, CSED)

ii. Trunks and Junction connection Units (SMT)
iii. Switching Matrix (SMX)
iv. Auxiliary Equipments (SMA)
v. Control Units (SMC)
vi. Communication multiplexes (MIS & MAS Token rings)
vii. Time base generator (STS)
viii. Operation and Maintenance Unit (SMM)

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 LR
LR

Remote CSNL CSNL

Concentrator

SWITCHING
LR MATRIX
(SINGLE T )
CSND SMT SMA

PCM
Junctions

MAS

CONTROL
SMC UNITS (SMC)
SMC

MIS

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

UNIT NMC
(SMM A & B )

• The Subscriber Connection Units CSN, SMT’s and SMA’s, are

connected to switching network through PCM links.

• The interchange of messages between SMT, SMX, SMA and control

units SMC’s takes place on ‘MAS’ token rings .The control units
interchange messages with one another and with SMM on ‘MIS’
token rings.

• The SMM is the O &m function unit & is duplicated as SMMA

&SMMB. These work in Pilot/Standby mode.

SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNITS (CSN)

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 • Subscriber connection units (CSN) are so designed that they can be
equipped with either analog or digital subscriber or both .The
• Cards for analog and digital subscribers are different, but can be
equipped in any slot of the shelf.
• CSN can be either placed in the exchange switch room or at a remote
location. Further, subscriber card shelf known as concentrator can also
be placed at the rack or at a remote location. These features provide
great flexibility to meet any type of requirement of dense or sparse
connection densities.
• Depending on the location, CSN is known as CSNL or CSND and the
subscriber shelf is known as local or remote concentrator i.e CNL or
CNE.
• The CSNL is connected to SMT rack through a minimum of 2 PCM and
maximum of 16 PCMs.
• CSED of E -10 B system can also be connected to an SMT.

DIALOGUE WITH CSN:

The message interchange between CSN and control units takes place on a
common signaling channel using local version of CCS#7 signaling .The CSN
is so designed that it can be connected to any switch supporting CCS#7.

ARCHITECTURE OF CSN:

The CSN can have one BASIC RACK & upto three EXTENTION RACKS. Its
architecture can be broadly divided into 2 parts.

I. Digital control unit (UCN)

II. Concentrators (CNL or CNE)

1. Digital control unit (UCN)

The Digital Control Unit (UCN) is the interface between
concentrators and the exchange. It is in BASIC RACK. The basic
rack is placed in switch room for CSNL and at a remote location for
CSND.
It can be broken down into:

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 a) Control and connection units(UCX):

These are two such units, which are the controlling logic of the CSN. These
operate in the pilot standby mode. These active UCX controls the working of CSN
and also updates standby UCX. In case of any fault in the active UCX, the switch
over takes place without interruption to existing traffic.

b) Auxiliary Equipment Processing Group (GTA):

This component performs the following functions: ----
In case of stand alone operation (i.e when CSND is isolated from main exchange)
i. Generates tones and recorded announcements for local communication
ii. Decodes DTMF dialing

Tests the subscriber’s lines connected to local concentrators.

2. Concentrators

The shelf which accommodates subscriber line cards is known as

concentrator. The concentrator can either be located with the digital control unit
in which case they are known as local concentrators CNL or at a remote location
in which case they are known as remote concentrators CNE.
When a remote concentrator is used than to connect its PCMs to digital
control unit an interface shelf ICNE is required.
The maximum capacity of a concentrator is 256 subscribers.
The following type of subscribers can be connected to a concentrator, by
equipping suitable kind of card.
Analog subscriber (TABAS card)
i. Discriminated Analog subscriber (TABAE card)
ii. 2B+D digital subscriber (TABN 3G card)
iii. 30B+D digital access (TADP card)
When all the concentrators are local, a maximum of 19 concentrators can be
equipped in one CSN having 4 racks, where as if all are remote or if at least 2 are
remote, a maximum of 20 concentrators can be equipped in one CSN.

SAB FUNCTION

The connection units have their internal duplicated hardware, which is called
CONTROL LOGIC, which works in PILOT/RESERVE arrangements. Also
they are non-duplicated hardware such as subscriber cards & PCM termination
cards. The duplicated LRs originate from a function in connection units called

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SAB – Selection & Amplification of Branches. Its role is to generate two sets
of LRs in Trans direction with calculation of parity etc. In receiving direction it
gets data from both the branches, which it checks for parity etc, and compares
to detect any error in the two branches. In case of errors the samples from only
the good branches are taken after automatic testing of the quality of
transmission of both the branches by the common control & the faulty bran is
withdrawn from the service.
The connection units LR links are formed into group of 8 LRs at the factory
into cables with both ends terminated with plugs for the convenience of
installation. Such groups of LRs are called GLR. The following figure shows
how GLRs are terminated at the two branches of SMX in OCB 283.

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 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS CONTROL STATION (SMA)

Connection unit ‘X’

SMX A
SAB A

SAB B
MLCOM

Connection Unit ‘Y’

SMX B
SAB A

MLCOM
SAB B

The SMA contains the following two functional units:

1. ETA
2. PUPE

ETA

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The ETA contains following sub components:
 Frequency receiver/generators
 Conference call circuits
 Tone generators

The frequency receivers/generators recognize the digits dialed through DTMF

instrument and also the MF (R2) signals received on junctions. They also generate
the various frequencies required for MF (R2) signaling and testing etc.
The conference circuits are used to set up connection between a maximum of 4
subscribers. These 4 subscribers can hold conference on the telephone i.e they can
talk to each other.
Tone generators generate various tones required to be connected during call
processing. These tones are Dial Tone, Busy Tone, Ring Back Tone, Processing
Tone etc.

PUPE

The PUPE performs level 2 and part of level 3 functions for CCITT No.7
signaling. The rest of the level 3 functions are performed by PC. The various
functions performed by PUPE are as below.

Transmit side

i. It sends ‘flag’ and ‘check bit’ in the HLDC frame while transmitting CCS 7
messages. It also inserts zeros, when there are more than 5 consecutive Ones in
the message.
ii. PUPE sends ‘fill in signal units’ (FISU) automatically, when there are no
messages to be sent.
iii. PUPE also sends ‘link status signal units’ (LISU) when commanded.
iv. It re-transmits a signal unit on receipt of negative acknowledgement.

Receive side

i. On receipt of CCS 7 signaling messages; it eliminates zeros which were

inserted after five consecutive Ones.

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 ii. It detects the flag and also computes the checksum and compares them with
check bits. If these two matches, it sends positive acknowledgement other it
sends negative acknowledgement.
iii. It eliminates ‘fill in signal units’ as they do not carry any information.

SMC

SMC

SMC

SMA

SMA

Implementation of ETA and PUPE on SMA

Either ETA or PUPE or both can be implemented on the same SMA. When both
are implemented on the same SMA, MLPUPE (logic machine i.e PUPE software)
is loaded on the principal processor (PUP) and MLETA is loaded on secondary
processor (PUS).
When only PUPE is implemented on SMA, it is loaded on PUP and when only
ETA is implemented, it is loaded on PUS.
Only the first two ETAs have tone generators CCFs and RGFs are provided as per
requirements. The PCB used is common for RGF, CCF and tone generators, only
the software is different. When no CCI or tone generators are required, an ETA
can have maximum of 96 RGFs.
An SMA is connected to SMX by 8 LR links. The following table illustrates the
capacity & modularity of SMA.

SMA Units equipped with Capacity MAX & MIN No.

ETA alone 96 RGF 2 to 32
PUPE alone 64 CCS – 7 Channels 2 to 15

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ETA and PUPE both 64 RGFs/32 CCS 7 Channels 2 to 15

CONTROL UNITS

Architecture of Station (SMC)

Since all the control units like MR, MQ, TR, TX etc and SMA are implemented
on the common type of hardware architecture, known as station.
A station is built around a multiprocessor station bus ‘BSM’. One or more
processors and one or more intelligent couplers can be connected to this bus.
They interchange data through the common memory. The principal or main
processor is connected to common memory through 2 32 bit private buses, apart
from through BSM. All the processors are Motorola 68020 processors and
operate at 15.6 MHz clock. Multi processor station bus BSM is a 16-bit bus,
which operates at 44.8 Mbs.
There can be one principal processor (PUP) and 4 secondary processors (PUS) in
a station. Similarly, there can be one main coupler (CMP) and up to 4 secondary
couplers (CMS). Specific couplers can be equipped for specific purposes.
A station can function as MR, TR or any other unit when particular software is
loaded in the station. Depending on traffic and processing requirements, software
of either one or several functional units can be loaded in the same station. Also,
depending on the above requirements, a functional unit can be implemented as
principal or secondary processor and on main or secondary coupler.

Main
Secondary Secondary
Processor
Common Processor Processor
Unit
Memory Unit 1 Unit 4
(PUP)
(PUS) (PUS)

Main Secondary Secondary

Specific
Coupler Coupler 1 Coupler 4
Coupler
(CMP) (CMS) (CMS)

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To permit co – habitation of many software machines on the same station, basic
software known as HYPERVISOR is provided on the station. Another software,
known as SUPERVISOR provides communication and loading facilities.
The station is generally known as SMC.

CONTROL STATION OF OCB 283

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 GLR (A & B) GLR (A & B)

CSNL

SMA 1 SMA 2 SMA 3

SMX
SMT
PCM

MAS 2 A&B

MAS1 A & B

Smc1 Smc2 Smc3 Smc4 Smc5

MIS A & B

SMMA SMMB

Implementation of control functions on SMC station:

There are 6 common control functions in an OCB 283. The following list
illustrates their minimum and maximum numbers.

Serial No. Name of Unit Minimum Maximum

1. MR 2 7

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2. TR 2 2
3. TX 2 2
4. MQ 2 2
5. PC 2 2
6. GX 2 2

They are known as LOCAL MACHINES in software form. These logical

machines ‘ML’ are implemented on the hardware of SMC (station) by loading
suitable software on it. An SMC can support any one or many MLs or functions
in defined combinations.
Accordingly depending upon exchange configurations & traffic requirements
there can be minimum TWO SMCs required & maximum number of SMC can be
32 but no more than 15 are needed. The required number of SMCs is decided by
the planners & manufacturers based upon traffic data. In addition to this, there is
a provision of one ‘back up SMC station’ .This back up station is not loaded with
any software.
Whenever, any SMC becomes faulty, it sends message to SMM. The SMM
blocks this unit and informs all control units regarding non-availability of this
unit. SMM then loads the software of all the functional units on the back up
station and brings it into service. Thus, there is automatic recovery. SMM also
runs diagnostic program on the faulty station and prints diagnostics on a terminal.

Function of various common control software MLs.

Multi register (MLMR):

The MR establishes and releases the calls. It takes real time decisions for
processing of a call. The MR also consults TR to find out subscribers entitlements
and stores digits dialed by subscribers. In addition to call processing functions,
MR also carries out testing of circuits and observation functions.

Translator (MLTR):

The TR stores exchange database in its memory. On request, it tells MR the

characteristics and entitlements of subscribers and circuits.
The TR also stores routing and analysis data. It converts (or translates) the
received digits into equipment number of the called subscriber.

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 Marker (MLMQ):

The marker carries out messages between common control functions MLs &
connection units for subscribers or circuits. It also acts as ‘gate’ for messages,
which pass from one communication domain to another. The MQ also supervises
semi permanent connections in the network.

Charging Unit (MLTX):

As the name suggests, the TX carries out charging for each communication set
up. It also keeps charge account of all subscribers. The TX also prepares and
sends detail billing messages to SMM. In addition, it also carries out subscriber
and circuit observation function.

COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEXES (MIS, MAL, MAS)

The OCB 283 exchange the communication multiplex highways are utilized for
interchange of messages between various equipments of exchange. These
communication multiplexes work on the principle of computer’s circular LANs using
TOKEN RING protocols.

There are three types of communication multiplex highway according to their use.

1. MIS -- INTER STATION MULTIPLEX

2. MAS – STATION ACCESS MULTIPLEX
3. MAL – ALARM MUTIPLEX

• The MIS token ring is provided for interchange of messages

between two SMCs and between an SMC and SMM.
• The maximum and minimum number of MIS is only one
(duplicated as A & B).
• The MAS are provided for interchange of messages between
CSNL, SMT, SMA and SMX on one-hand and control units on
the other hand. A maximum of 4 MAS token rings can be
provided in a large size exchange, where as no MAS token ring

18
 is provided in compact configuration. While SMCs are
connected on the entire MAS token ring, the other units are
connected only on one of the MAS rings.
• MAS token ring can be duplicated as A & B.
• MAL token ring is provided to handle exchange alarms from all
the hardware stations of exchange except CSNL.
• The token rings conform to IEEE 802.5 Standard and operate at
& Mbps.

Operating principle of TOKEN RING

B C

A E

G F

An empty token circulates on the ring when there is no message to be sent. A token
contains the starting flag, access control byte and end flag of one byte each as shown.

EMPTY TOKEN:

8 bit end flag 8 bit access control AC 8 bit Start flag

P P P T M R R R

TOKEN WITH A MESSAGE:

SD AC AC DA SA INFO FCS ED FS FL

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Whenever a station wants to send a message, it checks the status of T bit. If T bit is
zero the token is free, so the station inserts its message in the token and sets T=1, the
station books the token to the next message. However if the token is busy, which is
indicated by T=1, the station books the token by writing its priority in reservation
field. Whenever a station receives the token, it compares its own address with the
destination address written in the token. If the address matches, the station receives
this message and sends acknowledgement. On receipt of acknowledgement, the
transmitting station clears the token and sets the T bit to zero. If the station is booked
a token, it can send the message only after it has been released by transmitting
station.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE STATION (SMM)

• SMM station in OCB -283 performs the O & M functions.

• The SMM station has full duplicated hardware SMM A & SMM B.
• One of the two SMM is pilot & other works as hot standby.
• For both SMM there are two mirror image hard discs of 1200 MB capacity.
• Pilot SMM is able to access either of discs.
• There are terminations for peripherals TTY, VDU for operation &
maintenance.
• SMM dialogues with all SMCs over MIS token ring.
• Adjacent to SMM rack there is one MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVE UNIT DBM.
• There is one STREAMER for cartridge drive in SMM rack.
• There are up to 4 alarm reception rings for handling exchange alarms.
• SMM receives all alarms from whole exchange on alarm rings MAL.
• SMM station occupies 3 shelves of CA rack.
• SMM rack also has DIGITAL VOICE ANNOUNCEMENT SYSTEM MPNA
in 4 shelf.

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 STS

SMM A disk 2

SMM D disk 2

FUNCTIONS OF MAINTENANCE STATION (SMM)

SMM is provided to supervise the functioning of various exchange equipments

and to take suitable action in case of malfunctioning of any equipment. As stated
earlier, it does the defence of control units in case of fault. All the files and data
are stored in SMM hard discs, which can be loaded in any time. SMM also carries
out the re-initialization of the exchange, when required.

Time base generator (STS)

Time base is required to synchronize PCM links connected to connection units

like CSNL, SMT, SMA etc. STS has three oscillations, all generating ‘S MHz’
and ‘SBT’ time base. The switching network selects the time base as per majority
logic. So, even if one of the oscillators is out of order, the system is not affected.

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 Majority Logic
MCX
RCHOR 0
SMA
CSNL
RCHOR 1 SMA

Majority Logic
MCX
RCHOR 2

S MHz & Frame

Synch (SBT)

Architecture of SMM

The SMM (Maintenance Multi processor Station) is built around two identical
microprocessors 68030. This multi processor station works in pilot and hot standby
mode. Each of the processor has 4 Mbytes private memory and 16 Mbytes primary
memory. All the components viz processor, memory and coupler are connected on
the X bus. The secondary memory devices like disc, magnetic devices, streamer etc
are connected to the X bus through couplers. The two SMMs are connected through
HDLC for exchange of switch over and other messages. The SMMs are connected to
MIS token ring through couplers for interchange of messages with control units.
Various terminals for man machine communication and alarm coupler are connected
to X bus through communication coupler.
Each disk has a capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes and both of them are connected to active
SMM. In the normal operation, data is read from and written into both the disks
simultaneously, but whenever one of them goes faulty, the other disks is available for
read and write operation. The contents of one disk can be updated from other by
command.
Stream has memory capacity of 525 M bytes. It is used to load system data into disk
and taking backup of the disk. Two magnetic tape drives are provided. Charge
account data and detailed bill data are transferred from disk to magnetic tape for
further processing in the billing centre.

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Digital recorded announcement card is also equipped in the SMM shelf. The
announcements are connected to up to 2 PCMs of first SMT from where they are
connected to subscribers or circuits as per requirement.
One SMM (Pilot and Standby) is provided to each OCB 283 exchanges. However,
the SMM can be connected to Network Management Centre (NMC) for remote
management.

DIMENSIONS FOR OCB -283 EXCHANGE

 Rack size in (mm) 2200 Hx 950 Wx 690 D

 No. Of rows (suits) in a Switch Room Not Fixed
 No. Of racks per suite Not Fixed
 But for practical convenience
May be limited unto 16
 Inter Suite Gap Min 800 to 1000 mm
Max is variable
 Clearance from Sidewalls 1500 mm
 Height of Ceiling Minimum 3000 mm
 Approximate floor area for 6k 44 sq
Exchange
 Sequence of layout of racks in No special sequence or
suites restriction

SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES PROVIDED BY OCB 283

FACILITIES TO ANALOGUE SUBSCRIBERS

1) A line can be made out going or incoming.

2) Immediate hot line facility – The subscriber is connected to another
predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset, without dialing any
number.
3) Delayed hot line facility – When subscriber lifts the handset, dial tone is
provided he can dial any number. If he does not dial a number, within a
predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number.

23
 4) Abbreviated dialing – The subscriber can record a short code and its
corresponding full number in the memory. Later to dial this number, he has
to only dial short code.
5) Call forwarding.
6) Conference between 4 subscribers – The subscribers A & B while in
conversation, can include two subscribers by pressing ‘flash button’ and
dialing their numbers.
7) Call waiting indication.
8) Automatic call back on busy – If this facility is activated and if the called
subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the receiver.
The system keeps watch on the subscriber and when it becomes free, a ring
is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can talk to each other.
9) Priority line – Calls from this line are processed and put through even when
the number of free channels is within a threshold or when the system is
operating in a catastrophic mode.
10) Malicious call identification – When this category is given to a
subscriber, the number of calling subscriber is printed on the terminal or 16
KHz meter pulses. The system can send 12 or 16 KHz meter pulses on the
subscriber line for the home meter.
11) Battery reversal – The system extends battery reversal when called
subscriber answers. This is useful in case of CCBs.
12) Detailed billing – the system provides detailed bills giving details of
date, time, metered units etc.
13) Absent subscriber service – When activated, the incoming calls are
diverted to absent subscriber service for suitable instruction or information.

TOKEN RING

INTRODUCTION TO TOKEN RING:

Reminder concerning IEEE 802 standard

This is a standard for the “PHYSICAL” and “DATA LINK” layers. Standard 802.5
specifies the format and protocols associated with the “MAC” and “PHYSICAL” sub
layers applied to the Token Ring. Standard 802.2 specifies the line level.

24
IEEE standard/ISO layer match

NETWORKS

DATA
LINKS LLC

MAC

PHYSICAL

The DATA LINK layer is divided into 2 sub layers:

1. LLC (LOGICAL LINK CONTROL)

2. MAC (MEDIUM ACESS CONTROL)

LLC is governed by standard 802.2.

MAC + PHYSICAL are governed by standard 802.5.

25
MESSAGE INTERCHANGE PHILLOSOPHY:

D D D

Frame Free
A C A C A C
Token

B
B B
Data
FREE TOKEN

A. The free token (3 bytes) circulates on the ring, which links the 4 stations. The
stations have the message to transmit.
B. ‘A’ wishes to transmit a message to ‘C’, acquires the token which being
busy, and transmit a message frame. The free token becomes a frame receiver
‘C’ copies the message and continues transfer of the message, which repeats it
to A.
C. ‘A’ recognizes its message in return and removes it from the ring. It thus,
transmits the free token.

Physical location of token rings within OCB 283

OCB 283 stations communicate with each other via 5 “token ring” multiplexes:

The MIS which links the control station to each other: SMC and SMM,

The MAS 1to 4 which link the SMC to the SMA, SMT and SMX

Each of these multiplexes is made up of two rings: an A ring and a B ring.

The communication coupler is made up of two boards:

- The ACAJA board, which supports the A adaptor. This adaptor is

26
 Connected to the A ring.
- The ACAJB board, which supports the B adaptor. This adaptor is
Connected to the B ring.

Couplers are divided into two categories:

- Main couplers:

The particular feature of this IS that they are inserted

On the multiplexes to which they are connected, immediately they are
Powered up. This applies to all the MIS couplers of the SMC, and the MAS
Couplers of the SMA, SMT and SMX.

- Secondary couplers:

These are inserted on the ring only at the time of

Commissioning of the station in which they are located. This applies to
Of the MIS couplers of the SMM station, and the MAS couplers of the
SMC.

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 LOCAL CALL PROCESSING IN OCB 283

Calling Subscriber Called Subscriber

Line cards LR1 TS1

FF LR SMX
UCN CN

CSN
ETA

PUPE
COM

MAS

TX TR MR MQ GX PC

MIS

The various steps involved in call processing are as under.

1. Detection of off hook condition and sending new call message.

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 When a subscriber goes off hook, the change in state is detected by the
corresponding UT or line card of the concentrator. The microprocessor equipped
in UT sets a timer of 64 ms and after the expiry of this period confirms that it is
origination of new call. The microprocessor prepares a message, which contains
the following information.

i. UT address ( 1 to 16 )
ii. Terminal Number or Equipment number (0 to15)

This message is known as ‘DEC’ message or’ off hook ‘message between
concentrator and digital control unit and it is sent on TS 16 of all the 4 (maximum)
LRIs in HDLC format to UCN of CSN. Out of these two LRIs are connected to
HDLC signaling handler SVCUT PCB in UCN via two TSs on LRIO & I links in
digital control unit UCN of CSN. This message is thus received in UCN. As UCN has
TS  CN correspondence, it finds out CN number from where the call is coming.
The UCN looks for and allots a free TSx on LRI links, between CN and UCN and on
LR links, between UCN and SMX for the subscriber of the calling UTC. All these
data are also saved in CSN memory for future reference. The data saved in memory
are:

- CN – Concentrator number
- UT number and Terminal equipment number TT.
- TS – LR number between CSN and SMX.
- TS – LRI number between UT and UCN

The UCN now sends ‘BCL’ message to the concentrator for check of continuity and a
‘NOVAP’ message to PUPE for further call processing.

2. Continuity check between UCN and CN

The ‘BCL’ message is received by the microprocessor of the CN, it extends a
software loop between transmitter and receiver of the TS mentioned in the message.
The UCN, then completes the test by sending tone samples in this TS and measuring
them on the return TS.

3. Reception of ‘new call message’ by PUPE and MR

The ‘new call message’ ‘NOVAP’ is sent by CSN’s UCN via SVC7 coupler PCB
to PUPE on TS 16 of LR0 and LR1. These two TS are connected through the SMX as
SIGNALING DATA LINKS to corresponding TSs of the LR links of different SMAs
housing PUPE through semi permanent links. The message is sent in CCITT No. 7

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signaling local version format on one of the TS 16, which is selected by UCN and
indicated in the message. The new call message ‘NOVAP’ contains following
information.

a. CSN reference (memory area reference )

b. Equipment number – CN Number, UT Number, TT Terminal Number.
c. TS – LR Number allocated by UCN.
d. SCS – signaling link selected for exchange information.

The PUPE has a TS  CSN correspondence table, hence from the TS on which
the message is received, it finds out the CSN # (i.e UR number 1 to 63). The
PUPE converts this ‘NOVAP’ message received in CCITT No. 7 signaling, to
‘MAS’ token ring protocol message and sends it to MR. The message is now
called ‘OUNAP’.
This message contains all the data of ‘NOVAP’ message and information about
CSN’s UR Number which was determined by PUPE. When MR receives this
message, it allots a free register to handle this call. The MR contains unto 1000
such registers and thus it can handle 1000 such calls cyclically processing them.
The MR writes all the data in this register, which is received in ‘OUNAP’
message from PUPE.

4. MR processing and connection of dial tone to calling subscriber.

After allotting a free register and recording data in it, the MR processes these
data as follows.
a. Finding out SMX side address of the LR coming from the CSN with the
help of MQ.
b. Finding out caller discrimination or CLASS OF SERVICE.
c. Connection of RGF.
d. Connection of dial tone.
e. Acknowledge to CSN

5. Reception of digits.
On getting Dial tone, the calling subscriber dials the digits.
o From the DTMF subscriber: -- If these digits are dialed by the DTMF
instrument, they are received in the form of frequencies in subscriber
UT/TT. The frequencies are converted into digital samples and sent via
voice TS-LR allocated to it to RGF which is already connected. The RGF

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 recognizes these samples and encodes in binary. These are sent to ‘MR’
over ‘MAS’ token ring by ETA. The MR records the digits in the register
which are allocated for handling the call.
o (C +B) from decadic subscriber: --However, if the digits are received in the
form of make/break pulses, the microprocessor of the UT is able to
recognize them. On receipt of the first digit, it orders controller of UT to
disconnect Dial Tone. The microprocessor sends a message to UCN for
each digit, it receives. This message ‘CHI’ contains UT number, terminal
number and digits dialed. As soon as, this message is received by UCN, it
sends ‘CHIUN’ message to PUPE. This message contains following data: --
- CSN reference
- MR reference
- Signaling link selected
- Binary code (4 bits) of the digits.
On receipt of this message, the PUPE sends ‘OABCO’ message
When MR receives first digit dialed by the subscriber, it orders
MLCOM to disconnect Dial Tone through ‘ODXGT’ message.
Earlier, the Dial Tone was disconnected at UT end, now it is
Disconnected at SMX. The digits are in this way received by
MR, which records them in the register allocated to handle this
Call.

6. Pre analysis of digits to determine type of call.

On receipt of first few digits, usually two, the MR sends ‘DPREAN’ message to TR
for PREANALYSIS. The purpose of pre analysis is to determine the TYPE OF
CALL viz LOCAL, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL OR SPECIAL SERVICES.
The TR consults pre analysis files depending on the source of the call, as below and
sends ‘RPREAN’ message to MR indicating type of call and number of digits
required for analysis e.g. all the digits in case of local call. The result of pre analysis
is given as TYPE of call TYNU parameter.

7. Analysis to determine called party’s physical Address and Charging.

The MR Sends ‘DIANA’ message to TR on receipt of required number of digits
for analysis. The TR consults FIANA files as per the TYNU value as listed below.
i. TYNU =1 -> FIANA1 –Local and regional calls.
ii. TYNU =2 -> FIANA2 – National calls.
iii. TYNU =3 -> FIANA3 – Facilities and Special services.
iv. TYNU =4 ->FIANA4 –International calls.
At the end of analysis, the TR sends ‘RIANA’ message to MR. This message
contains following information.

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 a. CALLED SUBSCIBER’S ADDRESS in the form of Equipment number. CSN
(UR number) - CN number –UT number – TT terminal Number.
b. CHARGING INFORMATION to be used by TX, when called subscriber answers.
On receipt of this information, MR sends a message ‘OCOAB’ to PUPE, which
converts it into ‘DIREC’ message and sends to concerned CSN. This is an order to
CSN, not to send any further digits.

8. Test of called subscriber’s line & ringing current to called subscriber.

9. Connection of Ring Back Tone to the calling subscriber.

10. Connection of calling subscriber and called subscriber and charging.

When the called subscriber answers, it is detected by the concerned UT (line card to
which called subscriber is connected). The microprocessor orders for disconnection
of ringing current to the called subscriber and sends a ‘DEC’ message to UCN. The
UCN sends ‘EVABO’ message to PUPE, which in turn sends ‘OABCO’ message to
MR. This message contain the following data—
• MR reference
• CSN reference
• Called subscriber answer event
• Signaling link selected

11. Supervision of subscriber’s status by CSN.

The concerned CSNs are now supervising the status of the calling and called
subscribers. On detection of ‘on hook’ condition, they send, a message to MR via
PUPE.
If the calling subscriber has gone ‘on hook’, the MR immediately orders MQ to
disconnect the connection between the TS of calling and called subscribers.
However, if the called subscriber has gone ‘on hook’ and calling subscriber is still
holding, the MR sets a timer of 1 minute at the end of which, it orders MQ for
disconnection.

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