A.

IN THE WORLD
Period of Intuitive Nursing
• Intuitive nursing was practiced since prehistoric times among primitive tribes and lasted
through the early Christian era. Nursing was untaught and instinctive. It was performed
out of compassion for others out of the wish to help others.

Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man

1. Nomad – his philosophy of life was “the best for the most” and he was ruled by the law
of self-preservation.
2. Nursing was a function that belonged to women. They took good care of the children, the
sick and the aged.
3. He believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body by evil spirit
through the use of black magic or voodoo.
4. Medicine man called “Shaman” or witch doctor had the power to heal by using white
magic.
• Among others the shaman used hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives,
massage, fire, water and herbs as means of driving illness from the victim.
• He also practiced “trephining” means drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone
without the benefit of anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the
afflicted.

Nursing in the Near East

Belief and Practices
1. Man’s mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society to an urban
community life.
2. Man developed a means of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific
knowledge.
3. Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters or mothers.
4. The care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition and magic. Astrology
and numerology were also used in medical practice.
5. The period saw the birth of three great religious ideologies.
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam

Contributions of Ancient Civilization to Medicine and Nursing

a) Babylonia
• Code of Hammurabi – provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonia life
including medical practice. The medical regulations established fees, discouraged
experimentation, recommendation specific doctors for each disease and gave each
patient the right to choose between the use of charms, medications or surgical
procedures to cure the disease. There was no mention of nurses or nursing.
a) Egypt
• Art of embalming – Egyptians introduce this which enhanced their knowledge of
human anatomy.
• 250 recognized disease – they developed the ability to make been observation and
left a record.
 • There was no mention of nurses, hospital personnel. Slaves and patients families
nursed the sick.
a) Israel
• Moses – is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”
– He wrote the five books of the old testament which (Genesis, Exodus,
Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)
1. Emphasized the practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity (Book
of Genesis, old testament)
2. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the
ritual of circumcision of the male child (Book of leviticus)
3. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child’s nurses who acts were
compassionate and tender (outpouring of maternal instincts).

Nursing in the Far East

a) China
• The people strongly believed in spirits and demons as seen in the practices such as
using girl’s clothes for male babies keep evils away from them.
• They practiced ancestors worship which prohibited the dissection of dead human
body.
• They gave the world knowledge of material medica (pharmacology) which
prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections and muscular affliction.
• There was no mention of nursing in their records. It is assumed that the care of the
sick was done by female members of the household.
a) India
• Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and were
proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery.
• Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications of nurses.

Nursing in Ancient Greece

• Nursing was the task of untrained slave.
• Caduceus – the Greeks introduced this insignia of the medical profession today.
• Hippocrates – born in Greece was given the title “the father of scientific medicine”
– He made a major advance in medicine by rejecting the belief that disease had
supernatural causes.
– He also developed assessment standards for clients, established overall
medical standards, recognized a need for nurses.

Nursing in Rome
• The transition from pagan to Christian philosophy took place. There was a contrast
between the materialism of pagan society and the spirituality of the converted Christians.
• The Romans attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness was a sign of
weakness.
• Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Both groups were looked upon
an inferior by Roman Society.
• Fabiola – was a wordly, beautiful Roman matron who was converted to Christianity by
her friends Marcella and Paula. With their help she made her home the first hospital in
the Christian world.
Period of Apprentice Nursing
• This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the Crusades which
began in the 11th Century and ended in 1836.
• Pastor Fliedner and his wife established the Kaiser werth institute for the training of
Deaconesses (a training school for nurses) in Germany.
• It is called the period of on the job training.

Crusades – were holy wars waged in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who
denied Christ’s Pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulchur.

Military Religious Orders and Their works

1. Knight of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian) – devoted to religious life and nursing.
– It established an organization of ranks and advocates principle of complete
and unquestioned devotion to duty and traditional obedience to superior.
1. Teutonic knights (German) – established tent hospitals for the wounded.
2. Knights of St. Lazarus (Germany) – was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers
in Jerusalem after the Christians had conquered the City.

• Alexian brothers – were members of a monastic order founded in 1348.

– They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing the largest
school of Nursing under religious order.

The Rise of Secular Orders

• During this period there was also the rice of religions nursing orders for women.
Although Christianity promoted equality to all men, women were still concentrated in
their roles as wives and mothers.

Secular Orders Founded During the Period of the Crusades

1. Orders of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-present) – believed in devoting their lives to poverty
and services to the poor.
a) First Order – founded by St. Francis himself.
b) Second order (Poor Clares) – founded by St. Clare of Assisi.
c) Third order (Tertiary Order) – composed of members who devoted their time to
performance of acts of mercy in their communities, most provided nursing care in homes
and hospitals.

1. The Beguines – composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of
suffering humanity.
– It was founded in 1170 by a priest Lambert Le Begue.
1. The Oblates
2. Benedictines
3. Visulines
4. Augustinians

Important Nursing Personages during the Period of Apprentice Nursing

 1. St. Clare –founder of the second order of St. Francis of Assisi; took vows of poverty, obedience
service and chastity; gave nursing care to the sick and the afflicted.
2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary – known as the “Patroness of Nurses” she was the daughter of the
Hungarian king.
– She lived her life frugally despite her wealth. She used all her wealth to make the
lives of the poor happy and useful.
1. St. Catherine of Siena – the first “Lady with a lamp” she was 25th child of humble Italian
parents.
– In the 16th century hospitals were established for the care of the sick. People
entered hospital only under expulsion or as last resort.
• St. Vincent de Paul seeing the pervading poverty and the generally poor health conditions
organized the group called “Le Charite” and the community of the sisters of charity.
• Louise de Gras (nee Mavillac) was the first superior and co-founder of this order.

The Dark Period of Nursing

• This extends from the 17th to the 19th century from the period of reformation until the
U.S. Civil War.
• Martin Luther – destroyed the unity of the Christian faith. The wrath of Protestantism
swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages and
hospitals.

Several Leaders ought to bring About Reforms. Among them were:

1. John Howard – a prison reformer helped improve the living conditions in prisons and
gave prisoners renewed hope.
2. Mother Mary Aikenhand – established the Irish Sisters of Charity to bring back into
nursing the dedication of the early Christian era.
3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner – established the institute for the
Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth Germany (1836), the first organized training
school for nurses.
• Requirements for entering the school were
a) Character reference from clergyman
b) A certificate if health from a physician
c) Permission from their nearest relative

Nursing in America
• People began to settle in the North America continent, to seek for adventure, new
guest and new trade routes.
• Mdme.Jeanne mauce was the first laywoman who worked as a nurse in North
America. She founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal a log cabin hospital.

1. Pre-Civil was nursing – in the USA & Canada, religious nursing orders, both Catholic
and Protestant carried out nursing.

Mrs. Elizabeth Seton – an American founded the sisters of Charity of Emmitsberg,

Maryland in 1809.

2. American Reforms in Nursing

a) The Nurse’s Society of Philadelphia – organized a school of nursing under the
direction of Dr. Joseph Warrinton in 1839.
 b) Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia – established a six-months course in nursing to
increase the nurse’s knowledge while they worked.
1. Nursing During Civil Wars
• The American Medical Association during the Civil Wars created the Committee
on Training of Nurses.
Some of the important Personages at this time were:
a) Dorothea Lynde Dix – she established the Nurse Corps of the United States
Army.
b) Ciara Barton – founded the American Red Cross.

Period of Educated Nursing

• June 15, 1890 – This period begun when the Florence Nightingale School of
Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London (St. Thomas Hospital School
of Nursing).

Facts about Florence Nightingle

• Mother of Modern Nursing, she was also known as the “Lady with a Lamp”
• Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy
• At the age of 31, she overcome her family’s resistance to her ambitions. She
centered the Deaconess School at Kaiserworth.

Other Important Persons/Groups/Events during Period of Educated Nursing

1. Linda Richards- First graduate nurse in the US, graduated on September 1, 1872 from
the New England Hospital for Women in Boston.
2. Dr. William Halstead- Designed the first rubber gloves.
3. Caroline Hampton Robb- The first nurse to wear rubber gloves while working as an
operating room nurse.
4. Isabel Hampton Robb- The first principal of the John Hopkins Hospitals School of
Nursing, the most influential in dissecting the development of nursing during this period.
5. Clara Louise Maas- Engaged in medical research on yellow fever during the Spanish-
American War and she died of yellow fever.
6. Edith Cavell- Known as “Mata Hari” served the wounded soldiers during World War I.

Period of Contemporary Nursing

• This covers the period after World War II to the present Scientific and Technological
developments as well as social changes mark this period.

Events and Trends

1. Establishment of the World Health Organization by the United Nations to assist in

fighting disease by providing health information and improving nutrition, living
standards and environmental conditions of all people.
2. Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment.
3. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.
4. Health is perceived as a fundamental human right. Laws were legislated to provide such
right.
5. Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified.
A. History of Nursing in the Philippines

Early Beliefs and Practices

• Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with maysticism and superstitions
1. Beliefs about causation of disease:
a. Another person (an enemy or a witch)
b. Evil Spirits
1. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel
demons.
2. People believed in special gods of healing with the priest-physician called “Word
Doctors” as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots they were called herb doctors
(Herbolarios).

Early case of the Sick

• The early Filipinos to superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health and sickness.
• Herbmen were called “Herbi cheros” meaning one who cause were believed to be
bewitched by the “Mangkukulam” or “Mangagaway”.
• Pamao were attributed to “nanos” were in difficult childbirth and some diseases.
• Mabuting Hilot (good midwife)- during labor, midwife assisted in childbirth.
• To disperse their influence, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo cane close to the
head of the sufferer.

Health Care during the Spanish Regime

• The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in the
different parts of the Philippines.

The Earliest Hospitals established were the following:

1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577) - it was established mainly to care for the Spanish
King’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish Civilians, founded by Gov. Francisco de
Sande.
2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) - founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered
for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients
with leprosy.
3. Hospital de Indio (1586) - established by the Franciscan Order service was in general
supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.
4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) – established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring
founded by Brother J. Bautista of Franciscan Order.
5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) – founded by the brotherhood of Miserocordia and
administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios support was derived from alms and
rents rendered general health service to the public.

Nursing during the Philippine Revolution

 • The prominent persons involved in nursing works were:

1. Josephine Bracken – Wife of Jose Rizal

- provided nursing care to the wounded night and day.
2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero – Converted their house into quarter for the Filipino soldiers,
during the Philippine-American war that broke out in 1899.
3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo organized the Filipino Red
Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.
4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo - Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo provided
nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution.
5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – nursed the wounded Filipino Soldiers and gave
them shelter and food.
6. Capitan Salome – a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija, provided nursing care to the
wounded when not in combat.
7. Agueda Kahabagan – revolutionary leader in Laguna also provided nursing services to
her troops.
8. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biak na Bato” stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care
for the wounded soldiers.

Filipino Red Cross

• Malolos, Bulacan was the lkocation of the National Headquarters.

• Established branches in the provinces.

Functions of Filipino Red Cross

1. Collection of war funds materials through concerts, charity bazaars and voluntary
contributions.
2. Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers.

Requirements for Membership

1. At least 14 years old age requirement for officer was 25 years old.
2. Of sound reputation.

Hospitals and School of Nursing

1. Ilo-ilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (ilo-ilo City, 1906)

• Miss Rose Nicolet – a graduate of New England Hospitals for Women and
Children in Boston, Massachussetts was the first superintendent for nurses.
• Miss Flora Ernst – an American nurse, took change of the school in 1942.
• April, 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Ilo-ilo
Mission Hospital.
1. St. Paul’s School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
• The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila the Most Reverend
Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartes.
• It opened its training school for nurses in 1908 with Rev. Mother Melanie as
superintendent and Miss. E Chambers as Principal.
1. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
 • The Philippine General Hospital began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for
“Civil Officers and Employees” in the City of Manila. It later grew into Civil
Hospital.
• Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters (1906) - an educator advocate for idea of training
Filipino girls for the profession of nursing.
• 1907 with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health
among others.
• Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton – taught the students nursing subjects
• Elsie MacCloskey-Gaches – introduced several improvements in the school.
• Anastacia Giron – the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of Chief Nurse
and superintendent in the Philippines.
1. St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)
• Miss Helen Hicks – was the first principal.
• Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran – was the first Filipino Superintendent of nurses.
• Dr. Jose Fores – was the first Filipino medical director of the hospital.
Note: In the period of organization between 1907 and 1910 the first year nursing students of the
Philippine General Hospital, St. Luke’s Hospital and St. Paul’s Hospital has a common first year
course. This known as the Central School Idea in nursing education.

• The three schools selected their own students, based on the following requirements:
1) Educational preparation, at least completion of seventh grade.
2) Sound physical and mental health
3) Good moral character
4) Good family and social standing
5) Recommendations from three different persons well known in the
community

5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila 1907)

• It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (Now Avenida Rizal). It was called
Bethany Dispensary and was founded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering
among women and children.
• Sr. Rebecca Parrish (1907) together with the registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertrude
Dreisback organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing.
• Miss Librada Javalera – was the first Filipino director of the school.
6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing
• The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis, Indiana, a protestant
organization of the Disciples of Christ; operated three schools of nursing.
• Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,
1903)
• Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 19111)
- established by Dr. W. N. Lennon in a small house on Azcarraga, Sampaloc,
Manila.
• Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)
7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
• In 1913, through the initiative of Dr. Benito Valdez the board of Inspectors and
the Executive Board of the Hospital passed a resolution to open a school of
nursing.
• Sister Taciana Trinanes – was the first directress of the school.
 • Dr. Gregorio Singian introduced the following reforms when he was appointed
medical director in 1920.
1) The first six months of training was considered a trial period. Students
who incurred a failure in two or three subjects was dismissed.
2) A separate building was provided for the library.
3) A kitchen was constructed classes for bacteriology and chemistry was
introduced.
4) Laboratory classes for bacteriology and chemistry were introduced.
5) Anatomic charts and specimens for experiments were acquired.
6) A new spacious dormitory for students and nurses was built.
8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)
• In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. P.H.J Lerrigo to
Capiz for the purpose of opening a hospital, Miss Rose Nicolet assisted him.
9. Southern Islands Hospitals School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)
• The hospital was established in 1911 under the Bureau of Health.
• The school opened 1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the Organizer
• Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal.
10. Other School of Nursing Established were as follows:
1) Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
2) Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
3) Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)
4) Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing (1930)
5) St. Paul’s School of Nursing in Ilo-ilo City (1941)
6) North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)
7) Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)

The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippine

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)

• February 11, 1941 – the college began as the UST School of Nursing Education
• Sor Taciana Triňanes – was its first directress.
1. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
• The MCU Hospital first offered BSN course in 1947
• Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal.
1. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)
• The idea of opening the college began in conference between Miss Julita Sotejo
and V.P President Gonzales.

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

1) Anastacia Giron-Tupas – first Filipino nurse to hold the position of the chief nurse
superintendent and founder of the Philippine Nurses Association.
2) Cesaria Tan – First Filipino to receive a Masters degree in nursing abroad.
3) Socorro Sirilan – Pioneered in hospital social service in San Lazaro Hospital where she
was the chief nurse.
4) Rosa Militar – A pioneer in school health education
5) Sor Ricarda Mendoza - A pioneer in nursing education
6) Socorro Diaz – First editor of the PNA magazine called “the message”
 7) Conchita Ruiz – First full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “ The Filipino
Nurse”
8) Loreto Tupaz – “Dean of the Philippine Nursing”, Florence Nightingale of Ilo-ilo.

Health Institutions for Child Welfare:

Early Institutions for Child Welfare

1. Hospicio de San Jose (Manila 1782)

2. Asylum of San Jose (Cebu)
3. Asylum of Looban (Manila)
4. Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City). Took care of poor girls
5. Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907). Milk station, its objective was to promote health in infants
through proper feeding.
6. Liga Nacional Filipiniana pa la Protection de La Primera Infancia. Worked for the
passage of Child Welfare Legislative.
7. Public Welfare Board. Took over the work of the Liga in 1915, conducted a systematic
campaign on child hygiene in 1917.

Nursing Organizations

1. Philippine Nurses Association – This is the national organization of Filipino Nurses.

2. National League of Nurses – The association of Nurses employed in Department of
Health
3. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines
4. Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, IRNOP etc.

A. In Your Respective School

1969 – Pines City Colleges (PCC) formerly Pines City Doctors Hospital School of
Nursing was started and the Pines City Doctors Hospital in 1966.

August 15, 1966 – Still known as Pines City Doctors Hospital

August 1969 – The “inspired-perception” come into reality with founding of the School
of Nursing.
• It started with 42 students to boot. With pride, dignity and perseverance over the
years the Pines City Doctors Hospital School of Nursing produced its very first
nurses with the continuance of more aspirants to the school of nursing.
• It geared towards the birth of the different departments namely:
Midwifery/Health Aide
Optometry
Liberal Arts/Office Management
Teacher Education and Basic Education
• Further studies proved all the better for its latest addition:
Physical Therapy Department
College of Dentistry and Complete Secondary course
• Then it was followed by the College of:
 Respiratory therapy
Occupational Therapy
Pharmacy
Hotel and restaurant Management
Tourism and Medical Technology
• Respiratory Therapy in particular is a very in-demand profession at present and
PCC is the only school in Baguio City and CAR offering this course.