Process Dynamics and Control:

Department of
Chemical Engineering
University of Engineering
And Technology, Lahore

SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition
Presented to:
Dr. –Ing Naveed Ramzan

Presented by:
A.N.Tabish S. Zaheer Abbas
2009-MS-Chem-25 2009-MS-Chem-69

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Contents:

1. Fundamentals of Control
2. Introduction of SCADA
3. Applications of SCADA
4. SCADA Architectures
5. Components of SCADA System
6. How SCADA System Works?
7. Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC and smart instrument
8. Security and Vulnerability of SCADA Systems
9. Conclusion

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Fundamentals of Control:

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Fundamentals of Control:
Control Components:

1. Control Server
2. SCADA Server or Master Terminal Unit (MTU)
3. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
4. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
5. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
6. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
7. Data Historian
8. Input/Output (IO) Server

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Fundamentals of Control:

Control Components:

1. Fieldbus Network
2. Control Network
3. Communications Routers
4. Firewall
5. Modems
6. Remote Access Points

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Fundamentals of Control:

Analog Control

Analog control system block diagram

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Fundamentals of Control:

Discrete Control:

Discrete control system block diagram

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Introduction to SCADA:

• Acronym stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

• Not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory

level

• Purely software package that is positioned on top of hardware

• Combination of telemetry and data acquisition to which it is

interfaced, generally via (PLCs) or (DCS)

• Collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central site,

carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying
that information on a number of operator screens or displays
control actions are then conveyed back to the process.

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Introduction to SCADA:

Typical Schematic of Sensors to panel system

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Introduction to SCADA:

PC to PLC or DCS with fieldbus and sensor

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Introduction to SCADA:

PC to IED using a fieldbus

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Introduction to SCADA:
SCADA systems are designed to collect field information, transfer it to a central
computer facility, and display the information to the operator graphically or
textually, thereby allowing the operator to monitor or control an entire system
from a central location in real time.

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Introduction to SCADA:
All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central system. The central
system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in close
proximity or off site.

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Applications of SCADA:

• Electric power generation, transmission and distribution:

• Water and sewage:
• Buildings, facilities and environments:
• Manufacturing:
• Mass transit:
• Traffic signals:

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SCADA Architecture:

Three generations of SCADA systems:

1. First Generation – Monolithic
2. Second Generation – Distributed
3. Third Generation – Networked

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SCADA Architecture:
Monolithic SCADA Systems:

First Generation of SCADA Architecture

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SCADA Architecture:
Distributed SCADA Systems:

Second Generation of SCADA Architecture

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SCADA Architecture:
Networked SCADA Systems:

Third Generation of SCADA Architecture

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Components of SCADA System:

1. SCADA Hardware:

SCADA system involves essentially five levels or hierarchies:

1. Field level instrumentation and control devices
2. Marshalling terminals and RTUs
3. Communications system
4. The master station(s)
5. The commercial data processing department computer system

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SYSTEM
SCADA
TYPICAL

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Components of SCADA System:

2. SCADA Software:

SCADA may be classified as:

1. Propriety:
Companies develop proprietary software to communicate to their hardware.
2. Open:
They have high interoperability to mix different manufacturers’ equipment
on the same system.
Key features of SCADA software

● User interface ● RTU (and PLC) ● Networking

● Graphics interface ● Fault tolerance and
displays ● Scalability redundancy
• Alarms ● Access to data ● Client/server
● Trends ● Database • distributed
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How SCADA Works:

A SCADA system performs four functions:

1. Data acquisition
2. Networked data communication
3. Data presentation
4. Control

These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA Components:

1. Sensors and control relays
2. Remote telemetry units (RTUs)
3. SCADA master units
4. Communications network

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
SCADA System

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
Considerations and benefits of SCADA system:

● Overall control requirements

● Sequence logic
● Analog loop control
● Ratio and number of analog to digital points
● Speed of control and data acquisition
● Master/operator control stations
● Reliability/availability
● Speed of communications/update time/system scan rates
● System redundancy
● Expansion capability

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
Distributed Control System (DCS)

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
Programmable Logic Controller System (PLCs)

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :

PLCs are used in

both SCADA and
DCS systems as the
control components
of an overall
hierarchical system
to provide local
management of
processes through
feedback control.

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
Smart Instrument

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Comparison of SCADA, DCS, PLC & Smart
Instrument :
Obviously, a SCADA system’s initial cost has to be justified. A few
typical reasons for implementing a SCADA system are:
● Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in
savings due to optimization of the system
● Increased productivity of the personnel
● Improved safety of the system due to better information
and improved control
● Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant
● Improved and quicker receipt of data so that clients can
be invoiced more quickly and accurately

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:
Threats to SCADA Systems:

1. Criminal groups
2. Foreign intelligence services
3. Insiders
4. Phishers
5. Spammers
6. Spyware/malware authors

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:

Industrial Security Incidents by Year

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:
Potential Consequences of Security Incidents:

1. Physical Impacts.

1. Economic Impacts.

1. Social Impacts.

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:

Relationship Between Corporate and SCADA Network:

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 Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:
Firewall between Corporate
Network and Control Network

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:
Firewall and Router between
Corporate Network and
Control Network

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Security and Vulnerability of SCADA
System:
Developing SCADA Security Strategies:

• Border Router and Firewalls

• Proxy Servers
• Operating Systems
• SCADA Firewalls
• SCADA Internal Network Design
• SCADA Server Operating Systems
• Firewall between Corporate Network and
Control Network

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References:

1. David Bailey and Edwin Wright (2003), “Practical SCADA for

Industry”, Elsevier. Inc
2. Ken Barnes, Briam Johnson and Reva Nickelson, “Review of
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems”
January 2004, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental
Laboratory.
3. M.Lakshmi Prasanna and A.Gayatri “A Technical Paper on
‘SCADA’ Technology” Sri Sai Institute of Technology.
4. Technical Information Bulletin 04-1 “Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) Systems” October 2004, Communication
Technologies, Inc.
5. Technical Manual on ‘‘Spervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) Systems for Command, Control, Communications,
Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4isr)
Facilities Headquarters”, Department of the Army, Washington, Dc,
January 2006

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